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Neupane S, Alexander L, Baysal-Gurel F. Evaluation of Hydrangea Cultivars for Tolerance Against Root Rot Caused by Fusarium oxysporum. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3967-3974. [PMID: 37392028 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-22-2712-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Root rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl. is a newly identified disease in oakleaf hydrangea. Some cultivars such as Pee Wee and Queen of Hearts grown in pot-in-pot container systems showed root rot symptoms after late spring frost in May 2018 with 40 and 60% incidence in the infected nursery, respectively. This experiment was carried out to evaluate the tolerance among different hydrangea cultivars against root rot caused by F. oxysporum. Fifteen hydrangea cultivars from four different species were selected, and rooted cuttings were prepared from new spring flushes. Twelve plants from each cultivar were transplanted in a 1-gallon pot. Half of transplanted plants (six single plants) were inoculated by drenching 150 ml of F. oxysporum conidial suspension to maintain the concentration of 1 × 106 conidia/ml. Half of the plants remain noninoculated (control) and were drenched with sterile water. After 4 months, root rot was assessed using a scale of 0 to 100% root area affected, and recovery of F. oxysporum was recorded by plating 1-cm root sections in Fusarium selective medium. Fusaric acid (FA) and mannitol were extracted from the roots of inoculated and noninoculated plants to see the effect and role on pathogenesis. Further, mannitol concentration was analyzed using absorption wavelength in a spectrophotometer, and FA was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results indicated that no cultivars were resistant to F. oxysporum. Cultivars from Hydrangea arborescens, H. macrophylla, and H. paniculata were more tolerant to F. oxysporum compared to cultivars from H. quercifolia. Among H. quercifolia, cultivars Snowflake, John Wayne, and Alice were more tolerant to F. oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Neupane
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, McMinnville, TN
| | - Lisa Alexander
- Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center, USDA-ARS, U.S. National Arboretum, McMinnville, TN
| | - Fulya Baysal-Gurel
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Otis L. Floyd Nursery Research Center, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, McMinnville, TN
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Liu J, Wang L, Jiang S, Wang Z, Li H, Wang H. Mining of Minor Disease Resistance Genes in V. vinifera Grapes Based on Transcriptome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15311. [PMID: 37894991 PMCID: PMC10607095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraspecific recurrent selection in V. vinifera is an effective method for grape breeding with high quality and disease resistance. The core theory of this method is the substitution accumulation of multi-genes with low disease resistance. The discovery of multi-genes for disease resistance in V. vinifera may provide a molecular basis for breeding for disease resistance in V. vinifera. In this study, resistance to downy mildew was identified, and genetic analysis was carried out in the intraspecific crossing population of V. vinifera (Ecolly × Dunkelfelder) to screen immune, highly resistant and disease-resistant plant samples; transcriptome sequencing and differential expression analysis were performed using high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that there were 546 differential genes (194 up-regulated and 352 down-regulated) in the immune group compared to the highly resistant group, and 199 differential genes (50 up-regulated and 149 down-regulated) in the highly resistant group compared to the resistant group, there were 103 differential genes (54 up-regulated and 49 down-regulated) in the immune group compared to the resistant group. KEGG analysis of differentially expressed genes in the immune versus high-resistance group. The pathway is mainly concentrated in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, MAPK signaling pathway-plant, carotenoid biosyn-thesis and isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis. The differential gene functions of immune and resistant, high-resistant and resistant combinations were mainly enriched in plant-pathogen interaction pathway. Through the analysis of disease resistance-related genes in each pathway, the potential minor resistance genes in V. vinifera were mined, and the accumulation of minor resistance genes was analyzed from the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Liu
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.L.); (L.W.); (S.J.); (Z.W.)
| | - Liang Wang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.L.); (L.W.); (S.J.); (Z.W.)
| | - Shan Jiang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.L.); (L.W.); (S.J.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhilei Wang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.L.); (L.W.); (S.J.); (Z.W.)
| | - Hua Li
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.L.); (L.W.); (S.J.); (Z.W.)
- China Wine Industry Technology Institute, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Xianyang 712100, China
- Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Hua Wang
- College of Enology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.L.); (L.W.); (S.J.); (Z.W.)
- China Wine Industry Technology Institute, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Xianyang 712100, China
- Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Xianyang 712100, China
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Ianutsevich EA, Danilova OA, Antropova AB, Tereshina VM. Acquired thermotolerance, membrane lipids and osmolytes profiles of xerohalophilic fungus Aspergillus penicillioides under heat shock. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:909-917. [PMID: 36906381 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Xerophilic fungi accumulate a large amount of glycerol in the cytosol to counterbalance the external osmotic pressure. But during heat shock (HS) majority of fungi accumulate a thermoprotective osmolyte trehalose. Since glycerol and trehalose are synthesized in the cell from the same precursor (glucose), we hypothesised that, under heat shock conditions, xerophiles growing in media with high concentrations of glycerol may acquire greater thermotolerance than those grown in media with high concentrations of NaCl. Therefore, the composition of membrane lipids and osmolytes of the fungus Aspergillus penicillioides, growing in 2 different media under HS conditions was studied and the acquired thermotolerance was assessed. It was found that in the salt-containing medium an increase in the proportion of phosphatidic acids against a decrease in the proportion of phosphatidylethanolamines is observed in the composition of membrane lipids, and the level of glycerol in the cytosol decreases 6-fold, while in the medium with glycerol, changes in the composition of membrane lipids are insignificant and the level of glycerol is reduced by no more than 30%. In the mycelium trehalose level have increased in both media, but did not exceed 1% of dry weight. However, after exposure to HS the fungus acquires greater thermotolerance in the medium with glycerol than in the medium with salt. The data obtained indicate the interrelation between changes in the composition of osmolytes and membrane lipids in the adaptive response to HS, as well as the synergistic effect of glycerol and trehalose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Ianutsevich
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave, 119071, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Olga A Danilova
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave, 119071, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Anna B Antropova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera», 5А, Malyy Kazennyy Pereulok, 105064, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Vera M Tereshina
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave, 119071, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Mannitol-Based Media and Static pH Are Efficient Conditions for Red Pigment Production from Monascus purpureus ATCC 36928 in Submerged Culture. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11020633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi of the Monascus species are used in Asia for the production of fermented foods, mainly due to the ability of these fungi to produce secondary metabolites such as pigments. Due to the growing discussion about the use of synthetic dyes and the fact that their ingestion is associated with harm to human health, studies have sought to replace these dyes using natural pigments, and new alternatives for the production of these natural pigments have been presented. In this context, Monascus pigments are a viable alternative for application in the food industry. This study aimed to evaluate different main carbon sources and pH conditions in the red pigment production of Monascus sp. We found that mannitol, when used as the only carbon source, stimulated the production of extracellular red pigment, reaching a concentration of 8.36 AU in 48 h, while glucose and sucrose reached concentrations of 1.08 and 1.34 AU, respectively. Cultivation in a bioreactor using mannitol showed great potential for optimizing pigment production and obtaining a high concentration of extracellular pigment in a short time, reaching a concentration of 25 AU in 60 h of cultivation. The change in pH altered the production of extracellular red pigment in a culture medium containing mannitol as a carbon source, demonstrating less potential than the use of static pH during cultivation in a bioreactor. Mannitol proved to be an efficient carbon source for M. pupureus under static pH conditions for both flask and benchtop bioreactor cultivation.
