1
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Sellan D, Zhou X, Salvati L, Valluri SK, Dlott DD. In operando measurements of high explosives. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:224202. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0126703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In operando studies of high explosives involve dynamic extreme conditions produced as a shock wave travels through the explosive to produce a detonation. Here, we describe a method to safely produce detonations and dynamic extreme conditions in high explosives and in inert solids and liquids on a tabletop in a high-throughput format. This method uses a shock compression microscope, a microscope with a pulsed laser that can launch a hypervelocity flyer plate along with a velocimeter, an optical pyrometer, and a nanosecond camera that together can measure pressures, densities, and temperatures with high time and space resolution (2 ns and 2 µm). We discuss how a detonation builds up in liquid nitromethane and show that we can produce and study detonations in sample volumes close to the theoretical minimum. We then discuss how a detonation builds up from a shock in a plastic-bonded explosive (PBX) based on HMX (1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane), where the initial steps are hotspot formation and deflagration growth in the shocked microstructure. A method is demonstrated where we can measure thermal emission from high-temperature reactions in every HMX crystal in the PBX, with the intent of determining which configurations produce the critical hot spots that grow and ignite the entire PBX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanalakshmi Sellan
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Xuan Zhou
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Lawrence Salvati
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Siva Kumar Valluri
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Dana D. Dlott
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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2
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Niu C, Zhang H, Zhang J, Zeng Z, Wang X. Ultralow Melting Temperature of High-Pressure Face-Centered Cubic Superionic Ice. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:7448-7453. [PMID: 35930621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Superionic ice with oxygen in a face-centered cubic (fcc) sublattice is ascribed to the origin of magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune, since the melting temperature (Tm) of fcc-superionic ice is believed to be higher than the isentropes of ice giants. However, precisely measuring the fcc-superionic phase experimentally remains a difficult task. The majority of the systematic investigations of its Tm were performed using perfect oxygen fcc-sublattice computations, which could result in superheating and overestimation of Tm. On the basis of the ab initio molecular dynamics method and the model with H2O vacancy, we avoid superheating and obtain a much lower Tm than previous reports, indicating that fcc-superionic ice cannot exist in the interiors of Uranus and Neptune. Further simulations with the two-phase method justify the conclusion. The results suggest that superheating should be seriously treated when simulating the phase diagram of other hydrogen-related superionic states, which are widely used to understand the properties of ice giants, Earth, and Venus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoping Niu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hanxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zhi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xianlong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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3
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Hernandez JA, Caracas R, Labrosse S. Stability of high-temperature salty ice suggests electrolyte permeability in water-rich exoplanet icy mantles. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3303. [PMID: 35729158 PMCID: PMC9213484 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30796-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrolytes play an important role in the internal structure and dynamics of water-rich satellites and potentially water-rich exoplanets. However, in planets, the presence of a large high-pressure ice mantle is thought to hinder the exchange and transport of electrolytes between various liquid and solid deep layers. Here we show, using first-principles simulations, that up to 2.5 wt% NaCl can be dissolved in dense water ice at interior conditions of water-rich super-Earths and mini-Neptunes. The salt impurities enhance the diffusion of H atoms, extending the stability field of recently discovered superionic ice, and push towards higher pressures the transition to the stiffer ice X phase. Scaling laws for thermo-compositional convection show that salts entering the high pressure ice layer can be readily transported across. These findings suggest that the high-pressure ice mantle of water-rich exoplanets is permeable to the convective transport of electrolytes between the inner rocky core and the outer liquid layer. Hot cubic ice is shown to retain dissolved salt in its lattice, suggesting the mantle of water-rich exoplanets is more permeable to electrolytes than assumed, which has implications on its properties and on the element cycles inside such planets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Alexis Hernandez
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France. .,CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon LGLTPE UMR 5276, Lyon, 69364, France. .,Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0315, Norway.
