1
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Timmer D, Gittinger M, Quenzel T, Cadore AR, Rosa BLT, Li W, Soavi G, Lünemann DC, Stephan S, Silies M, Schulz T, Steinhoff A, Jahnke F, Cerullo G, Ferrari AC, De Sio A, Lienau C. Ultrafast Coherent Exciton Couplings and Many-Body Interactions in Monolayer WS 2. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:8117-8125. [PMID: 38901032 PMCID: PMC11229071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are quantum confined systems with interesting optoelectronic properties, governed by Coulomb interactions in the monolayer (1L) limit, where strongly bound excitons provide a sensitive probe for many-body interactions. Here, we use two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) to investigate many-body interactions and their dynamics in 1L-WS2 at room temperature and with sub-10 fs time resolution. Our data reveal coherent interactions between the strongly detuned A and B exciton states in 1L-WS2. Pronounced ultrafast oscillations of the transient optical response of the B exciton are the signature of a coherent 50 meV coupling and coherent population oscillations between the two exciton states. Supported by microscopic semiconductor Bloch equation simulations, these coherent dynamics are rationalized in terms of Dexter-like interactions. Our work sheds light on the role of coherent exciton couplings and many-body interactions in the ultrafast temporal evolution of spin and valley states in TMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Timmer
- Institut
für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Gittinger
- Institut
für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Quenzel
- Institut
für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alisson R. Cadore
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FA Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara L. T. Rosa
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FA Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Wenshan Li
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FA Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Giancarlo Soavi
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FA Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel C. Lünemann
- Institut
für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Sven Stephan
- Institut
für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Martin Silies
- Institut
für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Tommy Schulz
- Institute
for Theoretical Physics and Bremen Center for Computational Materials
Science, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Alexander Steinhoff
- Institute
for Theoretical Physics and Bremen Center for Computational Materials
Science, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Frank Jahnke
- Institute
for Theoretical Physics and Bremen Center for Computational Materials
Science, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330 440, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto
di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-CNR, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea C. Ferrari
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, CB3 0FA Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antonietta De Sio
- Institut
für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Center
for Nanoscale Dynamics (CENAD), Carl von
Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institut für Physik, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lienau
- Institut
für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität
Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
- Center
for Nanoscale Dynamics (CENAD), Carl von
Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institut für Physik, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
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2
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Rojas-Gatjens E, Akkerman QA, Manna L, Srimath Kandada AR, Silva-Acuña C. Exciton-photocarrier interference in mixed lead-halide-perovskite nanocrystals. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:221101. [PMID: 38856052 DOI: 10.1063/5.0203982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of semiconductor nanocrystals in scalable quantum technologies requires characterization of the exciton coherence dynamics in an ensemble of electronically isolated crystals in which system-bath interactions are nevertheless strong. In this communication, we identify signatures of Fano-like interference between excitons and photocarriers in the coherent two-dimensional photoluminescence excitation spectral lineshapes of mixed lead-halide perovskite nanocrystals in dilute solution. Specifically, by tuning the femtosecond-pulse spectrum, we show such interference in an intermediate coupling regime, which is evident in the coherent lineshape when simultaneously exciting the exciton and the free-carrier band at higher energy. We conclude that this interference is an intrinsic effect that will be consequential in the quantum dynamics of the system and will thus dictate decoherence dynamics, with consequences in their application in quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Rojas-Gatjens
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State St. NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Quinten A Akkerman
- Nanochemistry Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Liberato Manna
- Nanochemistry Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Ajay Ram Srimath Kandada
- Department of Physics and Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, 2090 Eure Drive, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, USA
| | - Carlos Silva-Acuña
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State St. NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- Institut Courtois & Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
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3
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Zheng Y, Rojas-Gatjens E, Lee M, Reichmanis E, Silva-Acuña C. Unveiling Multiquantum Excitonic Correlations in Push-Pull Polymer Semiconductors. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:3705-3712. [PMID: 38546242 PMCID: PMC11017317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Bound and unbound Frenkel-exciton pairs are essential transient precursors for a variety of photophysical and biochemical processes. In this work, we identify bound and unbound Frenkel-exciton complexes in an electron push-pull polymer semiconductor using coherent two-dimensional spectroscopy. We find that the dominant A0-1 peak of the absorption vibronic progression is accompanied by a subpeak, each dressed by distinct vibrational modes. By considering the Liouville pathways within a two-exciton model, the imbalanced cross-peaks in one-quantum rephasing and nonrephasing spectra can be accounted for by the presence of pure biexcitons. The two-quantum nonrephasing spectra provide direct evidence for unbound exciton pairs and biexcitons with dominantly attractive force. In addition, the spectral features of unbound exciton pairs show mixed absorptive and dispersive character, implying many-body interactions within the correlated Frenkel-exciton pairs. Our work offers novel perspectives on the Frenkel-exciton complexes in semiconductor polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Zheng
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Esteban Rojas-Gatjens
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Myeongyeon Lee
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, 124 E. Morton Street, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Elsa Reichmanis
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, 124 E. Morton Street, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Carlos Silva-Acuña
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Institut
Courtois & Département de physique, Université de Montréal, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, Québec H2V 0B3, Canada
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4
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Timmer D, Lünemann DC, Riese S, Sio AD, Lienau C. Full visible range two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy with high time resolution. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:835-847. [PMID: 38175103 DOI: 10.1364/oe.511906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) is a powerful method to study coherent and incoherent interactions and dynamics in complex quantum systems by correlating excitation and detection energies in a nonlinear spectroscopy experiment. Such dynamics can be probed with a time resolution limited only by the duration of the employed laser pulses and in a spectral range defined by the pulse spectrum. In the blue spectral range (<500 nm), the generation of sufficiently broadband ultrashort pulses with pulse durations of 10 fs or less has been challenging so far. Here, we present a 2DES setup based on a hollow-core fiber supercontinuum covering the full visible range (400-700 nm). Pulse compression via custom-made chirped mirrors yields a time resolution of <10 fs. The broad spectral coverage, in particular the extension of the pulse spectra into the blue spectral range, unlocks new possibilities for coherent investigations of blue-light absorbing and multichromophoric compounds, as demonstrated by a 2DES measurement of chlorophyll a.
