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Tzschoppe M, Huck C, Hötzel F, Günther B, Mamiyev Z, Butkevich A, Ulrich C, Gade LH, Pucci A. How adsorbates alter the metallic behavior of quasi-1D electron systems of the Si(5 5 3)-Au surface. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:195001. [PMID: 30763922 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The plasmonic signals of quasi-1D electron systems are a clear and direct measure of their metallic behavior. Due to the finite size of such systems in reality, plasmonic signals from a gold-induced superstructure on Si(5 5 3) can be studied with infrared spectroscopy. The infrared spectroscopic features have turned out to be extremely sensitive to adsorbates. Even without geometrical changes of the surface superstructure, the effects of doping, of the adsorbate induced electronic surface scattering, and of the electronic polarizability changes on top of the substrate surface give rise to measurable changes of the plasmonic signal. Especially strong changes of the plasmonic signal have been observed for gold, oxygen, and hydrogen exposure. The plasmonic resonance gradually disappears under these exposures, indicating the transion to an insulating behavior, which is in accordance with published results obtained from other experimental methods. For C70 and, as shown here for the first time, TAPP-Br, the plasmonic signal almost retains its original intensity even up to coverages of many monolayers. For C70, the changes of the spectral shape, e.g. of electronic damping and of the resonance position, were also found to be marginal. On the other hand, TAPP-Br adsorption shifts the plasmonic resonance to higher frequencies and strongly increases the electronic damping. Given the dispersion relation for plasmonic resonances of 1D electron systems, the findings for TAPP-Br indicate a push-back effect and therefore stronger confinement of the free charge carriers in the quasi-one-dimensonal channel due to the coverage by the flat TAPP-Br molecules. On the gold-doped Si(5 5 3)-Au surface TAPP-Br acts as counter dopant and increases the plasmonic signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tzschoppe
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Li C, Yi S, Xia C, Cui P, Niu C, Cho JH, Jia Y, Zhang Z. Dimensionality and Valency Dependent Quantum Growth of Metallic Nanostructures: A Unified Perspective. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:6628-6635. [PMID: 27685453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantum growth refers to the phenomena in which the quantum mechanically confined motion of electrons in metallic wires, islands, and films determines their overall structural stability as well as their physical and chemical properties. Yet to date, there has been a lack of a unified understanding of quantum growth with respect to the dimensionality of the nanostructures as well as the valency of the constituent atoms. Based on a first-principles approach, we investigate the stability of nanowires, nanoislands, and ultrathin films of prototypical metal elements. We reveal that the Friedel oscillations generated at the edges (or surfaces) of the nanostructures cause corresponding oscillatory behaviors in their stability, leading to the existence of highly preferred lengths (or thicknesses). Such magic lengths of the nanowires are further found to depend on both the number of valence electrons and the radial size, with the oscillation period monotonously increasing for alkali and group IB metals, and monotonously decreasing for transition and group IIIA-VA metals. When the radial size of the nanowires increases to reach ∼10 Å, the systems equivalently become nanosize islands, and the oscillation period saturates to that of the corresponding ultrathin films. These findings offer a generic perspective of quantum growth of different classes of metallic nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Li
- International Laboratory for Quantum Functional Materials of Henan, and School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Seho Yi
- Department of Physics and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University , 17 Haengdang-Dong, Seongdong-Ku, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Congxin Xia
- College of Physics and Materials Science, Henan Normal University , Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Ping Cui
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Chunyao Niu
- International Laboratory for Quantum Functional Materials of Henan, and School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jun-Hyung Cho
- International Laboratory for Quantum Functional Materials of Henan, and School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Department of Physics and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University , 17 Haengdang-Dong, Seongdong-Ku, Seoul 133-791, Korea
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yu Jia
- International Laboratory for Quantum Functional Materials of Henan, and School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, and School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University , Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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Tokar VI, Dreyssé H. Universality and scaling in two-step epitaxial growth in one dimension. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:062407. [PMID: 26764703 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.062407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Irreversible one-dimensional (1D) epitaxial growth at small coverages via the recently suggested two-step growth protocol [Tokar and Dreyssé, Surf. Sci. 637-638, 116 (2015)] has been studied with the use of the kinetic Monte Carlo and the rate-equation techniques. It has been found that similar to the two-dimensional (2D) case the island capture zones could be accurately approximated with the Gamma probability distribution (GD). Coverage independence of the average island sizes grown at the first step that was also found in two dimensions was observed. In contrast to 2D case, the shape parameter of the GD was also found to be coverage-independent. Using these two constants as the input, an analytical approach that allowed for the description of the commonly studied statistical distributions to the accuracy of about 2% has been developed. Furthermore, it was established that the distributions of the island sizes and the interisland gaps grown via the two-step protocol were about 50% narrower than in the case of nucleation on random defects, which can be of practical importance. Equivalence between the GD shape of the island size distribution in the scaling regime and the linear dependence of the capture numbers on the island size in the rate-equation approach has been proved.