| | - Razvan Caracas
- CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon LGLTPE UMR 5276, Lyon, 69364, France.,Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0315, Norway.,Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, 1 rue Jussieu, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Stéphane Labrosse
- CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon LGLTPE UMR 5276, Lyon, 69364, France
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4
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He Y, Sun S, Kim DY, Jang BG, Li H, Mao HK. Superionic iron alloys and their seismic velocities in Earth's inner core. Nature 2022; 602:258-262. [PMID: 35140389 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04361-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Earth's inner core (IC) is less dense than pure iron, indicating the existence of light elements within it1. Silicon, sulfur, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen have been suggested to be the candidates2,3, and the properties of iron-light-element alloys have been studied to constrain the IC composition4-19. Light elements have a substantial influence on the seismic velocities4-13, the melting temperatures14-17 and the thermal conductivities18,19 of iron alloys. However, the state of the light elements in the IC is rarely considered. Here, using ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, we find that hydrogen, oxygen and carbon in hexagonal close-packed iron transform to a superionic state under the IC conditions, showing high diffusion coefficients like a liquid. This suggests that the IC can be in a superionic state rather than a normal solid state. The liquid-like light elements lead to a substantial reduction in the seismic velocities, which approach the seismological observations of the IC20,21. The substantial decrease in shear-wave velocity provides an explanation for the soft IC21. In addition, the light-element convection has a potential influence on the IC seismological structure and magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu He
- Key Laboratory of High-Temperature and High-Pressure Study of the Earth's Interior, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China. .,Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shichuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of High-Temperature and High-Pressure Study of the Earth's Interior, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Duck Young Kim
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Gyu Jang
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Heping Li
- Key Laboratory of High-Temperature and High-Pressure Study of the Earth's Interior, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Ho-Kwang Mao
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai, China
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5
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Gleason AE, Rittman DR, Bolme CA, Galtier E, Lee HJ, Granados E, Ali S, Lazicki A, Swift D, Celliers P, Militzer B, Stanley S, Mao WL. Dynamic compression of water to conditions in ice giant interiors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:715. [PMID: 35027608 PMCID: PMC8758754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04687-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries of water-rich Neptune-like exoplanets require a more detailed understanding of the phase diagram of H2O at pressure–temperature conditions relevant to their planetary interiors. The unusual non-dipolar magnetic fields of ice giant planets, produced by convecting liquid ionic water, are influenced by exotic high-pressure states of H2O—yet the structure of ice in this state is challenging to determine experimentally. Here we present X-ray diffraction evidence of a body-centered cubic (BCC) structured H2O ice at 200 GPa and ~ 5000 K, deemed ice XIX, using the X-ray Free Electron Laser of the Linac Coherent Light Source to probe the structure of the oxygen sub-lattice during dynamic compression. Although several cubic or orthorhombic structures have been predicted to be the stable structure at these conditions, we show this BCC ice phase is stable to multi-Mbar pressures and temperatures near the melt boundary. This suggests variable and increased electrical conductivity to greater depths in ice giant planets that may promote the generation of multipolar magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Gleason
- Fundamental Physics Directorate, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA. .,Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - D R Rittman
- Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - C A Bolme
- Shock and Detonation Physics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - E Galtier
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - H J Lee
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - E Granados
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - S Ali
- Shock Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - A Lazicki
- Shock Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - D Swift
- Shock Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - P Celliers
- Shock Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - B Militzer
- Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - S Stanley
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.,Applied Physics Lab, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, 20723, USA
| | - W L Mao
- Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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6
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Futera Z, English NJ. Dielectric properties of ice VII under the influence of time-alternating external electric fields. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 24:56-62. [PMID: 34698743 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04165g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The high-pressure solid phase of water known as ice VII has recently attracted a lot of attention when its presence was detected in large exoplanets, their icy satellites, and even in Earth's mantle. Moreover, a transition of ice VII to the superionic phase can be triggered by external electric fields. Here, we investigate the dielectric responses of ice VII to applied oscillating electric fields of various frequencies employing non-equilibrium ab initio molecular dynamics. We focus on the dynamical properties of a dipole-ordered ice VII structure, for which we explored external-field-induced electronic polarisation and the vibrational spectral density of states (VDOS). These analyses are important for the understanding of collective motions in the ice-VII lattice and the electronic properties of this exotic water phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Futera
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Niall J English
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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7
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Zhang Z, Zhu Y, Feng W, Jin L, Yang X, Wang Y, Sun CQ, Wang Z. A short-range disordered defect in the double layer ice. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Zhang L, Wang H, Car R, E W. Phase Diagram of a Deep Potential Water Model. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:236001. [PMID: 34170175 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.236001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Using the Deep Potential methodology, we construct a model that reproduces accurately the potential energy surface of the SCAN approximation of density functional theory for water, from low temperature and pressure to about 2400 K and 50 GPa, excluding the vapor stability region. The computational efficiency of the model makes it possible to predict its phase diagram using molecular dynamics. Satisfactory overall agreement with experimental results is obtained. The fluid phases, molecular and ionic, and all the stable ice polymorphs, ordered and disordered, are predicted correctly, with the exception of ice III and XV that are stable in experiments, but metastable in the model. The evolution of the atomic dynamics upon heating, as ice VII transforms first into ice VII^{''} and then into an ionic fluid, reveals that molecular dissociation and breaking of the ice rules coexist with strong covalent fluctuations, explaining why only partial ionization was inferred in experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Zhang
- Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Han Wang
- Laboratory of Computational Physics, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Fenghao East Road 2, Beijing 100094, People's Republic of China
| | - Roberto Car
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Weinan E
- Department of Mathematics and Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA and Beijing Institute of Big Data Research, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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9
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Xu W, Robinson VN, Zhang X, Zhang HC, Donnelly ME, Dalladay-Simpson P, Hermann A, Liu XD, Gregoryanz E. Ionic Phases of Ammonia-Rich Hydrate at High Densities. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:015702. [PMID: 33480773 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.015702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mixtures of ammonia and water are major components of the "hot ice" mantle regions of icy planets. The ammonia-rich ammonia hemihydrate (AHH) plays a pivotal role as it precipitates from water-rich mixtures under pressure. It has been predicted to form ionic high-pressure structures, with fully disintegrated water molecules. Utilizing Raman spectroscopy measurements up to 123 GPa and first-principles calculations, we report the spontaneous ionization of AHH under compression. Spectroscopic measurements reveal that molecular AHH begins to transform into an ionic state at 26 GPa and then above ∼69 GPa transforms into the fully ionic P3[over ¯]m1 phase, AHH-III, characterized as ammonium oxide (NH_{4}^{+})_{2}O^{2-}.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Victor Naden Robinson
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
- International Centre for Theoretical Physics, 34151 Trieste, Italy
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hui-Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mary-Ellen Donnelly
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | | | - Andreas Hermann
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Xiao-Di Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Eugene Gregoryanz
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
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10
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Queyroux JA, Hernandez JA, Weck G, Ninet S, Plisson T, Klotz S, Garbarino G, Guignot N, Mezouar M, Hanfland M, Itié JP, Datchi F. Melting Curve and Isostructural Solid Transition in Superionic Ice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:195501. [PMID: 33216588 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.195501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The phase diagram and melting curve of water ice is investigated up to 45 GPa and 1600 K by synchrotron x-ray diffraction in the resistively and laser heated diamond anvil cell. Our melting data evidence a triple point at 14.6 GPa, 850 K. The latter is shown to be related to a first-order solid transition from the dynamically disordered form of ice VII, denoted ice VII^{'}, toward a high-temperature phase with the same bcc oxygen lattice but larger volume and higher entropy. Our experiments are compared to ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, enabling us to identify the high-temperature bcc phase with the predicted superionic ice VII^{''} phase [J.-A. Hernandez and R. Caracas, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 135503 (2016).PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.117.135503].
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Affiliation(s)
- J-A Queyroux
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7590, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), DAM Ile-de-France (DIF), F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - J-A Hernandez
- Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, University of Oslo, 1028 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - G Weck
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), DAM Ile-de-France (DIF), F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - S Ninet
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7590, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - T Plisson
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), DAM Ile-de-France (DIF), F-91297 Arpajon, France
| | - S Klotz
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7590, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - G Garbarino
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - N Guignot
- Synchrotron Soleil, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - M Mezouar
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - M Hanfland
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - J-P Itié
- Synchrotron Soleil, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - F Datchi
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7590, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
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11
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Futera Z, Tse JS, English NJ. Possibility of realizing superionic ice VII in external electric fields of planetary bodies. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz2915. [PMID: 32494738 PMCID: PMC7244312 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz2915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In a superionic (SI) ice phase, oxygen atoms remain crystallographically ordered while protons become fully diffusive as a result of intramolecular dissociation. Ice VII's importance as a potential candidate for a SI ice phase has been conjectured from anomalous proton diffusivity data. Theoretical studies indicate possible SI prevalence in large-planet mantles (e.g., Uranus and Neptune) and exoplanets. Here, we realize sustainable SI behavior in ice VII by means of externally applied electric fields, using state-of-the-art nonequilibrium ab initio molecular dynamics to witness at first hand the protons' fluid dance through a dipole-ordered ice VII lattice. We point out the possibility of SI ice VII on Venus, in its strong permanent electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Futera
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, Ceske Budejovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - John S. Tse
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Niall J. English
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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12
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Anomalous hydrogen dynamics of the ice VII-VIII transition revealed by high-pressure neutron diffraction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6356-6361. [PMID: 32161135 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920447117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Above 2 GPa the phase diagram of water simplifies considerably and exhibits only two solid phases up to 60 GPa, ice VII and ice VIII. The two phases are related to each other by hydrogen ordering, with the oxygen sublattice being essentially the same. Here we present neutron diffraction data to 15 GPa which reveal that the rate of hydrogen ordering at the ice VII-VIII transition decreases strongly with pressure to reach timescales of minutes at 10 GPa. Surprisingly, the ordering process becomes more rapid again upon further compression. We show that such an unusual change in transition rate can be explained by a slowing down of the rotational dynamics of water molecules with a simultaneous increase of translational motion of hydrogen under pressure, as previously suspected. The observed cross-over in the hydrogen dynamics in ice is likely the origin of various hitherto unexplained anomalies of ice VII in the 10-15 GPa range reported by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and proton conductivity.