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5
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Rojas-Gatjens E, Li H, Vega-Flick A, Cortecchia D, Petrozza A, Bittner ER, Srimath Kandada AR, Silva-Acuña C. Many-Exciton Quantum Dynamics in a Ruddlesden-Popper Tin Iodide. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:21194-21203. [PMID: 37937156 PMCID: PMC10626601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c04896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a study on the many-body exciton interactions in a Ruddlesden-Popper tin halide, namely, (PEA)2SnI4 (PEA = phenylethylammonium), using coherent two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. The optical dephasing times of the third-order polarization observed in these systems are determined by exciton many-body interactions and lattice fluctuations. We investigate the excitation-induced dephasing (EID) and observe a significant reduction of the dephasing time with increasing excitation density as compared to its lead counterpart (PEA)2PbI4, which we have previously reported in a separate publication [J. Chem. Phys.2020, 153, 164706]. Surprisingly, we find that the EID interaction parameter is four orders of magnitude higher in (PEA)2SnI4 than that in (PEA)2PbI4. This increase in the EID rate may be due to exciton localization arising from a more statically disordered lattice in the tin derivative. This is supported by the observation of multiple closely spaced exciton states and the broadening of the linewidth with increasing population time (spectral diffusion), which suggests a static disordered structure relative to the highly dynamic lead-halide. Additionally, we find that the exciton nonlinear coherent lineshape shows evidence of a biexcitonic state with low binding energy (<10 meV) not observed in the lead system. We model the lineshapes based on a stochastic scattering theory that accounts for the interaction with a nonstationary population of dark background excitations. Our study provides evidence of differences in the exciton quantum dynamics between tin- and lead-based Ruddlesden-Popper metal halides (RPMHs) and links them to the exciton-exciton interaction strength and the static disorder aspect of the crystalline structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Rojas-Gatjens
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States
- School
of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United
States
| | - Hao Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Alejandro Vega-Flick
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States
| | - Daniele Cortecchia
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Annamaria Petrozza
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Eric R. Bittner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
- Center
for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National
Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - Ajay Ram Srimath Kandada
- Department
of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston–Salem, North
Carolina 27587, United States
- Center
for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, Winston–Salem, North
Carolina 27109, United States
| | - Carlos Silva-Acuña
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States
- School
of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United
States
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States
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6
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Phonon-driven intra-exciton Rabi oscillations in CsPbBr 3 halide perovskites. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1047. [PMID: 36828818 PMCID: PMC9958027 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36654-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Coupling electromagnetic radiation with matter, e.g., by resonant light fields in external optical cavities, is highly promising for tailoring the optoelectronic properties of functional materials on the nanoscale. Here, we demonstrate that even internal fields induced by coherent lattice motions can be used to control the transient excitonic optical response in CsPbBr3 halide perovskite crystals. Upon resonant photoexcitation, two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy reveals an excitonic peak structure oscillating persistently with a 100-fs period for up to ~2 ps which does not match the frequency of any phonon modes of the crystals. Only at later times, beyond 2 ps, two low-frequency phonons of the lead-bromide lattice dominate the dynamics. We rationalize these findings by an unusual exciton-phonon coupling inducing off-resonant 100-fs Rabi oscillations between 1s and 2p excitons driven by the low-frequency phonons. As such, prevailing models for the electron-phonon coupling in halide perovskites are insufficient to explain these results. We propose the coupling of characteristic low-frequency phonon fields to intra-excitonic transitions in halide perovskites as the key to control the anharmonic response of these materials in order to establish new routes for enhancing their optoelectronic properties.
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7
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Liang D, Savio Rodriguez L, Zhou H, Zhu Y, Li H. Optical two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy of cold atoms. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:6452-6455. [PMID: 36538460 DOI: 10.1364/ol.478793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report an experimental demonstration of optical two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy (2DCS) in cold atoms. The experiment integrates a collinear 2DCS setup with a magneto-optical trap (MOT), in which cold rubidium (Rb) atoms are prepared at a temperature of approximately 200 µK and a number density of 1010 cm-3. With a sequence of femtosecond laser pulses, we first obtain one-dimensional second- and fourth-order nonlinear signals and then acquire both one-quantum and zero-quantum 2D spectra of cold Rb atoms. The capability of performing optical 2DCS in cold atoms is an important step toward optical 2DCS study of many-body physics in cold atoms and ultimately in atom arrays and trapped ions. Optical 2DCS in cold atoms/molecules can also be a new avenue to probe chemical reaction dynamics in cold molecules.
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8
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Li H, Shah SA, Bittner E, Piryatinski A, Silva C. Stochastic exciton-scattering theory of optical lineshapes: Renormalized many-body contributions. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:054103. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0095575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spectral line-shapes provide a window into the local environment coupled to a quantum transition in the condensed phase. In this paper, we build upon a stochastic model to account for non-stationary background processes produced by broad-band pulsed laser stimulation. In particular, we consider the contribution of pair-fluctuations arising from the full bosonic many-body Hamiltonian within a mean-field approximation, treating the coupling to the system as a stochastic noise term. Using the It{\^o} transformation, we consider two limiting cases for our model which lead to a connection between the observed spectral fluctuations and the spectral density of the environment. In the first case, we consider a Brownian environment and show that this produces spectral dynamics that relax to form dressed excitonic states and recover an Anderson-Kubo-like form for the spectral correlations. In the second case, we assume that the spectrum is Anderson-Kubo like, and invert to determine the corresponding background. Using the Jensen inequality, we obtain an upper limit for the spectral density of the background. The results presented here provide the technical tools for applying the stochastic model to a broad range of problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Chemistry, University of Houston, United States of America
| | - S. A. Shah
- University of Houston, United States of America
| | - Eric Bittner
- chemistry, University of Houston, United States of America
| | - Andrei Piryatinski
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, United States of America
| | - Carlos Silva
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, United States of America
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9
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Sparapassi G, Cavaletto SM, Tollerud J, Montanaro A, Glerean F, Marciniak A, Giusti F, Mukamel S, Fausti D. Transient measurement of phononic states with covariance-based stochastic spectroscopy. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:44. [PMID: 35228519 PMCID: PMC8885707 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00727-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel approach to transient Raman spectroscopy, which combines stochastic probe pulses and a covariance-based detection to measure stimulated Raman signals in alpha-quartz. A coherent broadband pump is used to simultaneously impulsively excite a range of different phonon modes, and the phase, amplitude, and energy of each mode are independently recovered as a function of the pump-probe delay by a noisy-probe and covariance-based analysis. Our experimental results and the associated theoretical description demonstrate the feasibility of 2D-Raman experiments based on the stochastic-probe schemes, with new capabilities not available in equivalent mean-value-based 2D-Raman techniques. This work unlocks the gate for nonlinear spectroscopies to capitalize on the information hidden within the noise and overlooked by a mean-value analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Sparapassi
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano M Cavaletto
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Tollerud
- Optical Sciences Centre, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Angela Montanaro
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, Italy
| | - Filippo Glerean
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, Italy
| | - Alexandre Marciniak
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, Italy
| | - Fancesca Giusti
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, Italy
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Daniele Fausti
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Trieste, Italy.
