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Li C, Yi S, Xia C, Cui P, Niu C, Cho JH, Jia Y, Zhang Z. Dimensionality and Valency Dependent Quantum Growth of Metallic Nanostructures: A Unified Perspective. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:6628-6635. [PMID: 27685453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantum growth refers to the phenomena in which the quantum mechanically confined motion of electrons in metallic wires, islands, and films determines their overall structural stability as well as their physical and chemical properties. Yet to date, there has been a lack of a unified understanding of quantum growth with respect to the dimensionality of the nanostructures as well as the valency of the constituent atoms. Based on a first-principles approach, we investigate the stability of nanowires, nanoislands, and ultrathin films of prototypical metal elements. We reveal that the Friedel oscillations generated at the edges (or surfaces) of the nanostructures cause corresponding oscillatory behaviors in their stability, leading to the existence of highly preferred lengths (or thicknesses). Such magic lengths of the nanowires are further found to depend on both the number of valence electrons and the radial size, with the oscillation period monotonously increasing for alkali and group IB metals, and monotonously decreasing for transition and group IIIA-VA metals. When the radial size of the nanowires increases to reach ∼10 Å, the systems equivalently become nanosize islands, and the oscillation period saturates to that of the corresponding ultrathin films. These findings offer a generic perspective of quantum growth of different classes of metallic nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Li
- International Laboratory for Quantum Functional Materials of Henan, and School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Seho Yi
- Department of Physics and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University , 17 Haengdang-Dong, Seongdong-Ku, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Congxin Xia
- College of Physics and Materials Science, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Ping Cui
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Chunyao Niu
- International Laboratory for Quantum Functional Materials of Henan, and School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jun-Hyung Cho
- International Laboratory for Quantum Functional Materials of Henan, and School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Department of Physics and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University , 17 Haengdang-Dong, Seongdong-Ku, Seoul 133-791, Korea
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yu Jia
- International Laboratory for Quantum Functional Materials of Henan, and School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, and School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University , Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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Gruznev DV, Matetskiy AV, Bondarenko LV, Utas OA, Zotov AV, Saranin AA, Chou JP, Wei CM, Lai MY, Wang YL. Stepwise self-assembly of C₆₀ mediated by atomic scale moiré magnifiers. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1679. [PMID: 23575683 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly of atoms or molecules on a crystal surface is considered one of the most promising methods to create molecular devices. Here we report a stepwise self-assembly of C₆₀ molecules into islands with unusual shapes and preferred sizes on a gold-indium-covered Si(111) surface. Specifically, 19-mer islands prefer a non-compact boomerang shape, whereas hexagonal 37-mer islands exhibit extraordinarily enhanced stability and abundance. The stepwise self-assembly is mediated by the moiré interference between an island with its underlying lattice, which essentially maps out the adsorption-energy landscape of a C₆₀ on different positions of the surface with a lateral magnification factor and dictates the probability for the subsequent attachment of C₆₀ to an island's periphery. Our discovery suggests a new method for exploiting the moiré interference to dynamically assist the self-assembly of particles and provides an unexplored tactic of engineering atomic scale moiré magnifiers to facilitate the growth of monodispersed mesoscopic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Gruznev
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
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Zaum C, Rieger M, Reuter K, Morgenstern K. Anomalous scaling in heteroepitaxial island dynamics on Ag(100). PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:046101. [PMID: 21867024 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.046101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion and decay of alloyed Cu/Ag islands are investigated in the size range from 1 to 40 nm2 on Ag(100) at room temperature with fast-scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory. While islands at sizes above 7 nm2 show the diffusion and decay behavior expected for dynamics based on single atom hopping, islands smaller than 4 nm2 diffuse faster and decay slower than predicted by standard theory. This anomalous behavior at unexpected large island sizes is related to a size dependent dealloying of the Cu/Ag islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Zaum
- Institute for Solid State Physics, Division of Atomic and Molecular Structures (ATMOS), Leibniz University of Hannover, Appelstraße 2, D-30167 Hannover, Germany.
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Wyrick J, Kim DH, Sun D, Cheng Z, Lu W, Zhu Y, Berland K, Kim YS, Rotenberg E, Luo M, Hyldgaard P, Einstein TL, Bartels L. Do two-dimensional "noble gas atoms" produce molecular honeycombs at a metal surface? NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:2944-2948. [PMID: 21675715 DOI: 10.1021/nl201441b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Anthraquinone self-assembles on Cu(111) into a giant honeycomb network with exactly three molecules on each side. Here we propose that the exceptional degree of order achieved in this system can be explained as a consequence of the confinement of substrate electrons in the pores, with the pore size tailored so that the confined electrons can adopt a noble-gas-like two-dimensional quasi-atom configuration with two filled shells. Formation of identical pores in a related adsorption system (at different overall periodicity due to the different molecule size) corroborates this concept. A combination of photoemission spectroscopy with density functional theory computations (including van der Waals interactions) of adsorbate-substrate interactions allows quantum mechanical modeling of the spectra of the resultant quasi-atoms and their energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Wyrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Didiot C, Pons S, Kierren B, Fagot-Revurat Y, Malterre D. Nanopatterning the electronic properties of gold surfaces with self-organized superlattices of metallic nanostructures. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 2:617-621. [PMID: 18654385 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2007.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The self-organized growth of nanostructures on surfaces could offer many advantages in the development of new catalysts, electronic devices and magnetic data-storage media. The local density of electronic states on the surface at the relevant energy scale strongly influences chemical reactivity, as does the shape of the nanoparticles. The electronic properties of surfaces also influence the growth and decay of nanostructures such as dimers, chains and superlattices of atoms or noble metal islands. Controlling these properties on length scales shorter than the diffusion lengths of the electrons and spins (some tens of nanometres for metals) is a major goal in electronics and spintronics. However, to date, there have been few studies of the electronic properties of self-organized nanostructures. Here we report the self-organized growth of macroscopic superlattices of Ag or Cu nanostructures on Au vicinal surfaces, and demonstrate that the electronic properties of these systems depend on the balance between the confinement and the perturbation of the surface states caused by the steps and the nanostructures' superlattice. We also show that the local density of states can be modified in a controlled way by adjusting simple parameters such as the type of metal deposited and the degree of coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Didiot
- Laboratoire de Physique des Matériaux UMR7556, Nancy-Université - CNRS, PO Box 239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Stepanyuk VS, Negulyaev NN, Niebergall L, Longo RC, Bruno P. Adatom self-organization induced by quantum confinement of surface electrons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:186403. [PMID: 17155563 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.186403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel mechanism of nanostructure growth based on quantum confinement of surface-state electrons. Ab initio calculations and the kinetic Monte Carlo simulations reveal the phenomenon of confinement-induced adatom self-organization in quantum corrals. Our studies indicate that new atomic-scale nanostructures can be engineered exploiting the quantum confinement of surface electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Stepanyuk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Mikrostrukturphysik, Weinberg 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany.
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Crain JN, Stiles MD, Stroscio JA, Pierce DT. Electronic effects in the length distribution of atom chains. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:156801. [PMID: 16712182 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.156801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Gold deposited on Si(553) leads to self-assembly of atomic chains, which are broken into finite segments by defects. Scanning tunneling microscopy is used to investigate the distribution of chain lengths and the correlation between defects separating the chains. The length distribution reveals oscillations that indicate changes in the cohesive energy as a function of chain length. We present a possible interpretation in terms of the electronic scattering vectors at the Fermi surface of the surface states. The pairwise correlation function between defects shows long-range correlations that extend beyond nearest-neighbor defects, indicating coupling between chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Crain
- Electron Physics Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8412, USA
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