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Adhikary D, Kisiala A, Sarkar A, Basu U, Rahman H, Emery N, Kav NNV. Early-stage responses to Plasmodiophora brassicae at the transcriptome and metabolome levels in clubroot resistant and susceptible oilseed Brassica napus. Mol Omics 2022; 18:991-1014. [PMID: 36382681 DOI: 10.1039/d2mo00251e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Clubroot, a devastating soil-borne root disease, in Brassicaceae is caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin (P. brassicae W.), an obligate biotrophic protist. Plant growth and development, as well as seed yield of Brassica crops, are severely affected due to this disease. Several reports described the molecular responses of B. napus to P. brassicae; however, information on the early stages of pathogenesis is limited. In this study, we have used transcriptomics and metabolomics to characterize P. brassicae pathogenesis at 1-, 4-, and 7-days post-inoculation (DPI) in clubroot resistant (CR) and susceptible (CS) doubled-haploid (DH) canola lines. When we compared between inoculated and uninoculated groups, a total of 214 and 324 putative genes exhibited differential expression (q-value < 0.05) at one or more time-points in the CR and CS genotypes, respectively. When the inoculated CR and inoculated CS genotypes were compared, 4765 DEGs were differentially expressed (q-value < 0.05) at one or more time-points. Several metabolites related to organic acids (e.g., citrate, pyruvate), amino acids (e.g., proline, aspartate), sugars, and mannitol, were differentially accumulated in roots in response to pathogen infection when the CR and CS genotypes were compared. Several DEGs also corresponded to differentially accumulated metabolites, including pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (BnaC04g11450D), citrate synthase (BnaC02g39080D), and pyruvate kinase (BnaC04g23180D) as detected by transcriptome analysis. Our results suggest important roles for these genes in mediating resistance to clubroot disease. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis aimed at characterizing the molecular basis of resistance to clubroot in canola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Adhikary
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Anna Kisiala
- Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Ananya Sarkar
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Urmila Basu
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Habibur Rahman
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Neil Emery
- Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Nat N V Kav
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Engineering thermotolerant Yarrowia lipolytica for sustainable biosynthesis of mannitol and fructooligosaccharides. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Kokoreva AS, Isakova EP, Tereshina VM, Klein OI, Gessler NN, Deryabina YI. The Effect of Different Substrates on the Morphological Features and Polyols Production of Endomyces magnusii Yeast during Long-Lasting Cultivation. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091709. [PMID: 36144311 PMCID: PMC9506286 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The study on the influence of different glucose concentrations (2%, 0.5%, and 0.2%) and glycerol (1%) on the morphological and physiological features, as well as the composition of soluble carbohydrates, was performed using Endomyces magnusii yeast. Two-factor analysis of variance with repetitions to process the data of the cell size changes showed that the substrate type affected cell size the most. The cells with 2% glucose were 30–35% larger than those growing on glycerol. The decrease in the initial glucose concentration up to 0.5–0.2% slightly changed the cell length. However, even in the logarithmic growth phase pseudo-mycelium of two to four cells appeared in the cultures when using low glucose, unlike those using glycerol. Throughout the whole experiment, more than 90% of the populations remained viable on all of the substrates tested. The ability for colony formation decreased during aging. Nevertheless, at the three-week stage, upon substrate restriction (0.2% glucose), it was twice higher than those under the other conditions. The respiration rate also decreased and exceeded not more than 10% of that in the logarithmic phase. By the end of the experiment, the cyanide-sensitive respiration share decreased up to 40% for all types of substrates. The study of soluble cytosol carbohydrates showed that the cultures using 2% glucose and 1% glycerol contained mainly arabitol and mannitol, while at low glucose concentrations they were substituted for inositol. The formation of inositol is supposed to be related to pseudo-mycelium formation. The role of calorie restriction in the regulation of carbohydrate synthesis and the composition in the yeast and its biotechnological application is under consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia S. Kokoreva
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33/2, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena P. Isakova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33/2, 119071 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(495)-954-4008
| | - Vera M. Tereshina
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt 60-Letiya Oktyabrya, 7/2, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga I. Klein
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33/2, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya N. Gessler
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33/2, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia I. Deryabina
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33/2, 119071 Moscow, Russia
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de Oliveira Silva A, Aliyeva-Schnorr L, Wirsel SGR, Deising HB. Fungal Pathogenesis-Related Cell Wall Biogenesis, with Emphasis on the Maize Anthracnose Fungus Colletotrichum graminicola. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11070849. [PMID: 35406829 PMCID: PMC9003368 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The genus Colletotrichum harbors many plant pathogenic species, several of which cause significant yield losses in the field and post harvest. Typically, in order to infect their host plants, spores germinate, differentiate a pressurized infection cell, and display a hemibiotrophic lifestyle after plant invasion. Several factors required for virulence or pathogenicity have been identified in different Colletotrichum species, and adaptation of cell wall biogenesis to distinct stages of pathogenesis has been identified as a major pre-requisite for the establishment of a compatible parasitic fungus-plant interaction. Here, we highlight aspects of fungal cell wall biogenesis during plant infection, with emphasis on the maize leaf anthracnose and stalk rot fungus, Colletotrichum graminicola.
