1
|
Higa T, Hasegawa S, Hayasaki Y, Kodama Y, Wada M. Temperature-dependent signal transmission in chloroplast accumulation response. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2017; 130:779-789. [PMID: 28421371 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0938-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast photorelocation movement, well-characterized light-induced response found in various plant species from alga to higher plants, is an important phenomenon for plants to increase photosynthesis efficiency and avoid photodamage. The signal for chloroplast accumulation movement connecting the blue light receptor, phototropin, and chloroplasts remains to be identified, although the photoreceptors and the mechanism of movement via chloroplast actin filaments have now been revealed in land plants. The characteristics of the signal have been found; the speed of signal transfer is about 1 µm min-1 and that the signal for the accumulation response has a longer life and is transferred a longer distance than that of the avoidance response. Here, to collect the clues of the unknown signal substances, we studied the effect of temperature on the speed of signal transmission using the fern Adiantum capillus-veneris and found the possibility that the mechanism of signal transfer was not dependent on the simple diffusion of a substance; thus, some chemical reaction must also be involved. We also found new insights of signaling substances, such that microtubules are not involved in the signal transmission, and that the signal could even be transmitted through the narrow space between chloroplasts and the plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Higa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiosawa, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hasegawa
- Center for Optical Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, 321-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hayasaki
- Center for Optical Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, 321-8585, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Wada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiosawa, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Samardakiewicz S, Krzeszowiec-Jeleń W, Bednarski W, Jankowski A, Suski S, Gabryś H, Woźny A. Pb-induced avoidance-like chloroplast movements in fronds of Lemna trisulca L. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116757. [PMID: 25646776 PMCID: PMC4315572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lead ions are particularly dangerous to the photosynthetic apparatus, but little is known about the effects of trace metals, including Pb, on regulation of chloroplast redistribution. In this study a new effect of lead on chloroplast distribution patterns and movements was demonstrated in mesophyll cells of a small-sized aquatic angiosperm Lemna trisulca L. (star duckweed). An analysis of confocal microscopy images of L. trisulca fronds treated with lead (15 μM Pb2+, 24 h) in darkness or in weak white light revealed an enhanced accumulation of chloroplasts in the profile position along the anticlinal cell walls, in comparison to untreated plants. The rearrangement of chloroplasts in their response to lead ions in darkness was similar to the avoidance response of chloroplasts in plants treated with strong white light. Transmission electron microscopy X-ray microanalysis showed that intracellular chloroplast arrangement was independent of the location of Pb deposits, suggesting that lead causes redistribution of chloroplasts, which looks like a light-induced avoidance response, but is not a real avoidance response to the metal. Furthermore, a similar redistribution of chloroplasts in L. trisulca cells in darkness was observed also under the influence of exogenously applied hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In addition, we detected an enhanced accumulation of endogenous H2O2 after treatment of plants with lead. Interestingly, H2O2-specific scavenger catalase partly abolished the Pb-induced chloroplast response. These results suggest that H2O2 can be involved in the avoidance-like movement of chloroplasts induced by lead. Analysis of photometric measurements revealed also strong inhibition (but not complete) of blue-light-induced chloroplast movements by lead. This inhibition may result from disturbances in the actin cytoskeleton, as we observed fragmentation and disappearance of actin filaments around chloroplasts. Results of this study show that the mechanisms of the toxic effect of lead on chloroplasts can include disturbances in their movement and distribution pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Samardakiewicz
- Laboratory of Electron and Confocal Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Weronika Krzeszowiec-Jeleń
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Waldemar Bednarski
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Artur Jankowski
- Laboratory of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Szymon Suski
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Halina Gabryś
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Woźny