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10
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Liu A. Measuring Exciton Fine-Structure in Randomly Oriented Perovskite Nanocrystal Ensembles Using Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy: Theory. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12050801. [PMID: 35269289 PMCID: PMC8912615 DOI: 10.3390/nano12050801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) exhibit unique optoelectronic properties, many of which originate from a purported bright-triplet exciton fine-structure. A major impediment to measuring this fine-structure is inhomogeneous spectral broadening, which has limited most experimental studies to single-nanocrystal spectroscopies. It is shown here that the linearly polarized single-particle selection rules in PNCs are preserved in nonlinear spectroscopies of randomly oriented ensembles. Simulations incorporating rotational averaging demonstrate that techniques such as transient absorption and two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy are capable of resolving exciton fine-structure in PNCs, even in the presence of inhomogeneous broadening and orientation disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Liu
- Condensed Matter Dynamics Department, Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Mapara V, Stevens CE, Paul J, Barua A, Reno JL, McGill SA, Hilton DJ, Karaiskaj D. Multidimensional spectroscopy of magneto-excitons at high magnetic fields. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:204201. [PMID: 34852480 DOI: 10.1063/5.0070113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We perform two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy on magneto-excitons in GaAs at magnetic fields and observe Zeeman splitting of the excitons. The Zeeman components are clearly resolved as separate peaks due to the two-dimensional nature of the spectra, leading to a more accurate measurement of the Zeeman splitting and the Landé g factors. Quantum coherent coupling between Zeeman components is observed using polarization dependent one-quantum two-dimensional spectroscopy. We use two-quantum two-dimensional spectroscopy to investigate higher four-particle correlations at high magnetic fields and reveal the role of the Zeeman splitting on the two-quantum transitions. The experimental two-dimensional spectra are simulated using the optical Bloch equations, where many-body effects are included phenomenologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mapara
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - C E Stevens
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - J Paul
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - A Barua
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - J L Reno
- CINT, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - S A McGill
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 30201, USA
| | - D J Hilton
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - D Karaiskaj
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
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12
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Bergmann U, Kern J, Schoenlein RW, Wernet P, Yachandra VK, Yano J. Using X-ray free-electron lasers for spectroscopy of molecular catalysts and metalloenzymes. NATURE REVIEWS. PHYSICS 2021; 3:264-282. [PMID: 34212130 PMCID: PMC8245202 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-021-00289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The metal centres in metalloenzymes and molecular catalysts are responsible for the rearrangement of atoms and electrons during complex chemical reactions, and they enable selective pathways of charge and spin transfer, bond breaking/making and the formation of new molecules. Mapping the electronic structural changes at the metal sites during the reactions gives a unique mechanistic insight that has been difficult to obtain to date. The development of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) enables powerful new probes of electronic structure dynamics to advance our understanding of metalloenzymes. The ultrashort, intense and tunable XFEL pulses enable X-ray spectroscopic studies of metalloenzymes, molecular catalysts and chemical reactions, under functional conditions and in real time. In this Technical Review, we describe the current state of the art of X-ray spectroscopy studies at XFELs and highlight some new techniques currently under development. With more XFEL facilities starting operation and more in the planning or construction phase, new capabilities are expected, including high repetition rate, better XFEL pulse control and advanced instrumentation. For the first time, it will be possible to make real-time molecular movies of metalloenzymes and catalysts in solution, while chemical reactions are taking place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Bergmann
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jan Kern
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert W. Schoenlein
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vittal K. Yachandra
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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13
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Zhu WD, Wang R, Wang XY, Xiao M, Zhang CF. Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy with active phase Management. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp2012222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-da Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Rui Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiao-yong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Min Xiao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States of America
| | - Chun-feng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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14
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Yu B, Chen L, Qu Z, Zhang C, Qin Z, Wang X, Xiao M. Size-Dependent Hot Carrier Dynamics in Perovskite Nanocrystals Revealed by Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:238-244. [PMID: 33326243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The lifetimes of hot carriers have been predicted to be prolonged in small nanocrystals with an inter-level spacing larger than phonon energy. Nevertheless, whether such a phonon bottleneck is present in perovskite semiconductor nanocrystals remains highly controversial. Here we report compelling evidence of a phonon bottleneck in CsPbI3 nanocrystals with marked size-dependent relaxation of hot carriers by using broadband two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES). By combining high resolutions in both the time (<10 fs) and excitation energy domains, 2DES allows the clear disentanglement of the thermalization and cooling processes. The lifetime is over doubled for hot carriers when the average edge length of the nanocrystals decreases from 8.2 nm down to 4.6 nm. The confirmation of the phonon bottleneck effect suggests the feasibility of controlling hot carrier dynamics in perovskite semiconductors with nanocrystal size for potential applications of hot carrier devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buyang Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lan Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhengkang Qu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhengyuan Qin
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Min Xiao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
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15
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Huang X, Chen L, Zhang C, Qin Z, Yu B, Wang X, Xiao M. Inhomogeneous Biexciton Binding in Perovskite Semiconductor Nanocrystals Measured with Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:10173-10181. [PMID: 33197186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite semiconductor nanocrystals have emerged as an excellent family of materials for optoelectronic applications, where biexciton interaction is essential for optical gain generation and quantum light emission. However, the strength of biexciton interaction remains highly controversial due to the entangled spectral features of the exciton- and biexciton-related transitions in conventional measurement approaches. Here, we tackle the limitation by using polarization-dependent two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy and quantify the excitation energy-dependent biexciton binding energy at cryogenic temperatures. The biexciton binding energy increases with excitation energy, which can be modeled as a near inverse-square size dependence in the effective mass approximation considering the quantum confinement effect. The spectral line width for the exciton-biexciton transition is much broader than that for the ground state to exciton transition, suggesting weakly correlated broadening between these transitions. These inhomogeneity effects should be carefully considered for the future demonstration of optoelectronic applications relying on coherent exciton-biexciton interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Huang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lan Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhengyuan Qin
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Buyang Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Min Xiao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
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16
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Srimath Kandada AR, Li H, Thouin F, Bittner ER, Silva C. Stochastic scattering theory for excitation-induced dephasing: Time-dependent nonlinear coherent exciton lineshapes. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:164706. [PMID: 33138398 DOI: 10.1063/5.0026351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop a stochastic theory that treats time-dependent exciton-exciton s-wave scattering and that accounts for dynamic Coulomb screening, which we describe within a mean-field limit. With this theory, we model excitation-induced dephasing effects on time-resolved two-dimensional coherent optical lineshapes and we identify a number of features that can be attributed to the many-body dynamics occurring in the background of the exciton, including dynamic line narrowing, mixing of real and imaginary spectral components, and multi-quantum states. We test the model by means of multidimensional coherent spectroscopy on a two-dimensional metal-halide semiconductor that hosts tightly bound excitons and biexcitons that feature strong polaronic character. We find that the exciton nonlinear coherent lineshape reflects many-body correlations that give rise to excitation-induced dephasing. Furthermore, we observe that the exciton lineshape evolves with the population time over time windows in which the population itself is static in a manner that reveals the evolution of the multi-exciton many-body couplings. Specifically, the dephasing dynamics slow down with time, at a rate that is governed by the strength of exciton many-body interactions and on the dynamic Coulomb screening potential. The real part of the coherent optical lineshape displays strong dispersive character at zero time, which transforms to an absorptive lineshape on the dissipation timescale of excitation-induced dephasing effects, while the imaginary part displays converse behavior. Our microscopic theoretical approach is sufficiently flexible to allow for a wide exploration of how system-bath dynamics contribute to linear and non-linear time-resolved spectral behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Ram Srimath Kandada
- Department of Physics and Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Road, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Félix Thouin
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Eric R Bittner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Carlos Silva
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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17
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Lloyd LT, Wood RE, Allodi MA, Sohoni S, Higgins JS, Otto JP, Engel GS. Leveraging scatter in two-dimensional spectroscopy: passive phase drift correction enables a global phasing protocol. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:32869-32881. [PMID: 33114962 DOI: 10.1364/oe.404601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phase stability between pulse pairs defining Fourier-transform time delays can limit resolution and complicates development and adoption of multidimensional coherent spectroscopies. We demonstrate a data processing procedure to correct the long-term phase drift of the nonlinear signal during two-dimensional (2D) experiments based on the relative phase between scattered excitation pulses and a global phasing procedure to generate fully absorptive 2D electronic spectra of wafer-scale monolayer MoS2. Our correction results in a ∼30-fold increase in effective long-term signal phase stability, from ∼λ/2 to ∼λ/70 with negligible extra experimental time and no additional optical components. This scatter-based drift correction should be applicable to other interferometric techniques as well, significantly lowering the practical experimental requirements for this class of measurements.