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Feng L, Xu L, Li X, Xue J, Li T, Duan X. A Combined Analysis of Transcriptome and Proteome Reveals the Inhibitory Mechanism of a Novel Oligosaccharide Ester against Penicillium italicum. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020111. [PMID: 35205865 PMCID: PMC8877838 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Blue mold caused by Penicillium italicum is one of the most serious postharvest diseases of citrus fruit. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of a novel oligosaccharide ester, 6-O-β-L-mannopyranosyl-3-O-(2-methylbutanoyl)-4-O-(8-methyldecanoyl)-2-O-(4-methyl-hexanoyl) trehalose (MTE-1), against P. italicum. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), along with transcriptome and proteome analysis also, were conducted to illuminate the underlying mechanism. Results showed that MTE-1 significantly inhibited P. italicum growth in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, MTE-1 suppressed the disease development of citrus fruit inoculated with P. italicum. Furthermore, ultrastructure observation, as well as transcriptome and proteome analysis, indicated that MTE-1 treatment damaged the cell wall and plasma membrane in spores and mycelia of P. italicum. In addition, MTE-1 regulated genes or proteins involved in primary metabolism, cell-wall metabolism, and pathogenicity. These results demonstrate that MTE-1 inhibited P. italicum by damaging cell walls and membranes and disrupting normal cellular metabolism. These findings contribute to the understanding of the possible molecular action of MTE-1. Finally, MTE-1 also provides a new natural strategy for controlling diseases in postharvest fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (L.F.); (J.X.)
| | - Liangxiong Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Huizhou University, Huizhou 510607, China; (L.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaojie Li
- School of Life Sciences, Huizhou University, Huizhou 510607, China; (L.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Jinghua Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (L.F.); (J.X.)
| | - Taotao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (L.F.); (J.X.)
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (X.D.)
| | - Xuewu Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (L.F.); (J.X.)
- Agro-Food Science and Technology Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (X.D.)
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Mapuranga J, Zhang L, Zhang N, Yang W. The haustorium: The root of biotrophic fungal pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:963705. [PMID: 36105706 PMCID: PMC9465030 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.963705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Biotrophic plant pathogenic fungi are among the dreadful pathogens that continuously threaten the production of economically important crops. The interaction of biotrophic fungal pathogens with their hosts necessitates the development of unique infection mechanisms and involvement of various virulence-associated components. Biotrophic plant pathogenic fungi have an exceptional lifestyle that supports nutrient acquisition from cells of a living host and are fully dependent on the host for successful completion of their life cycle. The haustorium, a specialized infection structure, is the key organ for biotrophic fungal pathogens. The haustorium is not only essential in the uptake of nutrients without killing the host, but also in the secretion and delivery of effectors into the host cells to manipulate host immune system and defense responses and reprogram the metabolic flow of the host. Although there is a number of unanswered questions in this area yet, results from various studies indicate that the haustorium is the root of biotrophic fungal pathogens. This review provides an overview of current knowledge of the haustorium, its structure, composition, and functions, which includes the most recent haustorial transcriptome studies.
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Lin J, Zhao L, Yan H, Hu Q, Han D. Potential role of nitrogen in spore dispersal and infection of Paraphysoderma sedebokerense, a fungal parasite of Haematococcus pluvialis. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hoffmann SL, Kohlstedt M, Jungmann L, Hutter M, Poblete-Castro I, Becker J, Wittmann C. Cascaded valorization of brown seaweed to produce l-lysine and value-added products using Corynebacterium glutamicum streamlined by systems metabolic engineering. Metab Eng 2021; 67:293-307. [PMID: 34314893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Seaweeds emerge as promising third-generation renewable for sustainable bioproduction. In the present work, we valorized brown seaweed to produce l-lysine, the world's leading feed amino acid, using Corynebacterium glutamicum, which was streamlined by systems metabolic engineering. The mutant C. glutamicum SEA-1 served as a starting point for development because it produced small amounts of l-lysine from mannitol, a major seaweed sugar, because of the deletion of its arabitol repressor AtlR and its engineered l-lysine pathway. Starting from SEA-1, we systematically optimized the microbe to redirect excess NADH, formed on the sugar alcohol, towards NADPH, required for l-lysine synthesis. The mannitol dehydrogenase variant MtlD D75A, inspired by 3D protein homology modelling, partly generated NADPH during the oxidation of mannitol to fructose, leading to a 70% increased l-lysine yield in strain SEA-2C. Several rounds of strain engineering further increased NADPH supply and l-lysine production. The best strain, SEA-7, overexpressed the membrane-bound transhydrogenase pntAB together with codon-optimized gapN, encoding NADPH-dependent glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and mak, encoding fructokinase. In a fed-batch process, SEA-7 produced 76 g L-1l-lysine from mannitol at a yield of 0.26 mol mol-1 and a maximum productivity of 2.1 g L-1 h-1. Finally, SEA-7 was integrated into seaweed valorization cascades. Aqua-cultured Laminaria digitata, a major seaweed for commercial alginate, was extracted and hydrolyzed enzymatically, followed by recovery and clean-up of pure alginate gum. The residual sugar-based mixture was converted to l-lysine at a yield of 0.27 C-mol C-mol-1 using SEA-7. Second, stems of the wild-harvested seaweed Durvillaea antarctica, obtained as waste during commercial processing of the blades for human consumption, were extracted using acid treatment. Fermentation of the hydrolysate using SEA-7 provided l-lysine at a yield of 0.40 C-mol C-mol-1. Our findings enable improvement of the efficiency of seaweed biorefineries using tailor-made C. glutamicum strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lisa Hoffmann
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Kohlstedt
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lukas Jungmann
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Hutter
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Judith Becker
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christoph Wittmann