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13
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Friant-Michel P, Wax JF, Meyer N, Xu H, Millot C. Translational and Rotational Diffusion in Liquid Water at Very High Pressure: A Simulation Study. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:10025-10035. [PMID: 31725300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b06884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Translational and rotational diffusion coefficients of liquid water have been computed from molecular dynamics simulation with a recent polarizable potential at 298, 400, and 550 K at very high pressure. At 298 K, the model reproduces the initial increase and the occurrence of a maximum for the translational and rotational diffusion coefficients when the pressure increases. At 400 and 550 K, translational and rotational diffusion coefficients are found to monotonically decrease when pressure increases in the gigapascal range, with the translational coefficient decreasing faster than the rotational one. At 400 K, such an evolution of the rotational diffusion coefficient contrasts with quasielastic neutron scattering results predicting a near independence of the rotational diffusion with a pressure increase above ≃0.5 GPa. An interpretation is proposed to explain this discrepancy. The pressure dependence of the translation-rotation coupling is analyzed. The anisotropy of rotational diffusion is investigated by computing the rotational diffusion tensor in a molecular system of axes and the reorientational correlation times of rank 1 and rank 2 of the inertia axes and of the OH bond vector. Deviation of the simulation data with respect to the predictions of the isotropic Debye model of rotational diffusion are quantified and can be used to estimate experimental rotational diffusion coefficients from experimental reorientational correlation times.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nadège Meyer
- Université de Lorraine, LCP-A2MC , F-57000 Metz , France
| | - Hong Xu
- Université de Lorraine, LCP-A2MC , F-57000 Metz , France
| | - Claude Millot
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LPCT , F-54000 Nancy , France
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14
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Hernandez JA, Caracas R. Proton dynamics and the phase diagram of dense water ice. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:214501. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5028389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J.-A. Hernandez
- Laboratoire d’utilisation des lasers intenses, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
- Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, LGLTPE UMR CNRS 5276, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - R. Caracas
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, LGLTPE UMR CNRS 5276, Université de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
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15
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Koziol L, Fried LE, Goldman N. Using Force Matching To Determine Reactive Force Fields for Water under Extreme Thermodynamic Conditions. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 13:135-146. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Koziol
- Physical and Life Sciences
Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Laurence E. Fried
- Physical and Life Sciences
Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Nir Goldman
- Physical and Life Sciences
Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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16
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Hernandez JA, Caracas R. Superionic-Superionic Phase Transitions in Body-Centered Cubic H_{2}O Ice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:135503. [PMID: 27715129 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.135503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
From first-principles molecular dynamics, we investigate the relation between the superionic proton conduction and the behavior of the O─H⋯O bond (ice VII^{'} to ice X transition) in body-centered-cubic (bcc) H_{2}O ice between 1300 and 2000 K and up to 300 GPa. We bring evidence that there are three distinct phases in the superionic bcc stability field. A first superionic phase characterized by extremely fast diffusion of highly delocalized protons (denoted VII^{''} hereinafter) is stable at low pressures. A first-order transition separates this phase from a superionic VII^{'}, characterized by a finite degree of localization of protons along the nonsymmetric O─H⋯O bonds. The transition is identified in structural, energetic, and elastic analysis. Upon further compression a second-order phase transition leads to the superionic ice X with symmetric O─H─O bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Alexis Hernandez
- Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5276 (CNRS, ENS, Université Lyon1), École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Razvan Caracas
- Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5276 (CNRS, ENS, Université Lyon1), École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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17
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French M, Desjarlais MP, Redmer R. Ab initio calculation of thermodynamic potentials and entropies for superionic water. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:022140. [PMID: 26986321 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.022140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We construct thermodynamic potentials for two superionic phases of water [with body-centered cubic (bcc) and face-centered cubic (fcc) oxygen lattice] using a combination of density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics simulations (MD). For this purpose, a generic expression for the free energy of warm dense matter is developed and parametrized with equation of state data from the DFT-MD simulations. A second central aspect is the accurate determination of the entropy, which is done using an approximate two-phase method based on the frequency spectra of the nuclear motion. The boundary between the bcc superionic phase and the ices VII and X calculated with thermodynamic potentials from DFT-MD is consistent with that directly derived from the simulations. Differences in the physical properties of the bcc and fcc superionic phases and their impact on interior modeling of water-rich giant planets are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin French
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Physik, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Ronald Redmer
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Physik, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
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18