- Laboratory of General Botany, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sakai Y, Inoue SI, Harada A, Shimazaki KI, Takagi S. Blue-light-induced rapid chloroplast de-anchoring in Vallisneria epidermal cells. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:93-105. [PMID: 25231366 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the outer periclinal cytoplasm of leaf epidermal cells of an aquatic angiosperm Vallisneria, blue light induces "chloroplast de-anchoring", a rapid decline in the resistance of chloroplasts against centrifugal force. Chloroplast de-anchoring is known induced within 1 min of irradiation with high-fluence-rate blue light specifically, preceding the commencement of chloroplasts migration toward the anticlinal cytoplasm. However, its regulatory mechanism has remained elusive, although pharmacological analysis suggested that a calcium release from intracellular calcium stores is necessary for the response. In search of the responsible photoreceptors, immunoblotting analysis using antibodies against phototropins demonstrated that cross-reactive polypeptides of 120-kDa exist in the plasma-membrane fraction prepared from the leaves. In vitro phosphorylation analysis revealed that 120-kDa polypeptides were phosphorylated by exposure to blue light in a fluence-dependent manner. The blue-light-induced phosphorylation activity was sensitive to a Ser/Thr kinase inhibitor, staurosporine, and unusually was retained at a high level for a long time in darkness. Furthermore, phototropin gene homologs (Vallisneria PHOTOTROPIN1 and PHOTOTROPIN2) expressed in leaves were isolated. We propose that calcium-regulated chloroplast de-anchoring, possibly mediated by phototropins, is an initial process of the blue-light-induced avoidance response of chloroplasts in Vallisneria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Sakai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chloroplast Movement in Higher Plants, Ferns and Bryophytes: A Comparative Point of View. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6988-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
5
|
Recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanism of chloroplast photorelocation movement. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1837:522-30. [PMID: 24333784 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Plants are photosynthetic organisms that have evolved unique systems to adapt fluctuating environmental light conditions. In addition to well-known movement responses such as phototropism, stomatal opening, and nastic leaf movements, chloroplast photorelocation movement is one of the essential cellular responses to optimize photosynthetic ability and avoid photodamage. For these adaptations, chloroplasts accumulate at the areas of cells illuminated with low light (called accumulation response), while they scatter from the area illuminated with strong light (called avoidance response). Plant-specific photoreceptors (phototropin, phytochrome, and/or neochrome) mediate these dynamic directional movements in response to incident light position and intensity. Several factors involved in the mechanisms underlying the processes from light perception to actin-based movements have also been identified through molecular genetic approach. This review aims to discuss recent findings in the field relating to how chloroplasts move at molecular levels. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Dynamic and ultrastructure of bioenergetic membranes and their components.
Collapse
|
6
|
Robinson S, Burian A, Couturier E, Landrein B, Louveaux M, Neumann ED, Peaucelle A, Weber A, Nakayama N. Mechanical control of morphogenesis at the shoot apex. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:4729-44. [PMID: 23926314 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Morphogenesis does not just require the correct expression of patterning genes; these genes must induce the precise mechanical changes necessary to produce a new form. Mechanical characterization of plant growth is not new; however, in recent years, new technologies and interdisciplinary collaborations have made it feasible in young tissues such as the shoot apex. Analysis of tissues where active growth and developmental patterning are taking place has revealed biologically significant variability in mechanical properties and has even suggested that mechanical changes in the tissue can feed back to direct morphogenesis. Here, an overview is given of the current understanding of the mechanical dynamics and its influence on cellular and developmental processes in the shoot apex. We are only starting to uncover the mechanical basis of morphogenesis, and many exciting questions remain to be answered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Robinson
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Benikhlef L, L’Haridon F, Abou-Mansour E, Serrano M, Binda M, Costa A, Lehmann S, Métraux JP. Perception of soft mechanical stress in Arabidopsis leaves activates disease resistance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:133. [PMID: 24033927 PMCID: PMC3848705 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a previous study we have shown that wounding of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves induces a strong and transient immunity to Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of grey mould. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed within minutes after wounding and are required for wound-induced resistance to B. cinerea. RESULTS In this study, we have further explored ROS and resistance to B. cinerea in leaves of A. thaliana exposed to a soft form of mechanical stimulation without overt tissue damage. After gentle mechanical sweeping of leaf surfaces, a strong resistance to B. cinerea was observed. This was preceded by a rapid change in calcium concentration and a release of ROS, accompanied by changes in cuticle permeability, induction of the expression of genes typically associated with mechanical stress and release of biologically active diffusates from the surface. This reaction to soft mechanical stress (SMS) was fully independent of jasmonate (JA signaling). In addition, leaves exposed soft mechanical stress released a biologically active product capable of inducing resistance to B. cinerea in wild type control leaves. CONCLUSION Arabidopsis can detect and convert gentle forms of mechanical stimulation into a strong activation of defense against the virulent fungus B. cinerea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lehcen Benikhlef