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Tokar
- IPCMS, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - H Dreyssé
- IPCMS, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
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Hötzel F, Seino K, Chandola S, Speiser E, Esser N, Bechstedt F, Pucci A. Metal-to-Insulator Transition in Au Chains on Si(111)-5×2-Au by Band Filling: Infrared Plasmonic Signal and Ab Initio Band Structure Calculation. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:3615-3620. [PMID: 26722731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Si(111)-5×2-Au surface is increasingly of interest because it is one of the rare atomic chain systems with quasi-one-dimensional properties. For the deposition of 0.7 monolayers of Au, these chains are metallic. Upon the evaporation of an additional submonolayer amount of gold, the surface becomes insulating but keeps the 5×2 symmetry. This metal-to-insulator transition was in situ monitored based on the infrared plasmonic signal change with coverage. The phase transition is theoretically explained by total-energy and band-structure calculations. Accordingly, it can be understood in terms of the occupation of the originally half-filled one-dimensional band at the Fermi level. By annealing the system, the additional gold is removed from the surface and the plasmonic signal is recovered, which underlines the stability of the metallic structure. So, recent results on the infrared plasmonic signals of the Si(111)-5 × 2-Au surface are supported. The understanding of potential one-dimensional electrical interconnects is improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Hötzel
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kaori Seino
- Institute of Condensed Matter Theory and Solid State Optics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sandhya Chandola
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Department Berlin, Schwarzschildstraße 8, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eugen Speiser
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Department Berlin, Schwarzschildstraße 8, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Esser
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Department Berlin, Schwarzschildstraße 8, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedhelm Bechstedt
- Institute of Condensed Matter Theory and Solid State Optics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Annemarie Pucci
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Electronically stabilized nanowire growth. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2387. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Shin HC, Seo JT, Yeom HW, Ahn JR. Temperature dependence of the electronic structure of two-dimensional Na gas on the Si(111)-7 × 7 surface. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:305004. [PMID: 23836777 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/30/305004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The temperature dependence of the irreversible phase transition from a two-dimensional gas to an ordered zero-dimensional solid on the Si(111)-7 × 7 surface was studied using photoemission spectroscopy. With increasing Na coverage, the two-dimensional Na gas, which is a state of highly mobile Na atoms, undergoes a phase transition into ordered zero-dimensional magic nanoclusters at room temperature. The critical Na coverage of the phase transition was found to increase with reduced temperature. This was used to develop a gas-solid phase diagram of Na atoms on the Si(111)-7 × 7 surface as a function of Na coverage and sample temperature based on the electronic structure. The temperature dependence of the phase transition can be ascribed to the suppression of the thermal energy that is required to overcome the energetic barrier between the two-dimensional gas and the zero-dimensional solid at low temperature, where three different hopping mechanisms are related to the phase transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-C Shin
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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Sun CQ. Dominance of broken bonds and nonbonding electrons at the nanoscale. NANOSCALE 2010; 2:1930-1961. [PMID: 20820643 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00245c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Although they exist ubiquitously in human bodies and our surroundings, the impact of nonbonding lone electrons and lone electron pairs has long been underestimated. Recent progress demonstrates that: (i) in addition to the shorter and stronger bonds between under-coordinated atoms that initiate the size trends of the otherwise constant bulk properties when a substance turns into the nanoscale, the presence of lone electrons near to broken bonds generates fascinating phenomena that bulk materials do not demonstrate; (ii) the lone electron pairs and the lone pair-induced dipoles associated with C, N, O, and F tetrahedral coordination bonding form functional groups in biological, organic, and inorganic specimens. By taking examples of surface