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Bethkenhagen M, Cebulla D, Redmer R, Hamel S. Superionic Phases of the 1:1 Water-Ammonia Mixture. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:10582-8. [PMID: 26390374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b07854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report four structures for the 1:1 water-ammonia mixture showing superionic behavior at high temperature with the space groups P4/nmm, Ima2, Pma2, and Pm, which have been identified from evolutionary random structure search calculations at 0 K. Analyzing the respective pair distribution functions and diffusive properties the superionic phase is found to be stable in a temperature range between 1000 and 6000 K for pressures up to 800 GPa. We propose a high-pressure phase diagram of the water-ammonia mixture for the first time and compare the self-diffusion coefficients in the mixture to the ones found in water and ammonia. Finally, possible implications on the interior structure of the giant planets Uranus and Neptune are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Bethkenhagen
- University of Rostock: Institute of Physics, University of Rostock , Albert-Einstein-Straße 23-24, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue L-413, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Daniel Cebulla
- University of Rostock: Institute of Physics, University of Rostock , Albert-Einstein-Straße 23-24, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ronald Redmer
- University of Rostock: Institute of Physics, University of Rostock , Albert-Einstein-Straße 23-24, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastien Hamel
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , 7000 East Avenue L-413, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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19
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Sun J, Clark BK, Torquato S, Car R. The phase diagram of high-pressure superionic ice. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8156. [PMID: 26315260 PMCID: PMC4560814 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Superionic ice is a special group of ice phases at high temperature and pressure, which may exist in ice-rich planets and exoplanets. In superionic ice liquid hydrogen coexists with a crystalline oxygen sublattice. At high pressures, the properties of superionic ice are largely unknown. Here we report evidence that from 280 GPa to 1.3 TPa, there are several competing phases within the close-packed oxygen sublattice. At even higher pressure, the close-packed structure of the oxygen sublattice becomes unstable to a new unusual superionic phase in which the oxygen sublattice takes the P21/c symmetry. We also discover that higher pressure phases have lower transition temperatures. The diffusive hydrogen in the P21/c superionic phase shows strong anisotropic behaviour and forms a quasi-two-dimensional liquid. The ionic conductivity changes abruptly in the solid to close-packed superionic phase transition, but continuously in the solid to P21/c superionic phase transition. At high pressure, water forms superionic ice with an oxygen lattice and melted liquid hydrogens, which could exist on ice-rich planets. Here, Sun et al. predict a new phase of superionic ice where the hydrogens preferentially diffuse in two-dimensions within oxygen superlattice with the P21/c symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiming Sun
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Bryan K Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Salvatore Torquato
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.,Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Roberto Car
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.,Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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20
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Guthrie M. Future directions in high-pressure neutron diffraction. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:153201. [PMID: 25789450 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/15/153201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to manipulate structure and properties using pressure has been well known for many centuries. Diffraction provides the unique ability to observe these structural changes in fine detail on lengthscales spanning atomic to nanometre dimensions. Amongst the broad suite of diffraction tools available today, neutrons provide unique capabilities of fundamental importance. However, to date, the growth of neutron diffraction under extremes of pressure has been limited by the weakness of available sources. In recent years, substantial government investments have led to the construction of a new generation of neutron sources while existing facilities have been revitalized by upgrades. The timely convergence of these bright facilities with new pressure-cell technologies suggests that the field of high-pressure (HP) neutron science is on the cusp of substantial growth. Here, the history of HP neutron research is examined with the hope of gleaning an accurate prediction of where some of these revolutionary capabilities will lead in the near future. In particular, a dramatic expansion of current pressure-temperature range is likely, with corresponding increased scope for extreme-conditions science with neutron diffraction. This increase in coverage will be matched with improvements in data quality. Furthermore, we can also expect broad new capabilities beyond diffraction, including in neutron imaging, small angle scattering and inelastic spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guthrie
- European Spallation Source, ESS AB, SE-22100 Lund Sweden
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21
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Goldman N. Multi-center semi-empirical quantum models for carbon under extreme thermodynamic conditions. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Ileri N, Goldman N. Graphene and nano-diamond synthesis in expansions of molten liquid carbon. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:164709. [PMID: 25362334 DOI: 10.1063/1.4899071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their widespread use in high-pressure experiments, little is known about the physical and chemical properties of carbon-containing materials as they expand and cool to ambient conditions. As a result, interpretation of experiments can rely on use of unconstrained models with poor accuracy for the ensuing equation of state properties and final chemical products. To this end, we use quantum simulations to study the free expansion and cooling of carbon from metallic liquid states achieved during shock compression. Expansions from three different sets of shock conditions yielded of a variety of chain and ring structures. We then quantify the relative amounts of graphite-like and diamond-like particles formed during cooling and equilibration. We observe that for all cases, graphene sheets are the majority product formed with more extreme initial conditions producing increasingly larger amounts of diamond particles. Our results can address key needs for future meso-scale models of experiments, where knowledge of material properties and chemical end products can have a pronounced effect on interpreting experimental observables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazar Ileri
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Nir Goldman
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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23
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24