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 10 chemin du Musée, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Floriane L’Haridon
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 10 chemin du Musée, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Eliane Abou-Mansour
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 10 chemin du Musée, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mario Serrano
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 10 chemin du Musée, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Binda
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 10 chemin du Musée, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via G. Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Silke Lehmann
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 10 chemin du Musée, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Métraux
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 10 chemin du Musée, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aggarwal C, Labuz J, Gabryś H. Decoding the role of phosphoinositides in phototropin signaling involved in chloroplast movements. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:25105. [PMID: 23733070 PMCID: PMC3999074 DOI: 10.4161/psb.25105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, light-dependent chloroplast movements are exclusively mediated by UVA/blue light receptors - phototropins. The two photoreceptors of Arabidopsis thaliana, phot1 and phot2, have overlapping roles in the control of these movements. Experiments performed in different plant species point to the participation of phosphoinositides in blue light-controlled chloroplast relocations. Here, we report a summary of recent findings presenting the involvement of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate as well as phosphatidylinositol 3- and 4-phosphates in weak blue light-mediated (accumulation) and strong blue light-mediated (avoidance) responses of chloroplasts. The blue light-activated alterations in phosphoinositide concentration are partly responsible for cytosolic Ca (2+) changes. Ca (2+) influx from apoplast does not seem to be involved in the mechanism of movement responses. In summary, interplay between phosphoinositides and intracellular Ca (2+) regulates chloroplast redistribution in response to blue light in higher plants.
Collapse
|
9
|
Oliver JP, Castro A, Gaggero C, Cascón T, Schmelz EA, Castresana C, Ponce de León I. Pythium infection activates conserved plant defense responses in mosses. PLANTA 2009; 230:569-79. [PMID: 19551405 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-0969-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The moss Physcomitrella patens (P. patens) is a useful model to study abiotic stress responses since it is highly tolerant to drought, salt and osmotic stress. However, very little is known about the defense mechanisms activated in this moss after pathogen assault. In this study, we show that P. patens activated multiple and similar responses against Pythium irregulare and Pythium debaryanum, including the reinforcement of the cell wall, induction of the defense genes CHS, LOX and PAL, and accumulation of the signaling molecules jasmonic acid (JA) and its precursor 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA). However, theses responses were not sufficient and infection could not be prevented leading to hyphae colonization of moss tissues and plant decay. Pythium infection induced reactive oxygen species production and caused cell death of moss tissues. Taken together, these data indicate that Pythium infection activates in P. patens common responses to those previously characterized in flowering plants. Microscopic analysis also revealed intracellular relocation of chloroplasts in Pythium-infected tissues toward the infection site. In addition, OPDA, JA and its methyl ester methyl jasmonate induced the expression of PAL. Our results show for the first time JA and OPDA accumulation in a moss and suggest that this defense pathway is functional and has been maintained during the evolution of plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Oliver
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
In numerous plant signal transduction pathways, Ca2+ is a versatile second messenger which controls the activation of many downstream actions in response to various stimuli. There is strong evidence to indicate that information encoded within these stimulus-induced Ca2+ oscillations can provide signalling specificity. Such Ca2+ signals, or 'Ca2+ signatures', are generated in the cytosol, and in noncytosolic locations including the nucleus and chloroplast, through the coordinated action of Ca2+ influx and efflux pathways. An increased understanding of the functions and regulation of these various Ca2+ transporters has improved our appreciation of the role these transporters play in specifically shaping the Ca2+ signatures. Here we review the evidence which indicates that Ca2+ channel, Ca2+-ATPase and Ca2+ exchanger isoforms can indeed modulate specific Ca2+ signatures in response to an individual signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin R McAinsh
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK;Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jon K Pittman
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK;Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
|
13
|