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Balotf S, Tegg RS, Nichols DS, Wilson CR. Spore Germination of the Obligate Biotroph Spongospora subterranea: Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Germination Associated Genes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:691877. [PMID: 34234764 PMCID: PMC8256667 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.691877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For soilborne pathogens, germination of the resting or dormant propagule that enables persistence within the soil environment is a key point in pathogenesis. Spongospora subterranea is an obligate soilborne protozoan that infects the roots and tubers of potato causing root and powdery scab disease for which there are currently no effective controls. A better understanding of the molecular basis of resting spore germination of S. subterranea could be important for development of novel disease interventions. However, as an obligate biotroph and soil dwelling organism, the application of new omics techniques for the study of the pre-infection process in S. subterranea has been problematic. Here, RNA sequencing was used to analyse the reprogramming of S. subterranea resting spores during the transition to zoospores in an in-vitro model. More than 63 million mean high-quality reads per sample were generated from the resting and germinating spores. By using a combination of reference-based and de novo transcriptome assembly, 6,664 unigenes were identified. The identified unigenes were subsequently annotated based on known proteins using BLAST search. Of 5,448 annotated genes, 570 genes were identified to be differentially expressed during the germination of S. subterranea resting spores, with most of the significant genes belonging to transcription and translation, amino acids biosynthesis, transport, energy metabolic processes, fatty acid metabolism, stress response and DNA repair. The datasets generated in this study provide a basic knowledge of the physiological processes associated with spore germination and will facilitate functional predictions of novel genes in S. subterranea and other plasmodiophorids. We introduce several candidate genes related to the germination of an obligate biotrophic soilborne pathogen which could be applied to the development of antimicrobial agents for soil inoculum management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Balotf
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, New Town, TAS, Australia
| | - Robert S Tegg
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, New Town, TAS, Australia
| | - David S Nichols
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Calum R Wilson
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, New Town, TAS, Australia
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14
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Bleau JR, Spoel SH. Selective redox signaling shapes plant-pathogen interactions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:53-65. [PMID: 33793940 PMCID: PMC8154045 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A review of recent progress in understanding the mechanisms whereby plants utilize selective and reversible redox signaling to establish immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade R Bleau
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Steven H Spoel
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
- Author for communication:
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15
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Safi A, Medici A, Szponarski W, Martin F, Clément-Vidal A, Marshall-Colon A, Ruffel S, Gaymard F, Rouached H, Leclercq J, Coruzzi G, Lacombe B, Krouk G. GARP transcription factors repress Arabidopsis nitrogen starvation response via ROS-dependent and -independent pathways. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3881-3901. [PMID: 33758916 PMCID: PMC8096604 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants need to cope with strong variations of nitrogen availability in the soil. Although many molecular players are being discovered concerning how plants perceive NO3- provision, it is less clear how plants recognize a lack of nitrogen. Following nitrogen removal, plants activate their nitrogen starvation response (NSR), which is characterized by the activation of very high-affinity nitrate transport systems (NRT2.4 and NRT2.5) and other sentinel genes involved in N remobilization such as GDH3. Using a combination of functional genomics via transcription factor perturbation and molecular physiology studies, we show that the transcription factors belonging to the HHO subfamily are important regulators of NSR through two potential mechanisms. First, HHOs directly repress the high-affinity nitrate transporters, NRT2.4 and NRT2.5. hho mutants display increased high-affinity nitrate transport activity, opening up promising perspectives for biotechnological applications. Second, we show that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important to control NSR in wild-type plants and that HRS1 and HHO1 overexpressors and mutants are affected in their ROS content, defining a potential feed-forward branch of the signaling pathway. Taken together, our results define the relationships of two types of molecular players controlling the NSR, namely ROS and the HHO transcription factors. This work (i) up opens perspectives on a poorly understood nutrient-related signaling pathway and (ii) defines targets for molecular breeding of plants with enhanced NO3- uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaeddine Safi
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence: or
| | - Anna Medici
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Florence Martin
- CIRAD, AGAP Institut, Montpellier, France
- AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Clément-Vidal
- CIRAD, AGAP Institut, Montpellier, France
- AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Amy Marshall-Colon
- New York University, Department of Biology, Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, New York, NY, USA
- Present address: Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana -Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sandrine Ruffel
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Gaymard
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Hatem Rouached
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, and Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Julie Leclercq
- CIRAD, AGAP Institut, Montpellier, France
- AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Gloria Coruzzi
- New York University, Department of Biology, Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benoît Lacombe
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Gabriel Krouk
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: or
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16
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Stępień Ł, Lalak-Kańczugowska J. Signaling pathways involved in virulence and stress response of plant-pathogenic Fusarium species. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Martins D, Araújo SDS, Rubiales D, Vaz Patto MC. Legume Crops and Biotrophic Pathogen Interactions: A Continuous Cross-Talk of a Multilayered Array of Defense Mechanisms. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1460. [PMID: 33137969 PMCID: PMC7692723 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Legume species are recognized for their nutritional benefits and contribution to the sustainability of agricultural systems. However, their production is threatened by biotic constraints with devastating impacts on crop yield. A deep understanding of the molecular and genetic architecture of resistance sources culminating in immunity is critical to assist new biotechnological approaches for plant protection. In this review, the current knowledge regarding the major plant immune system components of grain and forage legumes challenged with obligate airborne biotrophic fungi will be comprehensively evaluated and discussed while identifying future directions of research. To achieve this, we will address the multi-layered defense strategies deployed by legume crops at the biochemical, molecular, and physiological levels, leading to rapid pathogen recognition and carrying the necessary information to sub-cellular components, on-setting a dynamic and organized defense. Emphasis will be given to recent approaches such as the identification of critical components of host decentralized immune response negatively regulated by pathogens while targeting the loss-of-function of susceptibility genes. We conclude that advances in gene expression analysis in both host and pathogen, protocols for effectoromics pipelines, and high-throughput disease phenomics platforms are rapidly leading to a deeper understanding of the intricate host-pathogen interaction, crucial for efficient disease resistance breeding initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biologia António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, Estação Agronómica Nacional, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (S.d.S.A.); (M.C.V.P.)