vacancy, atomic chain end and terrace edge states, catalytic enhancement, conducting-insulating transitions of metal clusters, defect magnetism, Coulomb repulsion at nanoscale contacts, Cu(3)C(2)H(2) and Cu(3)O(2) surface dipole formation, lone pair neutralized interface stress, etc, this article will focus on the development and applications of theory regarding the energetics and dynamics of nonbonding electrons, aiming to raise the awareness of their revolutionary impact to the society. Discussion will also extend to the prospective impacts of nonbonding electrons on mysteries such as catalytic enhancement and catalysts design, the density anomalies of ice and negative thermal expansion, high critical temperature superconductivity induced by B, C, N, O, and F, the molecular structures and functionalities of CF(4) in anti-coagulation of synthetic blood, NO signaling, and enzyme telomeres, etc. Meanwhile, an emphasis is placed on the necessity and effectiveness of understanding the properties of substances from the perspective of bond and nonbond formation, dissociation, relaxation and vibration, and the associated energetics and dynamics of charge repopulation, polarization, densification, and localization. Finding and grasping the factors controlling the nonbonding states and making them of use in functional materials design and identifying their limitations will form, in the near future, a subject area of "nonbonding electronics and energetics", which could be even more challenging, fascinating, promising, and rewarding than dealing with core or valence electrons alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Q Sun
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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8
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Intrinsic magnetism at silicon surfaces. Nat Commun 2010; 1:58. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Hasegawa S. Quasi-one-dimensional metals on semiconductor surfaces with defects. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:084026. [PMID: 21389402 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/8/084026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Several examples are known in which massive arrays of metal atomic chains are formed on semiconductor surfaces that show quasi-one-dimensional metallic electronic structures. In this review, Au chains on Si(557) and Si(553) surfaces, and In chains on Si(111) surfaces, are introduced and discussed with regard to the physical properties determined by experimental data from scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and electrical conductivity measurements. They show quasi-one-dimensional Fermi surfaces and parabolic band dispersion along the chains. All of them are known from STM and ARPES to exhibit metal-insulator transitions by cooling and charge-density-wave formation due to Peierls instability of the metallic chains. The electrical conductivity, however, reveals the metal-insulator transition only on the less-defective surfaces (Si(553)-Au and Si(111)-In), but not on a more-defective surface (Si(557)-Au). The latter shows an insulating character over the whole temperature range. Compared with the electronic structure (Fermi surfaces and band dispersions), the transport property is more sensitive to the defects. With an increase in defect density, the conductivity only along the metal atomic chains was significantly reduced, showing that atomic-scale point defects decisively interrupt the electrical transport along the atomic chains and hide the intrinsic property of transport in quasi-one-dimensional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Hasegawa
- Department of Physics, School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japanhttp://www-surface.phys.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp
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10
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Liu C, Uchihashi T, Nakayama T. Self-alignment of Co adatoms on in atomic wires by quasi-one-dimensional electron-gas-meditated interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:146104. [PMID: 18851547 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.146104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Low-density Co atoms are found to self-align on the Si(111)-(4 x 1)-In surface in the direction of In atomic wires at incommensurate adsorption sites. Indirect interaction between a pair of Co adatoms is investigated through a site distribution function of adatoms determined with scanning tunneling microscopy. In the direction of self-alignment, the potential of the mean force between two Co adatoms is long-range and oscillatory with multiple frequencies, which correlate strongly to the electronic scattering vectors of the surface-state bands at the Fermi level. We thus attribute the Co-Co interaction to that mediated by a quasi-one-dimensional electron gas confined within the In atomic wires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canhua Liu
- International Center for Young Scientists (ICYS), International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan.