Koselski M, Trebacz K, Dziubinska H, Krol E. Light- and dark-induced action potentials in Physcomitrella patens. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:13-8. [PMID: 19516976 PMCID: PMC2633949 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.1.4884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 08/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Glass microelectrodes were inserted into Physcomitrella patens gametophyte leaves and action potentials (APs) were recorded in response to sudden illumination as well as after darkening, i.e., when the dark-induced membrane depolarization crossed a threshold. Application of 5 mM La(3+) (a calcium channel inhibitor), 10 mM TEA(+) (a potassium channel inhibitor) and increased free Ca(2+) resulted in a loss of excitability. Lack of Ca(2+) in the external medium did not prevent APs from occurring. It was concluded that during light- dark-induced excitation of Physcomitrella patens, APs might rely upon calcium influxes from the intracellular compartments. APs were not blocked by the proton pump inhibitors (DES, DCCD), although the resting potential (RP) diminished significantly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Koselski
- Department of Biophysics; Institute of Biology; Maria Curie-Sklodowska University; Lublin, Poland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mechanosensitive Ion Channels in Chara: Influence of Water Channel Inhibitors, HgCl2 and ZnCl2, on Generation of Receptor Potential. J Membr Biol 2007; 221:27-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-007-9082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
15
|
Shihira-Ishikawa I, Nakamura T, Higashi SI, Watanabe M. Distinct Responses of Chloroplasts to Blue and Green Laser Microbeam Irradiations in the Centric Diatom Pleurosira laevis. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 83:1101-9. [PMID: 17880505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The centric diatom Pleurosira laevis is a large unicellular alga, in which ca 200 chloroplasts migrate toward the nuclear cytoplasm through the transvacuolar cytoplasmic strands in response to blue-light irradiation and, on the contrary, toward the cortical cytoplasm in response to green-light irradiation. We analyzed these light-induced chloroplast migrations using a scanning laser microbeam provided by a confocal microscope for intracellular irradiation. Spot irradiation of a blue laser microbeam induced rapid assemblage of chroloplasts into the nuclear cytoplasm regardless of the spot position and spot number. On the other hand, one or two spots of green laser microbeam induced chloroplast accumulation at the spots, although increasing spot numbers suppressed chloroplast accumulation at each spot. In our experimental condition, ca 1 min of blue-light irradiation was sufficient to stimulate movement, whereas green-light irradiation required uninterrupted and longer irradiation time (ca 15 min). Chloroplast assemblage induced by blue-light required extracellular Ca2+, and was inhibited by Ca2+ channel antagonists. Furthermore, higher efficiencies of chloroplast migration were obtained when a single beam spot was fragmented and scattered over wider area of plasma membrane. These observations suggested that blue-light induced a response at the plasma membrane, which subsequently activated Ca2+ permeable channels. This sequence of physiological events is identical to what was previously observed with chloroplast movement in response to mechanical stimulation. Furthermore, experiments with the cytoskeleton-disrupting agents, colchicine and cytochalasin D, indicated that blue-light-induced chloroplast movement required microtubules whereas the green-light-induced response to beam spot required actin filaments.
Collapse
|
16
|
Harada A, Shimazaki KI. Phototropins and blue light-dependent calcium signaling in higher plants. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 83:102-11. [PMID: 16906793 DOI: 10.1562/2006-03-08-ir-837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plants have several kinds of photoreceptors, which regulate growth and development. Recent investigations using Arabidopsis thaliana revealed that the newly found blue light receptor phototropins mediate phototropism, chloroplast relocation, stomatal opening, rapid inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and leaf expansion. Several physiological studies suggest that one of the intermediates in phototropin signaling is cytosolic Ca2+. Studies using phototropin mutants have demonstrated that phototropins induce an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. However, the function of Ca2+ in the phototropin-mediated signaling process remains largely unknown. This review presents findings about phototropin-mediated calcium mobilization and the involvement of calcium in blue light-dependent plant responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Harada
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, 4-2-1 Ropponmatsu, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chloroplast Movements in Response to Environmental Signals. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-4061-0_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
|
18
|
Shimmen T. The sliding theory of cytoplasmic streaming: fifty years of progress. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2007; 120:31-43. [PMID: 17252175 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-006-0061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Fifty years ago, an important paper appeared in Botanical Magazine Tokyo. Kamiya and Kuroda proposed a sliding theory for the mechanism of cytoplasmic streaming. This pioneering study laid the basis for elucidation of the molecular mechanism of cytoplasmic streaming--the motive force is generated by the sliding of myosin XI associated with organelles along actin filaments, using the hydrolysis energy of ATP. The role of the actin-myosin system in various plant cell functions is becoming evident. The present article reviews progress in studies on cytoplasmic streaming over the past 50 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Shimmen