| | - Susana de Sousa Araújo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biologia António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, Estação Agronómica Nacional, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (S.d.S.A.); (M.C.V.P.)
- Association BLC3—Technology and Innovation Campus, Centre Bio R&D Unit, Rua Nossa Senhora da Conceição, 2, Lagares, 3405-155 Oliveira do Hospital, Portugal
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Maria Carlota Vaz Patto
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biologia António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, Estação Agronómica Nacional, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; (S.d.S.A.); (M.C.V.P.)
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18
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Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics investigation on two different indica rice grains (Oryza sativa L.) under cadmium stress. Food Chem 2020; 343:128472. [PMID: 33139121 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium is a toxic environmental pollutant that is readily absorbed by rice grains and poses serious threats to human health. The selection and breeding of rice varieties with low cadmium accumulation is one of the most economical and ecological methods to reduce cadmium exposure. In this study, two different indica rice grains under cadmium stress were subjected to mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis for the first time. When the cadmium concentration increased in rice grains, most carbohydrates and amino acids were down-regulated, except myoinositol that can prevent cadmium toxicity, which was up-regulated. d-Mannitol and l-cysteine were up-regulated with the increase of cadmium concentration in low-cadmium-accumulating rice. Also, organic acids were activated especially 13-(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E),15(Z)-octadecatrienoicacid that is related to the alpha-linolenic acid metabolism and jasmonic acid production. The determination of biomarkers and characterization of metabolic pathways might be helpful for the selection of rice varieties with low cadmium accumulation.
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19
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Danilova OA, Ianutsevich EA, Bondarenko SA, Georgieva ML, Vikchizhanina DA, Groza NV, Bilanenko EN, Tereshina VM. Osmolytes and membrane lipids in the adaptation of micromycete Emericellopsis alkalina to ambient pH and sodium chloride. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:884-891. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Defense Response in Chickpea Pod Wall due to Simulated Herbivory Unfolds Differential Proteome Profile. Protein J 2020; 39:240-257. [PMID: 32356273 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-020-09899-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The pod wall of legumes is known to protect the developing seeds from pests and pathogens. However, the mechanism of conferring defense against insects has not yet been deciphered. Here, we have utilized 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-GE) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to identify over expressed proteins in the pod wall of two different cultivars (commercial cultivar: JG 11 and tolerant cultivar: ICC 506-EB) of chickpea after 12 h of application of Helicoverpa armigera oral secretions (simulated herbivory). The assays were performed with a view that larvae are a voracious feeder and cause substantial damage to the pod within 12 h. A total of 600 reproducible protein spots were detected on gels, and the comparative analysis helped identify 35 (12 up-regulated, 23 down-regulated) and 20 (10 up-regulated, 10 down-regulated) differentially expressed proteins in JG 11 and ICC 506-EB, respectively. Functional classification of protein spots of each cultivar after MS/MS indicated that the differentially expressed proteins were associated with various metabolic activities. Also, stress-related proteins such as mannitol dehydrogenase (MADH), disease resistance-like protein-CSA1, serine/threonine kinase (D6PKL2), endoglucanase-19 etc. were up-regulated due to simulated herbivory. The proteins identified with a possible role in defense were further analyzed using the STRING database to advance our knowledge on their interacting partners. It decoded the involvement of several reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers and other proteins involved in cell wall reinforcement. The biochemical analysis also confirmed the active role of ROS scavengers during simulated herbivory. Thus, our study provides valuable new insights on chickpea-H.armigera interactions at the protein level.