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18
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Munoz MF, Medina A, Autry TM, Moody G, Siemens ME, Bristow AD, Cundiff ST, Li H. Fast phase cycling in non-collinear optical two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:5852-5855. [PMID: 33057301 DOI: 10.1364/ol.405196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As optical two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy (2DCS) is extended to a broader range of applications, it is critical to improve the detection sensitivity of optical 2DCS. We developed a fast phase-cycling scheme in a non-collinear optical 2DCS implementation by using liquid crystal phase retarders to modulate the phases of two excitation pulses. The background in the signal can be eliminated by combining either two or four interferograms measured with a proper phase configuration. The effectiveness of this method was validated in optical 2DCS measurements of an atomic vapor. This fast phase-cycling scheme will enable optical 2DCS in novel emerging applications that require enhanced detection sensitivity.
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19
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Katsch F, Selig M, Knorr A. Exciton-Scattering-Induced Dephasing in Two-Dimensional Semiconductors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:257402. [PMID: 32639791 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.257402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced Coulomb interactions in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides cause tightly bound electron-hole pairs (excitons) that dominate their linear and nonlinear optical response. The latter includes bleaching, energy renormalizations, and higher-order Coulomb correlation effects like biexcitons and excitation-induced dephasing. While the first three are extensively studied, no theoretical footing for excitation-induced dephasing in exciton-dominated semiconductors is available so far. In this Letter, we present microscopic calculations based on excitonic Heisenberg equations of motion and identify the coupling of optically pumped excitons to exciton-exciton scattering continua as the leading mechanism responsible for an optical-power-dependent linewidth broadening (excitation-induced dephasing) and sideband formation. Performing time-, momentum-, and energy-resolved simulations, we quantitatively evaluate the exciton-induced dephasing for the most common monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides and find an excellent agreement with recent experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Katsch
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Nichtlineare Optik und Quantenelektronik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Malte Selig
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Nichtlineare Optik und Quantenelektronik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Knorr
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Nichtlineare Optik und Quantenelektronik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Wahlstrand JK, Wernsing GM, Paul J, Bristow AD. Automated polarization-dependent multidimensional coherent spectroscopy phased using transient absorption. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:31790-31799. [PMID: 31684404 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.031790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An experimental apparatus is described for multidimensional optical spectroscopy with fully automated polarization control, based on liquid crystal variable retarders. Polarization dependence of rephasing two-dimensional coherent spectra are measured in a single scan, with absolute phasing performed for all polarization configurations through a single automated auxiliary measurement at the beginning of the scan. A factor of three improvement in acquisition time is demonstrated, compared to the apparatus without automated polarization control. Results are presented for a GaAs quantum well sample and an InGaAs quantum well embedded in a microcavity.
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21
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Liu A, Almeida DB, Bae WK, Padilha LA, Cundiff ST. Simultaneous Existence of Confined and Delocalized Vibrational Modes in Colloidal Quantum Dots. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:6144-6150. [PMID: 31556615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coupling to phonon modes is a primary mechanism of excitonic dephasing and energy loss in semiconductors. However, low-energy phonons in colloidal quantum dots and their coupling to excitons are poorly understood because their experimental signatures are weak and usually obscured by the unavoidable inhomogeneous broadening of colloidal dot ensembles. We use multidimensional coherent spectroscopy at cryogenic temperatures to extract the homogeneous nonlinear optical response of excitons in a CdSe/CdZnS core/shell colloidal quantum dot ensemble. A comparison to the simulation provides evidence that the observed lineshapes arise from the coexistence of confined and delocalized vibrational modes, both of which couple strongly to excitons in CdSe/CdZnS colloidal quantum dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Liu
- Department of Physics , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Diogo B Almeida
- Department of Physics , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Wan-Ki Bae
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano Technology , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , 16419 Gyeonggi , Republic of Korea
| | - Lazaro A Padilha
- Instituto de Fisica "Gleb Wataghin" , Universidade de Campinas , Campinas , 13083-970 Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Steven T Cundiff
- Department of Physics , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
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22
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Nguyen XT, Timmer D, Rakita Y, Cahen D, Steinhoff A, Jahnke F, Lienau C, De Sio A. Ultrafast Charge Carrier Relaxation in Inorganic Halide Perovskite Single Crystals Probed by Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:5414-5421. [PMID: 31449755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Halide perovskites are promising optoelectronic materials. Despite impressive device performance, especially in photovoltaics, the femtosecond dynamics of elementary optical excitations and their interactions are still debated. Here we combine ultrafast two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) and semiconductor Bloch equations (SBEs) to probe the room-temperature dynamics of nonequilibrium excitations in CsPbBr3 crystals. Experimentally, we distinguish between excitonic and free-carrier transitions, extracting a ∼30 meV exciton binding energy, in agreement with our SBE calculations and with recent experimental studies. The 2DES dynamics indicate remarkably short, <30 fs carrier relaxation at a ∼3 meV/fs rate, much faster than previously anticipated for this material, but similar to that in direct band gap semiconductors such as GaAs. Dynamic screening of excitons by free carriers also develops on a similarly fast <30 fs time scale, emphasizing the role of carrier-carrier interactions for this material's optical properties. Our results suggest that strong electron-phonon couplings lead to ultrafast relaxation of charge carriers, which, in turn may limit halide perovskites' carrier mobilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Trung Nguyen
- Institut für Physik , Carl von Ossietzky Universität , 26129 Oldenburg , Germany
| | - Daniel Timmer
- Institut für Physik , Carl von Ossietzky Universität , 26129 Oldenburg , Germany
| | - Yevgeny Rakita
- Department of Materials & Interfaces , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - David Cahen
- Department of Materials & Interfaces , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Alexander Steinhoff
- Institut für Theoretische Physik , Universität Bremen , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Frank Jahnke
- Institut für Theoretische Physik , Universität Bremen , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Christoph Lienau
- Institut für Physik , Carl von Ossietzky Universität , 26129 Oldenburg , Germany
| | - Antonietta De Sio
- Institut für Physik , Carl von Ossietzky Universität , 26129 Oldenburg , Germany
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23