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Harima Science Park City, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Demidchik V, Maathuis FJM. Physiological roles of nonselective cation channels in plants: from salt stress to signalling and development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 175:387-404. [PMID: 17635215 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Nonselective cation channels (NSCCs) catalyse passive fluxes of cations through plant membranes. NSCCs do not, or only to a small extent, select between monovalent cations, and several are also permeable to divalent cations. Although a number of NSCC genes has been identified in plant genomes, a direct correlation between gene products and in vivo observed currents is still largely absent for most NSCCs. In this review, physiological functions and molecular properties of NSCCs are critically discussed. Recent studies have demonstrated that NSCCs are directly involved in a multitude of stress responses, growth and development, uptake of nutrients and calcium signalling. NSCCs can also function in the perception of external stimuli and as signal transducers for reactive oxygen species, pathogen elicitors, cyclic nucleotides, membrane stretch, amino acids and purines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Demidchik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex CO4 3SQ, Colchester, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhou J, Wang B, Zhu L, Li Y, Wang Y. A system for studying the effect of mechanical stress on the elongation behavior of immobilized plant cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2006; 49:165-74. [PMID: 16632335 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The ability to apply controllable mechanical compressive force is essential for the study of plant cells responses to environmental stimulations. The work presented here aims towards establishing a system, which consists of a fabricated apparatus (including a loading unit, displacement sensor, data collector and processor, and a feedback control) and a protocol for test specimen preparation and force loading. By using a force-feedback control circuit coupled to a microchip, delivering the pre-defined and actual controlled stimulus is achieved. To calibrate the apparatus, the corresponding voltages are compared to the known weights. A linear regression is fit to the experimental data and a standardized coefficient of 0.998 is calculated. The morphological changes in response to mechanical stresses were investigated in agarose gel embedded chrysanthemum protoplasts, which tended to be elongated with a preferential axis oriented perpendicularly to the compressive stress direction. The results also indicated that there existed a certain dose-dependent relationship between the intensity of compressive force and the stress-induced responses. Additionally, the elongation response with preferential orientation was inhibited by application of RGD peptides, and its inverted sequence, DGR peptides failed to antagonize the effect of mechanical force on elongation performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Key Lab for Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering under the State Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tamaoki D, Karahara I, Schreiber L, Wakasugi T, Yamada K, Kamisaka S. Effects of hypergravity conditions on elongation growth and lignin formation in the inflorescence stem of Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2006; 119:79-84. [PMID: 16328083 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-005-0243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of hypergravity on elongation growth and lignin deposition in secondary cell walls of the Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. inflorescence stem were examined in plants grown for 3 days after exposure to hypergravity in the direction from shoot to root at 300 g for 24 h. The content of acetylbromide-extractable lignins in a secondary cell wall fraction prepared by enzyme digestion of inflorescence stem segments removing primary cell wall components was significantly increased by the hypergravity stimulus. Xylem vessels, particularly in a region closer to the base of the inflorescence stem, increased in number. Gadolinium chloride at 0.1 mM, a blocker of mechanoreceptors, partially suppressed the effect of hypergravity on lignin deposition in the secondary cell wall fraction. These results suggest that mechanoreceptors are responsible for hypergravity-induced lignin deposition in secondary cell walls in A. thaliana inflorescence stems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Tamaoki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toyama University, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