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21
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Eberl F, Fernandez de Bobadilla M, Reichelt M, Hammerbacher A, Gershenzon J, Unsicker SB. Herbivory meets fungivory: insect herbivores feed on plant pathogenic fungi for their own benefit. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1073-1084. [PMID: 32307873 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plants are regularly colonised by fungi and bacteria, but plant-inhabiting microbes are rarely considered in studies on plant-herbivore interactions. Here we show that young gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) caterpillars prefer to feed on black poplar (Populus nigra) foliage infected by the rust fungus Melampsora larici-populina instead of uninfected control foliage, and selectively consume fungal spores. This consumption, also observed in a related lepidopteran species, is stimulated by the sugar alcohol mannitol, found in much higher concentration in fungal tissue and infected leaves than uninfected plant foliage. Gypsy moth larvae developed more rapidly on rust-infected leaves, which cannot be attributed to mannitol but rather to greater levels of total nitrogen, essential amino acids and B vitamins in fungal tissue and fungus-infected leaves. Herbivore consumption of fungi and other microbes may be much more widespread than commonly believed with important consequences for the ecology and evolution of plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Eberl
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Maite Fernandez de Bobadilla
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sybille B Unsicker
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
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22
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Sekova VY, Dergacheva DI, Isakova EP, Gessler NN, Tereshina VM, Deryabina YI. Soluble Sugar and Lipid Readjustments in the Yarrowia lipolytica Yeast at Various Temperatures and pH. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9120307. [PMID: 31861165 PMCID: PMC6950712 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9120307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms cope with a wide range of environmental challenges using different mechanisms. Their ability to prosper at extreme ambient pH and high temperatures has been well reported, but the adaptation mechanism often remains unrevealed. In this study, we addressed the dynamics of lipid and sugar profiles upon different cultivation conditions. The results showed that the cells grown at various pH and optimal temperature contained mannitol as the major cytosol sugar alcohol. The elevated temperature of 38 °C led to a two- to three-fold increase in total cytosol sugars with concurrent substitution of mannitol for trehalose. Lipid composition in the cells at optimal temperature changed insignificantly at any pH tested. The increase in the temperature caused some drop in the storage and membrane lipid levels, remarkable changes in their composition, and the degree of unsaturated fatty acids. It was shown that the fatty acid composition of some membrane phospholipids varied considerably at changing pH and temperature values. The data showed a pivotal role and flexibility of the sugar and lipid composition of Y. lipolytica W29 in adaptation to unfavorable environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Yu Sekova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, bld 33-2, Leninsly Prospect, Moscow 119071, Russia; (D.I.D.); (N.N.G.); (Y.I.D.)
- Correspondence: (V.Y.S.); (E.P.I.)
| | - Daria I. Dergacheva
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, bld 33-2, Leninsly Prospect, Moscow 119071, Russia; (D.I.D.); (N.N.G.); (Y.I.D.)
| | - Elena P. Isakova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, bld 33-2, Leninsly Prospect, Moscow 119071, Russia; (D.I.D.); (N.N.G.); (Y.I.D.)
- Correspondence: (V.Y.S.); (E.P.I.)
| | - Natalya N. Gessler
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, bld 33-2, Leninsly Prospect, Moscow 119071, Russia; (D.I.D.); (N.N.G.); (Y.I.D.)
| | - Vera M. Tereshina
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33/2, Moscow 119071, Russia;
| | - Yulia I. Deryabina
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, bld 33-2, Leninsly Prospect, Moscow 119071, Russia; (D.I.D.); (N.N.G.); (Y.I.D.)
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23
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Li X, Su X, Lu G, Sun G, Zhang Z, Guo H, Guo N, Cheng H. VdOGDH is involved in energy metabolism and required for virulence of Verticillium dahliae. Curr Genet 2019; 66:345-359. [PMID: 31422448 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-01025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae, a soil-borne fungus, can invade plant vascular tissue and cause Verticillium wilt. The enzyme α-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH), catalyzing the oxidation of α-oxoglutarate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), is vital for energy metabolism in the fungi. Here, we identified the OGDH gene in V. dahliae (VdOGDH, VDAG_10018) and investigated its function in virulence by generating gene deletion mutants (ΔVdOGDH) and complementary mutants (ΔVdOGDH-C). When the ΔVdOGDH mutants were supplemented with different carbon sources, vegetative growth on Czapek Dox medium was significantly impaired, suggesting that VdOGDH is crucial for vegetative growth and carbon utilization. Conidia of the ΔVdOGDH mutants were atypically rounded or spherical, and hyphae were irregularly branched and lacked typical whorled branches. Mutants ΔVdOGDH-1 and ΔVdOGDH-2 were highly sensitive to H2O2 in the medium plates and had higher intracellular ROS levels. ΔVdOGDH mutants also had elevated expression of oxidative response-related genes, indicating that VdOGDH is involved in response to oxidative stress. In addition, the disruption of VdOGDH caused a significant increase in the expression of energy metabolism-related genes VdICL, VdICDH, VdMDH, and VdPDH and melanin-related genes Vayg1, VdSCD, VdLAC, VT4HR, and VaflM in the ΔVdOGDH mutants; thus, VdOGDH is also important for energy metabolism and melanin accumulation. Cotton plants inoculated with ΔVdOGDH mutants exhibited mild leaf chlorosis and the disease index was lower compared with wild type and ΔVdOGDH-C strains. These results together show that VdOGDH involved in energy metabolism of V. dahliae, is also essential for full virulence by regulating multiple fungal developmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Li
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.,Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaofeng Su
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Guoqing Lu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Guoqing Sun
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Hunan Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Huiming Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ning Guo
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Hongmei Cheng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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24
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Nguyen T, Kim T, Ta HM, Yeo WS, Choi J, Mizar P, Lee SS, Bae T, Chaurasia AK, Kim KK. Targeting Mannitol Metabolism as an Alternative Antimicrobial Strategy Based on the Structure-Function Study of Mannitol-1-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Staphylococcus aureus. mBio 2019; 10:e02660-18. [PMID: 31289190 PMCID: PMC6623548 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02660-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (M1PDH) is a key enzyme in Staphylococcus aureus mannitol metabolism, but its roles in pathophysiological settings have not been established. We performed comprehensive structure-function analysis of M1PDH from S. aureus USA300, a strain of community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus, to evaluate its roles in cell viability and virulence under pathophysiological conditions. On the basis of our results, we propose M1PDH as a potential antibacterial target. In vitro cell viability assessment of ΔmtlD knockout and complemented strains confirmed that M1PDH is essential to endure pH, high-salt, and oxidative stress and thus that M1PDH is required for preventing osmotic burst by regulating pressure potential imposed by mannitol. The mouse infection model also verified that M1PDH is essential for bacterial survival during infection. To further support the use of M1PDH as an antibacterial target, we identified dihydrocelastrol (DHCL) as a competitive inhibitor of S. aureus M1PDH (SaM1PDH) and confirmed that