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Yagasaki T, Himoto K, Nakamura T, Matsumoto M, Tanaka H. Structure, dynamics and thermodynamic stability of high-pressure ices and clathrate hydrates. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2014.951642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Bastea S. A simulation assessment of the thermodynamics of dense ion-dipole mixtures with polarization. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:044507. [PMID: 25084926 DOI: 10.1063/1.4890869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are employed to ascertain the relative importance of various electrostatic interaction contributions, including induction interactions, to the thermodynamics of dense, hot ion-dipole mixtures. In the absence of polarization, we find that an MD-constrained free energy term accounting for the ion-dipole interactions, combined with well tested ionic and dipolar contributions, yields a simple, fairly accurate free energy form that may be a better option for describing the thermodynamics of such mixtures than the mean spherical approximation (MSA). Polarization contributions induced by the presence of permanent dipoles and ions are found to be additive to a good approximation, simplifying the thermodynamic modeling. We suggest simple free energy corrections that account for these two effects, based in part on standard perturbative treatments and partly on comparisons with MD simulation. Even though the proposed approximations likely need further study, they provide a first quantitative assessment of polarization contributions at high densities and temperatures and may serve as a guide for future modeling efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin Bastea
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94550, USA
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26
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Alfè D, Bartók AP, Csányi G, Gillan MJ. Analyzing the errors of DFT approximations for compressed water systems. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:014104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4885440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. Alfè
- Department of Earth Sciences, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
- Thomas Young Centre, UCL, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - A. P. Bartók
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - G. Csányi
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - M. J. Gillan
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, UCL, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
- Thomas Young Centre, UCL, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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27
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Goldman N, Bastea S. Nitrogen Oxides As a Chemistry Trap in Detonating Oxygen-Rich Materials. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:2897-903. [DOI: 10.1021/jp501455z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nir Goldman
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue L-288, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Sorin Bastea
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue L-288, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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28
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The Reactivity of Energetic Materials Under High Pressure and Temperature. ADVANCES IN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800345-9.00006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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29
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Abstract
We present results of prebiotic organic synthesis in shock compressed mixtures of simple ices from quantum molecular dynamics (MD) simulations extended to close to equilibrium time scales. Given the likelihood of an inhospitable prebiotic atmosphere on early Earth, it is possible that impact processes of comets or other icy bodies were a source of prebiotic chemical compounds on the primitive planet. We observe that moderate shock pressures and temperatures within a CO2-rich icy mixture (36 GPa and 2800 K) produce a number of nitrogen containing heterocycles, which dissociate to form functionalized aromatic hydrocarbons upon expansion and cooling to ambient conditions. In contrast, higher shock conditions (48-60 GPa, 3700-4800 K) resulted in the synthesis of long carbon-chain molecules, CH4, and formaldehyde. All shock compression simulations at these conditions have produced significant quantities of simple C-N bonded compounds such as HCN, HNC, and HNCO upon expansion and cooling to ambient conditions. Our results elucidate a mechanism for impact synthesis of prebiotic molecules at realistic impact conditions that is independent of external constraints such as the presence of a catalyst, illuminating UV radiation, or pre-existing conditions on a planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Goldman
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, California 94550, United States
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30
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Wilson HF, Wong ML, Militzer B. Superionic to superionic phase change in water: consequences for the interiors of uranus and neptune. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:151102. [PMID: 25167242 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.151102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Using density functional molecular dynamics free energy calculations, we show that the body centered cubic (bcc) phase of superionic ice previously believed to be the only phase is, in fact, thermodynamically unstable compared to a novel phase with oxygen positions in face centered cubic lattice sites. The novel phase has a lower proton mobility than the bcc phase and may exhibit a higher melting temperature. We predict a transition between the two phases at a pressure of 1±0.5 Mbar, with potential consequences for the interiors of ice giants such as Uranus and Neptune.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh F Wilson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Michael L Wong
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Burkhard Militzer
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science and Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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31
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Sugimura E, Komabayashi T, Ohta K, Hirose K, Ohishi Y, Dubrovinsky LS. Experimental evidence of superionic conduction in H2O ice. J Chem Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4766816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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32
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Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is one of the most informative probes for studies of material properties under extreme conditions of high pressure. The Raman techniques have become more versatile over the last decades as a new generation of optical filters and multichannel detectors become available. Here, recent progress in the Raman techniques for high-pressure research and its applications in numerous scientific disciplines including physics and chemistry of materials under extremes, earth and planetary science, new materials synthesis, and high-pressure metrology will be discussed.