DeBlasio SL, Luesse DL, Hangarter RP. A plant-specific protein essential for blue-light-induced chloroplast movements. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 139:101-14. [PMID: 16113226 PMCID: PMC1203361 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.061887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2005] [Revised: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), light-dependent chloroplast movements are induced by blue light. When exposed to low fluence rates of light, chloroplasts accumulate in periclinal layers perpendicular to the direction of light, presumably to optimize light absorption by exposing more chloroplast area to the light. Under high light conditions, chloroplasts become positioned parallel to the incoming light in a response that can reduce exposure to light intensities that may damage the photosynthetic machinery. To identify components of the pathway downstream of the photoreceptors that mediate chloroplast movements (i.e. phototropins), we conducted a mutant screen that has led to the isolation of several Arabidopsis mutants displaying altered chloroplast movements. The plastid movement impaired1 (pmi1) mutant exhibits severely attenuated chloroplast movements under all tested fluence rates of light, suggesting that it is a necessary component for both the low- and high-light-dependant chloroplast movement responses. Analysis of pmi1 leaf cross sections revealed that regardless of the light condition, chloroplasts are more evenly distributed in leaf mesophyll cells than in the wild type. The pmi1-1 mutant was found to contain a single nonsense mutation within the open reading frame of At1g42550. This gene encodes a plant-specific protein of unknown function that appears to be conserved among angiosperms. Sequence analysis of the protein suggests that it may be involved in calcium-mediated signal transduction, possibly through protein-protein interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L DeBlasio
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, 47405, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Suetsugu N, Kagawa T, Wada M. An auxilin-like J-domain protein, JAC1, regulates phototropin-mediated chloroplast movement in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 139:151-62. [PMID: 16113208 PMCID: PMC1203365 DOI: 10.1104/pp.105.067371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The ambient-light conditions mediate chloroplast relocation in plant cells. Under the low-light conditions, chloroplasts accumulate in the light (accumulation response), while under the high-light conditions, they avoid the light (avoidance response). In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the accumulation response is mediated by two blue-light receptors, termed phototropins (phot1 and phot2) that act redundantly, and the avoidance response is mediated by phot2 alone. A mutant, J-domain protein required for chloroplast accumulation response 1 (jac1), lacks the accumulation response under weak blue light but shows a normal avoidance response under strong blue light. In dark-adapted wild-type cells, chloroplasts accumulate on the bottom of cells. Both the jac1 and phot2 mutants are defective in this chloroplast movement in darkness. Positional cloning of JAC1 reveals that this gene encodes a J-domain protein, resembling clathrin-uncoating factor auxilin at its C terminus. The amounts of JAC1 transcripts and JAC1 proteins are not regulated by light and by phototropins. A green fluorescent protein-JAC1 fusion protein showed a similar localization pattern to green fluorescent protein alone in a transient expression assay using Arabidopsis mesophyll cells and onion (Allium cepa) epidermal cells, suggesting that the JAC1 protein may be a soluble cytosolic protein. Together, these results suggest that JAC1 is an essential component of phototropin-mediated chloroplast movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Suetsugu
- Division of Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Perception and response to mechanical stimuli are likely essential at the cellular and organismal levels. Elaborate and impressive touch responses of plants capture the imagination as such behaviors are unexpected in otherwise often quiescent creatures. Touch responses can turn plants into aggressors against animals, trapping and devouring them, and enable flowers to be active in ensuring crosspollination and shoots to climb to sunlit heights. Morphogenesis is also influenced by mechanical perturbations, including both dynamic environmental stimuli, such as wind, and constant forces, such as gravity. Even individual cells must sense turgor and wall integrity, and subcellular organelles can translocate in response to mechanical perturbations. Signaling molecules and hormones, including intracellular calcium, reactive oxygen species, octadecanoids and ethylene, have been implicated in touch responses. Remarkably, touch-induced gene expression is widespread; more than 2.5% of Arabidopsis genes are rapidly up-regulated in touch-stimulated plants. Many of these genes encode calcium-binding, cell wall modifying, defense, transcription factor and kinase proteins. With these genes as tools, molecular genetic methods may enable elucidation of mechanisms of touch perception, signal transduction and response regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Braam
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ikushima T, Shimmen T. Mechano-sensitive orientation of cortical microtubules during gravitropism in azuki bean epicotyls. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2005; 118:19-26. [PMID: 15655580 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-004-0189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The orientation of cortical microtubules (cMT) during gravitropism was studied in epidermal cells of azuki epicotyls. The relative proportion of cells with longitudinal cMT increased in the upper epidermis, and those with transverse cMT increased in the lower epidermis. When epicotyls were kept straight during gravistimulation, no change in cMT orientation occurred in either the upper and lower epidermis. When epicotyls were forced to bend downward, cells with transverse cMT increased in the upper epidermis, and those with longitudinal cMT increased in the lower epidermis. When epicotyls were loaded with naphthylphthalamic acid, an inhibitor of auxin transport, both gravitropic bending and change in cMT orientation were inhibited. However, when a change in cMT orientation was induced by forced downward bending, cells with longitudinal cMT increased in the compressed (lower) side and those with transverse cMT increased in the extended (upper) side. It was suggested that cMT orientation was controlled by the bending of the epicotyl and not by a gravity signal per se. Loading with Gd3+, an inhibitor of the stretch-activated channel, did not inhibit gravitropic bending. However, it inhibited cMT reorientation induced by gravitropic bending and by forced bending. Involvement of the stretch-activated channel in mechano-sensitive orientation of cMT was suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshimitsu Ikushima