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Paul J, Stevens CE, Smith RP, Dey P, Mapara V, Semenov D, McGill SA, Kaindl RA, Hilton DJ, Karaiskaj D. Coherent two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy using a 25 Tesla resistive magnet. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:063901. [PMID: 31255018 DOI: 10.1063/1.5055891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We performed nonlinear optical two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy measurements using an optical resistive high-field magnet on GaAs quantum wells. Magnetic fields up to 25 T can be achieved using the split helix resistive magnet. Two-dimensional spectroscopy measurements based on the coherent four-wave mixing signal require phase stability. Therefore, these measurements are difficult to perform in environments prone to mechanical vibrations. Large resistive magnets use extensive quantities of cooling water, which causes mechanical vibrations, making two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy very challenging. Here, we report on the strategies we used to overcome these challenges and maintain the required phase-stability throughout the measurement. A self-contained portable platform was used to set up the experiments within the time frame provided by a user facility. Furthermore, this platform was floated above the optical table in order to isolate it from vibrations originating from the resistive magnet. Finally, we present two-dimensional Fourier transform spectra obtained from GaAs quantum wells at magnetic fields up to 25 T and demonstrate the utility of this technique in providing important details, which are obscured in one dimensional spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagannath Paul
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | | | - Ryan P Smith
- Department of Physics, California State University-East Bay, Hayward, California 94542, USA
| | - Prasenjit Dey
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Varun Mapara
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Dimitry Semenov
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 30201, USA
| | - Steven A McGill
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 30201, USA
| | - Robert A Kaindl
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - David J Hilton
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Denis Karaiskaj
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
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24
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Richter M, Singh R, Siemens M, Cundiff ST. Deconvolution of optical multidimensional coherent spectra. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar7697. [PMID: 29868644 PMCID: PMC5983912 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar7697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherent multidimensional spectroscopy is a powerful technique for unraveling complex and congested spectra by spreading them across multiple dimensions, removing the effects of inhomogeneity, and revealing underlying correlations. As the technique matures, the focus is shifting from understanding the technique itself to using it to probe the underlying dynamics in the system being studied. However, these dynamics can be difficult to discern because they are convolved with the nonlinear optical response of the system. Inspired by methods used to deblur images, we present a method for deconvolving the underlying dynamics from the optical response. To demonstrate the method, we extract the many-particle diffusion Green's functions for excitons in a semiconductor quantum well from two-dimensional coherent spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marten Richter
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Nichtlineare Optik und Quantenelektronik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, EW 7-1, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Corresponding author. (M.R.); (S.T.C.)
| | - Rohan Singh
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80309–0440, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309–0390, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105–1040, USA
| | - Mark Siemens
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208–6900, USA
| | - Steven T. Cundiff
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80309–0440, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309–0390, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105–1040, USA
- Corresponding author. (M.R.); (S.T.C.)
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25
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Li Y, Mohan K, Sun H, Jin R. Ensemble Modeling of In Situ Features for Printed Electronics Manufacturing With In Situ Process Control Potential. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2017.2713242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Markmann S, Nong H, Pal S, Fobbe T, Hekmat N, Mohandas RA, Dean P, Li L, Linfield EH, Davies AG, Wieck AD, Jukam N. Two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy of a THz quantum cascade laser: observation of multiple harmonics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:21753-21761. [PMID: 29041469 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.021753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional spectroscopy is performed on a terahertz (THz) frequency quantum cascade laser (QCL) with two broadband THz pulses. Gain switching is used to amplify the first THz pulse and the second THz pulse is used to probe the system. Fourier transforms are taken with respect to the delay time between the two THz pulses and the sampling time of the THz probe pulse. The two-dimensional spectrum consists of three peaks at (ωτ = 0, ωt = ω0), (ωτ = ω0, ωt = ω0), and (ωτ = 2ω0, ωt = ω0) where ω0 denotes the lasing frequency. The peak at ωτ = 0 represents the response of the probe to the zero-frequency (rectified) component of the instantaneous intensity and can be used to measure the gain recovery.
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27
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Hao K, Specht JF, Nagler P, Xu L, Tran K, Singh A, Dass CK, Schüller C, Korn T, Richter M, Knorr A, Li X, Moody G. Neutral and charged inter-valley biexcitons in monolayer MoSe 2. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15552. [PMID: 28656961 PMCID: PMC5493760 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), reduced dielectric screening of the Coulomb interaction leads to strongly correlated many-body states, including excitons and trions, that dominate the optical properties. Higher-order states, such as bound biexcitons, are possible but are difficult to identify unambiguously using linear optical spectroscopy methods. Here, we implement polarization-resolved two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy (2DCS) to unravel the complex optical response of monolayer MoSe2 and identify multiple higher-order correlated states. Decisive signatures of neutral and charged inter-valley biexcitons appear in cross-polarized two-dimensional spectra as distinct resonances with respective ∼20 and ∼5 meV binding energies—similar to recent calculations using variational and Monte Carlo methods. A theoretical model considering the valley-dependent optical selection rules reveals the quantum pathways that give rise to these states. Inter-valley biexcitons identified here, comprising of neutral and charged excitons from different valleys, offer new opportunities for developing ultrathin biexciton lasers and polarization-entangled photon sources. Atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides host excitons and trions, however higher-order states, although possible, are difficult to identify experimentally. Here, the authors perform polarization-resolved coherent spectroscopy to unveil the signature of neutral and charged inter-valley biexcitons in monolayer MoSe2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hao
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Judith F Specht
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Nichtlineare Optik und Quantenelektronik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Nagler
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lixiang Xu
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Kha Tran
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Akshay Singh
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Chandriker Kavir Dass
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Christian Schüller
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Korn
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marten Richter
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Nichtlineare Optik und Quantenelektronik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Knorr
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Nichtlineare Optik und Quantenelektronik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiaoqin Li
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Galan Moody
- National Institute of Standards &Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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28
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Bruder L, Bangert U, Stienkemeier F. Phase-modulated harmonic light spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:5302-5315. [PMID: 28380793 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.005302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
By combining phase-modulated nonlinear spectroscopy with second harmonic generation, the concept of phase-modulated harmonic light spectroscopy is introduced. Simultaneous spectroscopy with different harmonics of the light is demonstrated and linear and nonlinear excitation of the spectroscopic sample is investigated. Sum frequency generation and stray light effects during temporal pulse overlap have been evaluated in detail, accompanied by simulations. The presented work provides a promising concept to facilitate coherent nonlinear time-domain spectroscopy in the extreme ultraviolet wavelength regime and contributes valuable insights for future studies in this direction.