DHCL effectively reduces bacterial cell viability during host infection. To explain physiological functions of SaM1PDH at the atomic level, the crystal structure of SaM1PDH was determined at 1.7-Å resolution. Structure-based mutation analyses and DHCL molecular docking to the SaM1PDH active site followed by functional assay identified key residues in the active site and provided the action mechanism of DHCL. Collectively, we propose SaM1PDH as a target for antibiotic development based on its physiological roles with the goals of expanding the repertory of antibiotic targets to fight antimicrobial resistance and providing essential knowledge for developing potent inhibitors of SaM1PDH based on structure-function studies.IMPORTANCE Due to the shortage of effective antibiotics against drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, new targets are urgently required to develop next-generation antibiotics. We investigated mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase of S. aureus USA300 (SaM1PDH), a key enzyme regulating intracellular mannitol levels, and explored the possibility of using SaM1PDH as a target for developing antibiotic. Since mannitol is necessary for maintaining the cellular redox and osmotic potential, the homeostatic imbalance caused by treatment with a SaM1PDH inhibitor or knockout of the gene encoding SaM1PDH results in bacterial cell death through oxidative and/or mannitol-dependent cytolysis. We elucidated the molecular mechanism of SaM1PDH and the structural basis of substrate and inhibitor recognition by enzymatic and structural analyses of SaM1PDH. Our results strongly support the concept that targeting of SaM1PDH represents an alternative strategy for developing a new class of antibiotics that cause bacterial cell death not by blocking key cellular machinery but by inducing cytolysis and reducing stress tolerance through inhibition of the mannitol pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Antimicrobial Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Truc Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Antimicrobial Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hai Minh Ta
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Antimicrobial Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Won Sik Yeo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine Northwest, Gary, Indiana, USA
| | - Jongkeun Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungwoon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Pushpak Mizar
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Seung Seo Lee
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Taeok Bae
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine Northwest, Gary, Indiana, USA
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Chaurasia
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Antimicrobial Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kyeong Kyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Antimicrobial Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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25
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Mbuyane LL, de Kock M, Bauer FF, Divol B. Torulaspora delbrueckii produces high levels of C5 and C6 polyols during wine fermentations. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 18:5061120. [PMID: 30060050 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-Saccharomyces yeasts impact wine fermentations and can diversify the flavor profiles of wines. However, little information is available on the metabolic networks of most of these species. Here we show that unlike the main wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Torulaspora delbrueckii and to a lesser extent Lachancea thermotolerans produce significant concentrations of C5 and C6 polyols under wine fermentation conditions. In particular, D-arabitol, D-sorbitol and D-mannitol were produced at significant levels. Their release into the extracellular matrix started when that of glycerol ceased. The data also show that polyol production is influenced by initial sugar concentration, repressed by acetic acid and induced in ethanol supplemented media. Moreover, unlike glycerol and sorbitol, mannitol was partially re-assimilated when populations started to decline. The findings suggest that polyol synthesis is a physiological adaptation to stressful conditions characteristic of alcoholic fermentation and that these polyols may serve a similar purpose as glycerol production in S. cerevisiae, including osmoadaptation and redox balancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lethiwe L Mbuyane
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Marli de Kock
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Florian F Bauer
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Benoit Divol
- Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Department of Viticulture and Oenology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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26
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Lorrain C, Gonçalves Dos Santos KC, Germain H, Hecker A, Duplessis S. Advances in understanding obligate biotrophy in rust fungi. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1190-1206. [PMID: 30554421 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1190 I. Introduction 1190 II. Rust fungi: a diverse and serious threat to agriculture 1191 III. The different facets of rust life cycles and unresolved questions about their evolution 1191 IV. The biology of rust infection 1192 V. Rusts in the genomics era: the ever-expanding list of candidate effector genes 1195 VI. Functional characterization of rust effectors 1197 VII. Putting rusts to sleep: Pucciniales research outlooks 1201 Acknowledgements 1202 References 1202 SUMMARY: Rust fungi (Pucciniales) are the largest group of plant pathogens and represent one of the most devastating threats to agricultural crops worldwide. Despite the economic importance of these highly specialized pathogens, many aspects of their biology remain obscure, largely because rust fungi are obligate biotrophs. The rise of genomics and advances in high-throughput sequencing technology have presented new options for identifying candidate effector genes involved in pathogenicity mechanisms of rust fungi. Transcriptome analysis and integrated bioinformatics tools have led to the identification of key genetic determinants of host susceptibility to infection by rusts. Thousands of genes encoding secreted proteins highly expressed during host infection have been reported for different rust species, which represents significant potential towards understanding rust effector function. Recent high-throughput in planta expression screen approaches (effectoromics) have pushed the field ahead even further towards predicting high-priority effectors and identifying avirulence genes. These new insights into rust effector biology promise to inform future research and spur the development of effective and sustainable strategies for managing rust diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Lorrain
- INRA Centre Grand Est - Nancy, UMR 1136 INRA/Université de Lorraine Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Champenoux, 54280, France
| | | | - Hugo Germain
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Quebec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Arnaud Hecker
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1136 Université de Lorraine/INRA Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Sébastien Duplessis
- INRA Centre Grand Est - Nancy, UMR 1136 INRA/Université de Lorraine Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Champenoux, 54280, France