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33
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Abstract
H(2)O will be more resistant to metallization than previously thought. From computational evolutionary structure searches, we find a sequence of new stable and meta-stable structures for the ground state of ice in the 1-5 TPa (10 to 50 Mbar) regime, in the static approximation. The previously proposed Pbcm structure is superseded by a Pmc2(1) phase at p = 930 GPa, followed by a predicted transition to a P2(1) crystal structure at p = 1.3 TPa. This phase, featuring higher coordination at O and H, is stable over a wide pressure range, reaching 4.8 TPa. We analyze carefully the geometrical changes in the calculated structures, especially the buckling at the H in O-H-O motifs. All structures are insulating--chemistry burns a deep and (with pressure increase) lasting hole in the density of states near the highest occupied electronic levels of what might be component metallic lattices. Metallization of ice in our calculations occurs only near 4.8 TPa, where the metallic C2/m phase becomes most stable. In this regime, zero-point energies much larger than typical enthalpy differences suggest possible melting of the H sublattice, or even the entire crystal.
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34
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Kang D, Dai J, Yuan J. Changes of structure and dipole moment of water with temperature and pressure: A first principles study. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:024505. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3608412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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35
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Maillet JB, Bourasseau E, Jomard G. DFT simulations of CO2–HF mixture at extreme conditions: Thermodynamic and chemical properties. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Boates B, Hamel S, Schwegler E, Bonev SA. Structural and optical properties of liquid CO2 for pressures up to 1 TPa. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:064504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3549593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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37
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Goldman N, Reed EJ, Fried LE, William Kuo IF, Maiti A. Synthesis of glycine-containing complexes in impacts of comets on early Earth. Nat Chem 2010; 2:949-54. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Goldman N, Reed EJ, Fried LE. Quantum mechanical corrections to simulated shock Hugoniot temperatures. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:204103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3262710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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39
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French M, Redmer R. Estimating the quantum effects from molecular vibrations of water under high pressures and temperatures. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:375101. [PMID: 21832333 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/37/375101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present a simple model which estimates the influence of quantum effects from molecular vibrations on the equation of state of water under high pressures and temperatures. This model is combined with an ab initio equation of state of water generated by quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) simulations employing density functional theory for the electrons and a classical algorithm for the ions. We calculate the specific heat capacity as well as the principal Hugoniot curve, especially the Hugoniot temperature, in accordance with experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin French
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
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40
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Maillet JB, Bourasseau E. Ab initio simulations of thermodynamic and chemical properties of detonation product mixtures. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:084107. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3179671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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41
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Goldman N, Reed EJ, Kuo IFW, Fried LE, Mundy CJ, Curioni A. Ab initio simulation of the equation of state and kinetics of shocked water. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:124517. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3089426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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42
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Goncharov AF, Sanloup C, Goldman N, Crowhurst JC, Bastea S, Howard WM, Fried LE, Guignot N, Mezouar M, Meng Y. Dissociative melting of ice VII at high pressure. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:124514. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3100771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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43
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Catalytic behaviour of dense hot water. Nat Chem 2009; 1:57-62. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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44
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Mattsson AE, Mattsson TR. AM05 Density Functional Applied to the Water Molecule, Dimer, and Bulk Liquid. J Chem Theory Comput 2009; 5:887-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ct8004968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann E. Mattsson
- Multiscale Dynamic Materials Modeling, MS 1322, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1322, and High Energy Density Physics Theory, MS 1189, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1189
| | - Thomas R. Mattsson
- Multiscale Dynamic Materials Modeling, MS 1322, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1322, and High Energy Density Physics Theory, MS 1189, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185-1189
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45
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Abstract
The melting of ice under pressure is investigated with a series of first-principles molecular dynamics simulations. In particular, a two-phase approach is used to determine the melting temperature of the ice-VII phase in the range of 10-50 GPa. Our computed melting temperatures are consistent with existing diamond anvil cell experiments. We find that for pressures between 10 and 40 GPa, ice melts as a molecular solid. For pressures above approximately 45 Gpa, there is a sharp increase in the slope of the melting curve because of the presence of molecular dissociation and proton diffusion in the solid before melting. The onset of significant proton diffusion in ice-VII as a function of increasing temperature is found to be gradual and bears many similarities to that of a type-II superionic solid.