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29
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De Sio A, Lienau C. Vibronic coupling in organic semiconductors for photovoltaics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:18813-18830. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03007j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafast two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy reveals vibronically-assisted coherent charge transport and separation in organic materials and opens up new perspectives for artificial light-to-current conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta De Sio
- Institut für Physik and Center of Interface Science
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität
- Oldenburg 26129
- Germany
| | - Christoph Lienau
- Institut für Physik and Center of Interface Science
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität
- Oldenburg 26129
- Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science
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30
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Hao K, Xu L, Nagler P, Singh A, Tran K, Dass CK, Schüller C, Korn T, Li X, Moody G. Coherent and Incoherent Coupling Dynamics between Neutral and Charged Excitons in Monolayer MoSe2. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:5109-13. [PMID: 27428509 PMCID: PMC5593425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The optical properties of semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides are dominated by both neutral excitons (electron-hole pairs) and charged excitons (trions) that are stable even at room temperature. While trions directly influence charge transport properties in optoelectronic devices, excitons may be relevant through exciton-trion coupling and conversion phenomena. In this work, we reveal the coherent and incoherent nature of exciton-trion coupling and the relevant time scales in monolayer MoSe2 using optical two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy. Coherent interaction between excitons and trions is definitively identified as quantum beating of cross peaks in the spectra that persists for a few hundred femtoseconds. For longer times up to 10 ps, surprisingly, the relative intensity of the cross peaks increases, which is attributed to incoherent energy transfer likely due to phonon-assisted up-conversion and down-conversion processes that are efficient even at cryogenic temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hao
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Lixiang Xu
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Philipp Nagler
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany 93040
| | - Akshay Singh
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kha Tran
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Chandriker Kavir Dass
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Christian Schüller
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany 93040
| | - Tobias Korn
- Department of Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany 93040
| | - Xiaoqin Li
- Department of Physics and Center for Complex Quantum Systems, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Galan Moody
- National Institute of Standards & Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
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31
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Paul J, Stevens CE, Liu C, Dey P, McIntyre C, Turkowski V, Reno JL, Hilton DJ, Karaiskaj D. Strong Quantum Coherence between Fermi Liquid Mahan Excitons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:157401. [PMID: 27127985 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.157401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In modulation doped quantum wells, the excitons are formed as a result of the interactions of the charged holes with the electrons at the Fermi edge in the conduction band, leading to the so-called "Mahan excitons." The binding energy of Mahan excitons is expected to be greatly reduced and any quantum coherence destroyed as a result of the screening and electron-electron interactions. Surprisingly, we observe strong quantum coherence between the heavy hole and light hole excitons. Such correlations are revealed by the dominating cross-diagonal peaks in both one-quantum and two-quantum two-dimensional Fourier transform spectra. Theoretical simulations based on the optical Bloch equations where many-body effects are included phenomenologically reproduce well the experimental spectra. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations provide insight into the underlying physics and attribute the observed strong quantum coherence to a significantly reduced screening length and collective excitations of the many-electron system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paul
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - C E Stevens
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - C Liu
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - P Dey
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - C McIntyre
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - V Turkowski
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - J L Reno
- CINT, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D J Hilton
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - D Karaiskaj
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
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32
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Bakulin AA, Silva C, Vella E. Ultrafast Spectroscopy with Photocurrent Detection: Watching Excitonic Optoelectronic Systems at Work. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:250-8. [PMID: 26711855 PMCID: PMC4819534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
While ultrafast spectroscopy with photocurrent detection was almost unknown before 2012, in the last 3 years, a number of research groups from different fields have independently developed ultrafast electric probe approaches and reported promising pilot studies. Here, we discuss these recent advances and provide our perspective on how photocurrent detection successfully overcomes many limitations of all-optical methods, which makes it a technique of choice when device photophysics is concerned. We also highlight compelling existing problems and research questions and suggest ways for further development, outlining the potential breakthroughs to be expected in the near future using photocurrent ultrafast optical probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem A. Bakulin
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Silva
- Département de physique & Regroupement
québécois sur les matériaux de pointe, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Eleonora Vella
- Département de physique & Regroupement
québécois sur les matériaux de pointe, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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33
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Abstract
Optical multdimensional coherent spectroscopy has recently been the subject of significant activity. While two-dimensional spectroscopy is most common, it is possible to extend the method into three dimensions. This perspective reviews the different approaches to three-dimensional spectroscopy and the systems that have been studied with it. The advantages of adding an additional dimension are discussed and compared to the resulting experimental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Cundiff
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology & University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309-0440 USA.
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34
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Courtney TL, Fox ZW, Estergreen L, Khalil M. Measuring Coherently Coupled Intramolecular Vibrational and Charge-Transfer Dynamics with Two-Dimensional Vibrational-Electronic Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:1286-92. [PMID: 26262989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate Fourier transform (FT) 2D vibrational-electronic (2D VE) spectroscopy employing a novel mid-IR and optical pulse sequence. This new femtosecond third-order nonlinear spectroscopy provides the high time and frequency resolutions of existing 2D FT techniques; however, resulting 2D VE spectra contain IR and electronic dipole moment cross terms. We use 2D VE spectroscopy to help understand the vibrational-electronic couplings in the cyanide-bridged transition-metal mixed valence complex [(CN)5Fe(II)CNRu(III)(NH3)5](-) dissolved in formamide. The amplitudes of the cross-peaks in the 2D VE spectra reveal that three of the intramolecular cyanide stretching vibrations lying along the charge-transfer axis are coherently coupled to the metal-to-metal charge-transfer electronic transition with differing strengths. Analysis of the 2D VE line shapes reveals positive and negative correlations of the cyanide stretching modes with the charge-transfer transition depending on the physical orientation of the vibration in the molecule and its interaction with the solvent. The insights found thus far into the vibronic couplings in the mixed valence model system indicate that the 2D VE technique will be a valuable addition to the existing multidimensional spectroscopy toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor L Courtney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Zachary W Fox
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Laura Estergreen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Munira Khalil
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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35
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Coherent two-dimensional photocurrent spectroscopy in a PbS quantum dot photocell. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5869. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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36
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Huang JY, Lin CY, Liu WS, Chyi JI. Quantum control study of ultrafast optical responses in semiconductor quantum dot devices. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:30815-30825. [PMID: 25607030 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.030815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Two quantum control spectroscopic techniques were applied to study InAs quantum dot (QD) devices, which contain different strain-reducing layers. By adaptively control light matter interaction, a delayed resonant response from the InAs QDs was found to be encoded into the optimal phase profile of ultrafast optical pulse used. We verified the delayed resonant response to originate from excitons coupled to acoustic phonons of InAs QDs with two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy. Our study yields valuable dynamical information that can deepen our understanding of the coherent coupling process of exciton in the quantum-confined systems.