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Harima Science Park City, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Stone BB, Esmon CA, Liscum E. Phototropins, other photoreceptors, and associated signaling: the lead and supporting cast in the control of plant movement responses. Curr Top Dev Biol 2005; 66:215-38. [PMID: 15797455 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(05)66007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany B Stone
- University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hayashi T, Takagi S. Ca2+-Dependent Cessation of Cytoplasmic Streaming Induced by Hypertonic Treatment in Vallisneria Mesophyll Cells: Possible Role of Cell Wall–Plasma Membrane Adhesion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 44:1027-36. [PMID: 14581627 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcg123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In mesophyll cells of the aquatic angiosperm Vallisneria gigantea Graebner, a rapid and transient inhibition of cytoplasmic streaming was induced by hypertonic treatment with sorbitol. Higher concentrations of sorbitol induced the response more rapidly and in more cells. The response to hypertonic treatment was strictly dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+ and was sensitive to Ca2+-channel blockers, including the stretch-activated Ca2+-channel blocker Gd3+. Deplasmolyzed cells never responded to a second hypertonic treatment administered immediately after plasmolysis and subsequent deplasmolysis. Responsiveness was gradually recovered during 24 h of incubation; however, cycloheximide, cordycepin, and trypsin completely suppressed the recovery. Although an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) hexapeptide markedly disturbed the pattern of cytoplasmic streaming, it exhibited no specific effects on the response to hypertonic treatment or on the recovery of responsiveness. Taken together, our results demonstrate that leaf mesophyll cells in a multicellular plant can respond to mechanical stimuli and that a Ca2+ influx through stretch-activated Ca2+ channels plays an indispensable role in the response. Furthermore, the possible involvement of RGD-insensitive but trypsin-sensitive protein factor(s), whose function is impaired by detachment of the plasma membrane from the cell wall, is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teruyuki Hayashi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-16 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043 Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Harada A, Sakai T, Okada K. Phot1 and phot2 mediate blue light-induced transient increases in cytosolic Ca2+ differently in Arabidopsis leaves. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:8583-8. [PMID: 12821778 PMCID: PMC166272 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1336802100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2002] [Accepted: 04/30/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phototropins (phot1 and phot2) are blue light (BL) receptors that mediate phototropism, chloroplast movements, and stomatal opening in Arabidopsis thaliana. Physiological studies have suggested that Ca2+ in the cytoplasm plays a pivotal role in these BL-induced responses. A phot1-mediated increase in cytosolic Ca2+ was reported in deetiolated seedlings of A. thaliana; however, the contribution of phot2 remains unknown. We examined a BL-induced transient increase in cytosolic free Ca2+ in leaves of transgenic A. thaliana of WT plants, phot1 and phot2 mutants, and phot1 phot2 double mutants expressing the Ca2+-sensitive luminescent protein aequorin. phot1 and phot2 had different photosensitivities: phot1 increased cytosolic Ca2+ at lower fluence rates (0.1-50 micromol x m-2 x s-1) and phot2 increased it at higher fluence rates (1-250 micromol x m-2 x s-1). By using Ca2+ channel blockers, Ca2+ chelating agents, and inhibitors of phospholipase C, we further demonstrated that both phot1 and phot2 could induce Ca2+ influx from the apoplast through the Ca2+ channel in the plasma membrane, whereas phot2 alone induced phospholipase C-mediated phosphoinositide signaling, which might result in Ca2+ release from internal Ca2+ stores. These results suggest that phot1 and phot2 mediate the BL-induced increase in cytosolic free Ca2+ differently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Harada
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho,
Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; and
Department of Botany, Graduate School of
Sciences, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502,
Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sakai
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho,
Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; and
Department of Botany, Graduate School of
Sciences, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502,
Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Okada
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho,
Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; and
Department of Botany, Graduate School of
Sciences, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502,
Japan
| |
Collapse
|