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11
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Zhou PH, Moras P, Ferrari L, Bihlmayer G, Blügel S, Carbone C. One-dimensional 3d electronic bands of monatomic Cu chains. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:036807. [PMID: 18764278 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.036807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The electronic structure of an array of monatomic Cu chains grown on the Pt(997) surface has been examined by angle-resolved photoemission. The monatomic wires exhibit properties associated with 3d electron confinement in one dimension. Along the wire direction, the 3d bands states display a dispersive character, with periodicity in reciprocal space defined by the wire array geometry. These observations are compared and analyzed with ab initio calculations based on the full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave method.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Zhou
- International Center for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy
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12
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Kang PG, Jeong H, Yeom HW. Hopping domain wall induced by paired adatoms on an atomic wire: si(111)-(5 x 2)-Au. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:146103. [PMID: 18518054 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.146103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We observed an inhomogeneous fluctuation along one-dimensional atomic wires self-assembled on a Si(111) surface using scanning tunneling microscopy. The fluctuation exhibits dynamic behavior at room temperature and is observed only in a specific geometric condition; the spacing between two neighboring adatom defects is discommensurate with the wire lattice. Upon cooling, the dynamic fluctuation freezes to show the existence of an atomic-scale dislocation or domain wall induced by such "unfavorably" paired adatoms. The microscopic characteristics of the dynamic fluctuation are explained in terms of a hopping solitonic domain wall, and a local potential for this motion imposed by the adatoms is quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil-Gyu Kang
- Institute of Physics and Applied Physics and Center for Atomic Wires and Layers, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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Didiot C, Pons S, Kierren B, Fagot-Revurat Y, Malterre D. Nanopatterning the electronic properties of gold surfaces with self-organized superlattices of metallic nanostructures. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 2:617-621. [PMID: 18654385 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2007.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The self-organized growth of nanostructures on surfaces could offer many advantages in the development of new catalysts, electronic devices and magnetic data-storage media. The local density of electronic states on the surface at the relevant energy scale strongly influences chemical reactivity, as does the shape of the nanoparticles. The electronic properties of surfaces also influence the growth and decay of nanostructures such as dimers, chains and superlattices of atoms or noble metal islands. Controlling these properties on length scales shorter than the diffusion lengths of the electrons and spins (some tens of nanometres for metals) is a major goal in electronics and spintronics. However, to date, there have been few studies of the electronic properties of self-organized nanostructures. Here we report the self-organized growth of macroscopic superlattices of Ag or Cu nanostructures on Au vicinal surfaces, and demonstrate that the electronic properties of these systems depend on the balance between the confinement and the perturbation of the surface states caused by the steps and the nanostructures' superlattice. We also show that the local density of states can be modified in a controlled way by adjusting simple parameters such as the type of metal deposited and the degree of coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Didiot
- Laboratoire de Physique des Matériaux UMR7556, Nancy-Université - CNRS, PO Box 239, F-54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Barke I, Zheng F, Rügheimer TK, Himpsel FJ. Experimental evidence for spin-split bands in a one-dimensional chain structure. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:226405. [PMID: 17155823 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.226405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Gold atom chains on vicinal Si(111) surfaces exhibit an unusual doublet of half-filled bands, whose origin has remained uncertain. The splitting is identified by angle-resolved photoemission as a spin splitting induced by the spin-orbit interaction (Rashba effect), in agreement with a theoretical prediction by Sánchez-Portal, Riikonen, and Martin. This interaction leads to a characteristic pattern of avoided band crossings at a superlattice zone boundary. Two out of four crossings are avoided, with a minigap E_{G}=85 meV and a k offset of 0.05 A;{-1}.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Barke
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin Madison, 1150 University Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Stepanyuk VS, Negulyaev NN, Niebergall L, Longo RC, Bruno P. Adatom self-organization induced by quantum confinement of surface electrons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:186403. [PMID: 17155563 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.186403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel mechanism of nanostructure growth based on quantum confinement of surface-state electrons. Ab initio calculations and the kinetic Monte Carlo simulations reveal the phenomenon of confinement-induced adatom self-organization in quantum corrals. Our studies indicate that new atomic-scale nanostructures can be engineered exploiting the quantum confinement of surface electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Stepanyuk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Mikrostrukturphysik, Weinberg 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany.
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