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37
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Paul J, Dey P, Tokumoto T, Reno JL, Hilton DJ, Karaiskaj D. Exploring two-dimensional electron gases with two-dimensional Fourier transform spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:134505. [PMID: 25296819 DOI: 10.1063/1.4896777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The dephasing of the Fermi edge singularity excitations in two modulation doped single quantum wells of 12 nm and 18 nm thickness and in-well carrier concentration of ∼4 × 10(11) cm(-2) was carefully measured using spectrally resolved four-wave mixing (FWM) and two-dimensional Fourier transform (2DFT) spectroscopy. Although the absorption at the Fermi edge is broad at this doping level, the spectrally resolved FWM shows narrow resonances. Two peaks are observed separated by the heavy hole/light hole energy splitting. Temperature dependent "rephasing" (S1) 2DFT spectra show a rapid linear increase of the homogeneous linewidth with temperature. The dephasing rate increases faster with temperature in the narrower 12 nm quantum well, likely due to an increased carrier-phonon scattering rate. The S1 2DFT spectra were measured using co-linear, cross-linear, and co-circular polarizations. Distinct 2DFT lineshapes were observed for co-linear and cross-linear polarizations, suggesting the existence of polarization dependent contributions. The "two-quantum coherence" (S3) 2DFT spectra for the 12 nm quantum well show a single peak for both co-linear and co-circular polarizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paul
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - P Dey
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - T Tokumoto
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - J L Reno
- CINT, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - D J Hilton
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - D Karaiskaj
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
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38
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Ma WL, Wolfowicz G, Zhao N, Li SS, Morton JJ, Liu RB. Uncovering many-body correlations in nanoscale nuclear spin baths by central spin decoherence. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4822. [PMID: 25205440 PMCID: PMC4175593 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Central spin decoherence caused by nuclear spin baths is often a critical issue in various quantum computing schemes, and it has also been used for sensing single-nuclear spins. Recent theoretical studies suggest that central spin decoherence can act as a probe of many-body physics in spin baths; however, identification and detection of many-body correlations of nuclear spins in nanoscale systems are highly challenging. Here, taking a phosphorus donor electron spin in a (29)Si nuclear spin bath as our model system, we discover both theoretically and experimentally that many-body correlations in nanoscale nuclear spin baths produce identifiable signatures in decoherence of the central spin under multiple-pulse dynamical decoupling control. We demonstrate that under control by an odd or even number of pulses, the central spin decoherence is principally caused by second- or fourth-order nuclear spin correlations, respectively. This study marks an important step toward studying many-body physics using spin qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures,
Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing
100083, China
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum
Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei,
Anhui
230026, China
| | - Gary Wolfowicz
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College
London, London
WC1H 0AH, UK
- Department of Materials, Oxford University,
Oxford
OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Nan Zhao
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center,
Beijing
100084, China
| | - Shu-Shen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures,
Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing
100083, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum
Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei,
Anhui
230026, China
| | - John J.L. Morton
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College
London, London
WC1H 0AH, UK
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University
College London, London
WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Ren-Bao Liu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Center for Quantum Coherence, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Hong Kong, China
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39
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Tahara H, Ogawa Y, Minami F, Akahane K, Sasaki M. Long-time correlation in non-Markovian dephasing of an exciton-phonon system in InAs quantum dots. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:147404. [PMID: 24766013 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.147404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We have observed a time-correlated frequency fluctuation in non-Markovian dephasing of excitons in InAs quantum dots using a six-wave mixing technique. In this measurement, the arrival times of the excitation pulses were controlled to eliminate the influence of Markovian dephasing and to measure the pure non-Markovian behavior. The experimental result shows that the time correlation of the frequency fluctuation due to exciton-phonon interactions was maintained in the quantum dots for over 10 ps. This long-time correlation is caused by the modification of the phonon coupling distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tahara
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Oh-Okayama 2-12-1, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Y Ogawa
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Oh-Okayama 2-12-1, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - F Minami
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Oh-Okayama 2-12-1, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - K Akahane
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 4-2-1 Nukui-kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan
| | - M Sasaki
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 4-2-1 Nukui-kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan
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40
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Tollerud JO, Hall CR, Davis JA. Isolating quantum coherence using coherent multi-dimensional spectroscopy with spectrally shaped pulses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:6719-6733. [PMID: 24664021 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.006719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate how spectral shaping in coherent multidimensional spectroscopy can isolate specific signal pathways and directly access quantitative details. By selectively exciting pathways involving a coherent superposition of exciton states we are able to identify, isolate and analyse weak coherent coupling between spatially separated excitons in an asymmetric double quantum well. Analysis of the isolated signal elucidates details of the coherent interactions between the spatially separated excitons. With a dynamic range exceeding 10(4) in electric field amplitude, this approach facilitates quantitative comparisons of different signal pathways and a comprehensive description of the electronic states and their interactions.
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41
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Moody G, Akimov IA, Li H, Singh R, Yakovlev DR, Karczewski G, Wiater M, Wojtowicz T, Bayer M, Cundiff ST. Coherent coupling of excitons and trions in a photoexcited CdTe/CdMgTe quantum well. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:097401. [PMID: 24655274 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.097401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present zero-, one-, and two-quantum two-dimensional coherent spectra of excitons and trions in a CdTe/(Cd,Mg)Te quantum well. The set of spectra provides a unique and comprehensive picture of the coherent nonlinear optical response. Distinct peaks in the spectra are manifestations of exciton-exciton and exciton-trion coherent coupling. Excellent agreement using density matrix calculations highlights the essential role of many-body effects on the coupling. Strong exciton-trion coherent interactions open up the possibility for novel conditional control schemes in coherent optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Moody
- JILA, University of Colorado & National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA
| | - I A Akimov
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany and A. F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - H Li
- JILA, University of Colorado & National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - R Singh
- JILA, University of Colorado & National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA
| | - D R Yakovlev
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany and A. F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - G Karczewski
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Wiater
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Wojtowicz
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Bayer
- Experimentelle Physik 2, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S T Cundiff
- JILA, University of Colorado & National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA
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42
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Nardin G, Moody G, Singh R, Autry TM, Li H, Morier-Genoud F, Cundiff ST. Coherent excitonic coupling in an asymmetric double InGaAs quantum well arises from many-body effects. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:046402. [PMID: 24580472 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.046402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We study an asymmetric double InGaAs quantum well using optical two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy. The collection of zero-quantum, one-quantum, and two-quantum two-dimensional spectra provides a unique and comprehensive picture of the double well coherent optical response. Coherent and incoherent contributions to the coupling between the two quantum well excitons are clearly separated. An excellent agreement with density matrix calculations reveals that coherent interwell coupling originates from many-body interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Nardin
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - Galan Moody
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA
| | - Rohan Singh
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA
| | - Travis M Autry
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA
| | - Hebin Li
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - François Morier-Genoud
- Laboratory of Quantum Optoelectronics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Steven T Cundiff
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0390, USA
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43
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Nardin G, Autry TM, Silverman KL, Cundiff ST. Multidimensional coherent photocurrent spectroscopy of a semiconductor nanostructure. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:28617-27. [PMID: 24514373 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.028617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Multidimensional Coherent Optical Photocurrent Spectroscopy (MD-COPS) is implemented using unstabilized interferometers. Photocurrent from a semiconductor sample is generated using a sequence of four excitation pulses in a collinear geometry. Each pulse is frequency shifted by a unique radio frequency through acousto-optical modulation; the Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) signal is then selected in the frequency domain. The interference of an auxiliary continuous wave laser, which is sent through the same interferometers as the excitation pulses, is used to synthesize reference frequencies for lock-in detection of the photocurrent FWM signal. This scheme enables the partial compensation of mechanical fluctuations in the setup, achieving sufficient phase stability without the need for active stabilization. The method intrinsically provides both the real and imaginary parts of the FWM signal as a function of inter-pulse delays. This signal is subsequently Fourier transformed to create a multi-dimensional spectrum. Measurements made on the excitonic resonance in a double InGaAs quantum well embedded in a p-i-n diode demonstrate the technique.