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46
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Bastea S, Fried LE. Exp6-polar thermodynamics of dense supercritical water. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:174502. [PMID: 18465925 DOI: 10.1063/1.2913055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a simple polar fluid model for the thermodynamics of dense supercritical water based on a Buckingham (exp-6) core and point dipole representation of the water molecule. The proposed exp6-polar thermodynamics, which is based on ideas originally applied to dipolar hard spheres, performs very well when tested against molecular dynamics simulations. Comparisons of the model predictions with experimental data available for supercritical water yield excellent agreement for the shock Hugoniot, isotherms, and sound speeds, and are also quite good for the self-diffusion constant and relative dielectric constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin Bastea
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
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47
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Ninet S, Datchi F. High pressure-high temperature phase diagram of ammonia. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:154508. [PMID: 18433236 DOI: 10.1063/1.2903491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The high pressure (P)-high temperature (T) phase diagram of solid ammonia has been investigated using diamond anvil cell and resistive heating techniques. The III-IV transition line has been determined up to 20 GPa and 500 K both on compression and decompression paths. No discontinuity is observed at the expected location for the III-IV-V triple point. The melting line has been determined by visual observations of the fluid-solid equilibrium up to 9 GPa and 900 K. The experimental data are well fitted by a Simon-Glatzel equation in the covered P-T range. These transition lines and their extrapolations are compared to the reported ab initio calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ninet
- Institut de Minéralogie et de Physique des Milieux Condensés, Département Physique des Milieux Denses, CNRS UMR 7590, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris VI, Paris Cedex 05, France.
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48
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Abstract
The structure and physical properties of hydrous silicate melts and the solubility of water in melts over most of the pressure regime of Earth's mantle (up to 136 GPa) remain unknown. At low pressure (up to a few gigapascals) the solubility of water increases rapidly with increasing pressure, and water has a large influence on the solidus temperature, density, viscosity and electrical conductivity. Here we report the results of first-principles molecular dynamics simulations of hydrous MgSiO3 melt. These show that pressure has a profound influence on speciation of the water component, which changes from being dominated by hydroxyls and water molecules at low pressure to extended structures at high pressure. We link this change in structure to our finding that the water-silicate system becomes increasingly ideal at high pressure: we find complete miscibility of water and silicate melt throughout almost the entire mantle pressure regime. On the basis of our results, we argue that a buoyantly stable melt at the base of the upper mantle would contain approximately 3 wt% water and have an electrical conductivity of 18 S m(-1), and should therefore be detectable by means of electromagnetic sounding.
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49
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Marx D. Proton transfer 200 years after von Grotthuss: insights from ab initio simulations. Chemphyschem 2007; 7:1848-70. [PMID: 16929553 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200600128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, ab initio simulations and especially Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics have significantly contributed to the improvement of our understanding of both the physical and chemical properties of water, ice, and hydrogen-bonded systems in general. At the heart of this family of in silico techniques lies the crucial idea of computing the many-body interactions by solving the electronic structure problem "on the fly" as the simulation proceeds, which circumvents the need for pre-parameterized potential models. In particular, the field of proton transfer in hydrogen-bonded networks greatly benefits from these technical advances. Here, several systems of seemingly quite different nature and of increasing complexity, such as Grotthuss diffusion in water, excited-state proton-transfer in solution, phase transitions in ice, and protonated water networks in the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin, are discussed in the realms of a unifying viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Marx
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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50
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Grochala W, Hoffmann R, Feng J, Ashcroft NW. The Chemical Imagination at Work inVery Tight Places. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:3620-42. [PMID: 17477335 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Diamond-anvil-cell and shock-wave technologies now permit the study of matter under multimegabar pressure (that is, of several hundred GPa). The properties of matter in this pressure regime differ drastically from those known at 1 atm (about 10(5) Pa). Just how different chemistry is at high pressure and what role chemical intuition for bonding and structure can have in understanding matter at high pressure will be explored in this account. We will discuss in detail an overlapping hierarchy of responses to increased density: a) squeezing out van der Waals space (for molecular crystals); b) increasing coordination; c) decreasing the length of covalent bonds and the size of anions; and d) in an extreme regime, moving electrons off atoms and generating new modes of correlation. Examples of the startling chemistry and physics that emerge under such extreme conditions will alternate in this account with qualitative chemical ideas about the bonding involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Grochala
- ICM and Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University, Warsaw 02-106, Poland.
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