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44
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Li H, Bristow AD, Siemens ME, Moody G, Cundiff ST. Unraveling quantum pathways using optical 3D Fourier-transform spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1390. [PMID: 23340430 PMCID: PMC3562465 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting and controlling quantum mechanical phenomena require knowledge of the system Hamiltonian. A detailed understanding of the quantum pathways used to construct the Hamiltonian is essential for deterministic control and improved performance of coherent control schemes. In complex systems, parameters characterizing the pathways, especially those associated with inter-particle interactions and coupling to the environment, can only be identified experimentally. Quantitative insight can be obtained provided the quantum pathways are isolated and independently analysed. Here we demonstrate this possibility in an atomic vapour using optical three-dimensional Fourier-transform spectroscopy. By unfolding the system’s nonlinear response onto three frequency dimensions, three-dimensional spectra unambiguously reveal transition energies, relaxation rates and dipole moments of each pathway. The results demonstrate the unique capacity of this technique as a powerful tool for resolving the complex nature of quantum systems. This experiment is a critical step in the pursuit of complete experimental characterization of a system’s Hamiltonian. Knowledge of the Hamiltonian of a quantum system is essential for predicting and controlling its behaviour. Li et al. use optical three-dimensional Fourier-transform spectroscopy to separate and study each pathway, gaining quantitative insight into the quantum pathways of an atomic vapour Hamiltonian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebin Li
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
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45
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Wen P, Nelson KA. Selective Enhancements in 2D Fourier Transform Optical Spectroscopy with Tailored Pulse Shapes. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:6380-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp401150d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02139, United States
| | - Keith A. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02139, United States
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46
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Li H, Spencer AP, Kortyna A, Moody G, Jonas DM, Cundiff ST. Pulse Propagation Effects in Optical 2D Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy: Experiment. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:6279-87. [PMID: 23565590 DOI: 10.1021/jp4007872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hebin Li
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Austin P. Spencer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
80309-0215, United States
| | - Andrew Kortyna
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
- Department of Physics, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042, United States
| | - Galan Moody
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
80309-0440, United States
| | - David M. Jonas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
80309-0215, United States
| | - Steven T. Cundiff
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
80309-0440, United States
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Dey P, Paul J, Bylsma J, Deminico S, Karaiskaj D. Continuously tunable optical multidimensional Fourier-transform spectrometer. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:023107. [PMID: 23464195 DOI: 10.1063/1.4792378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A multidimensional optical nonlinear spectrometer (MONSTR) is a robust, ultrastable platform consisting of nested and folded Michelson interferometers that can be actively phase stabilized. The MONSTR provides output pulses for nonlinear excitation of materials and phase-stabilized reference pulses for heterodyne detection of the induced signal. This platform generates a square of identical laser pulses that can be adjusted to have arbitrary time delays between them while maintaining phase stability. This arrangement is ideal for performing coherent optical experiments, such as multidimensional Fourier-transform spectroscopy. The present work reports on overcoming some important limitations on the original design of the MONSTR apparatus. One important advantage of the MONSTR is the fact that it is a closed platform, which provides the high stability. Once the optical alignment is performed, it is desirable to maintain the alignment over long periods of time. The previous design of the MONSTR was limited to a narrow spectral range defined by the optical coating of the beam splitters. In order to achieve tunability over a broad spectral range the internal optics needed to be changed. By using broadband coated and wedged beam splitters and compensator plates, combined with modifications of the beam paths, continuous tunability can be achieved from 520 nm to 1100 nm without changing any optics or performing alignment of the internal components of the MONSTR. Furthermore, in order to achieve continuous tunability in the spectral region between 520 nm and 720 nm, crucially important for studies on numerous biological molecules, a single longitudinal mode laser at 488.5 nm was identified and used as a metrology laser. The shorter wavelength of the metrology laser as compared to the usual HeNe laser has also increased the phase stability of the system. Finally, in order to perform experiments in the reflection geometry, a simple method to achieve active phase stabilization between the signal and the reference beams has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dey
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
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Zhang Y, Meyer K, Ott C, Pfeifer T. Passively phase-stable, monolithic, all-reflective two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy based on a four-quadrant mirror. OPTICS LETTERS 2013; 38:356-358. [PMID: 23381436 DOI: 10.1364/ol.38.000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A design for a passively phase-stable two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy experiment, based on a four-quadrant mirror concept, is introduced. The setup, which is particularly simple and robust, achieves subwavelength stability without the need for active stabilization or diffractive optical elements. Since only reflective optical components are used, the setup is suitable for few-cycle laser pulses and ultrabroad-bandwidth light in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-IR regions, with the capability to be used under grazing incidence for soft x ray or x-ray light at free-electron lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhu Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics, Heidelberg, Germany
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Li H, Moody G, Cundiff ST. Reflection optical two-dimensional Fourier-transform spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:1687-1692. [PMID: 23389154 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.001687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a technique to perform optical two-dimensional Fourier-transform (2DFT) spectroscopy in a reflection geometry. Various reflection 2DFT spectra are obtained for an atomic vapor. The technique is useful for the cases where optical 2DFT spectroscopy cannot be performed in the transmission geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebin Li
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
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Butkus V, Zigmantas D, Valkunas L, Abramavicius D. Vibrational vs. electronic coherences in 2D spectrum of molecular systems. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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