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Eberl F, Uhe C, Unsicker SB. Friend or foe? The role of leaf-inhabiting fungal pathogens and endophytes in tree-insect interactions. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bönnighausen J, Schauer N, Schäfer W, Bormann J. Metabolic profiling of wheat rachis node infection by Fusarium graminearum - decoding deoxynivalenol-dependent susceptibility. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:459-469. [PMID: 30084118 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a filamentous ascomycete and the causal agent of Fusarium head blight on wheat that threatens food and feed production worldwide as infection reduces crop yield both quantitatively by interfering with kernel development and qualitatively by poisoning any remaining kernels with mycotoxins. In wheat, F. graminearum infects spikelets and colonizes the entire head by growing through the rachis node at the bottom of each spikelet. Without the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), the pathogen cannot penetrate the rachis node and wheat is able to resist colonization. Using a global metabolite profiling approach we compared the metabolic profile of rachis nodes inoculated with either water, the Fusarium graminearum wild-type or the DON-deficient ∆tri5 mutant. Extensive metabolic rearrangements mainly affect metabolites for general stress perception and signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, cell wall composition, the tri-carbonic acid (TCA) cycle and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt as well as sugar alcohols, amino acids, and storage carbohydrates. The results revealed specific, DON-related susceptibility factors. Wild-type infection resulted in an oxidative burst and the induction of plant programmed cell death, while spread of the DON-deficient mutant was blocked in a jasmonate (JA)-related defense reaction in concert with other factors. Hence, the ∆tri5 mutant is prone to defense reactions that are, in the case of a wild-type infection, not initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Bönnighausen
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology (IPM), University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, D-22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Schauer
- Metabolomic Discoveries GmbH, Am Mühlenberg 11, D-14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schäfer
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology (IPM), University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, D-22609, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Bormann
- Department of Molecular Phytopathology, Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology (IPM), University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, D-22609, Hamburg, Germany
- Department for Cell Biology, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. NW2, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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Zhou T, Wang X, Luo J, Ye B, Zhou Y, Zhou L, Lai T. Identification of differentially expressed genes involved in spore germination of Penicillium expansum by comparative transcriptome and proteome approaches. Microbiologyopen 2018; 7:e00562. [PMID: 29205951 PMCID: PMC6011939 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, Penicillium expansum, a common destructive phytopathogen and patulin producer was isolated from naturally infected apple fruits and identified by morphological observation and rDNA-internal transcribed spacer analysis. Subsequently, a global view of the transcriptome and proteome alteration of P. expansum spores during germination was evaluated by RNA-seq (RNA sequencing) and iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation) approaches. A total of 3,026 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 77 differentially expressed predicted transcription factors and 489 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified. The next step involved screening out 130 overlapped candidates through correlation analysis between the RNA-seq and iTRAQ datasets. Part of them showed a different expression trend in the mRNA and protein levels, and most of them were involved in metabolism and genetic information processing. These results not only highlighted a set of genes and proteins that were important in deciphering the molecular processes of P. expansum germination but also laid the foundation to develop effective control methods and adequate environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products of Hangzhou CityCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA SignalingCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jin Luo
- Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products of Hangzhou CityCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Bishun Ye
- Research Centre for Plant RNA SignalingCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yingying Zhou
- Research Centre for Plant RNA SignalingCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Liwan Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products of Hangzhou CityCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Tongfei Lai
- Research Centre for Plant RNA SignalingCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
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Sekova VY, Dergacheva DI, Tereshina VM, Isakova EP, Deryabina YI. Carbohydrate Spectrum of Extremophilic Yeasts Yarrowia lipolytica under pH Stress. Microbiology (Reading) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261718020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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31
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Zhang W, Corwin JA, Copeland D, Feusier J, Eshbaugh R, Chen F, Atwell S, Kliebenstein DJ. Plastic Transcriptomes Stabilize Immunity to Pathogen Diversity: The Jasmonic Acid and Salicylic Acid Networks within the Arabidopsis/ Botrytis Pathosystem. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:2727-2752. [PMID: 29042403 PMCID: PMC5728128 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To respond to pathogen attack, selection and associated evolution has led to the creation of plant immune system that are a highly effective and inducible defense system. Central to this system are the plant defense hormones jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) and crosstalk between the two, which may play an important role in defense responses to specific pathogens or even genotypes. Here, we used the Arabidopsis thaliana-Botrytis cinerea pathosystem to test how the host's defense system functions against genetic variation in a pathogen. We measured defense-related phenotypes and transcriptomic responses in Arabidopsis wild-type Col-0 and JA- and SA-signaling mutants, coi1-1 and npr1-1, individually challenged with 96 diverse B. cinerea isolates. Those data showed genetic variation in the pathogen influences on all components within the plant defense system at the transcriptional level. We identified four gene coexpression networks and two vectors of defense variation triggered by genetic variation in B. cinerea This showed that the JA and SA signaling pathways functioned to constrain/canalize the range of virulence in the pathogen population, but the underlying transcriptomic response was highly plastic. These data showed that plants utilize major defense hormone pathways to buffer disease resistance, but not the metabolic or transcriptional responses to genetic variation within a pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Plant Bio-oil Production and Application, Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| | - Jason A Corwin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0334
| | - Daniel Copeland
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Julie Feusier
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Robert Eshbaugh
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Fang Chen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Plant Bio-oil Production and Application, Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| | - Susana Atwell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Daniel J Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Lee DK, Ahn S, Cho HY, Yun HY, Park JH, Lim J, Lee J, Kwon SW. Metabolic response induced by parasitic plant-fungus interactions hinder amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism in the host. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37434. [PMID: 27892480 PMCID: PMC5124995 DOI: 10.1038/srep37434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infestation by the biotrophic pathogen Gymnosporangium asiaticum can be devastating for plant of the family Rosaceae. However, the phytopathology of this process has not been thoroughly elucidated. Using a metabolomics approach, we discovered the intrinsic activities that induce disease symptoms after fungal invasion in terms of microbe-induced metabolic responses. Through metabolic pathway enrichment and mapping, we found that the host altered its metabolite levels, resulting in accumulation of tetrose and pentose sugar alcohols, in response to this fungus. We then used a multiple linear regression model to evaluate the effect of the interaction between this abnormal accumulation of sugar alcohol and the group variable (control/parasitism). The results revealed that this accumulation resulted in deficiency in the supply of specific sugars, which led to a lack of amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism. Halting this metabolism could hamper pivotal functions in the plant host, including cell wall synthesis and lesion repair. In conclusion, our findings indicate that altered metabolic responses that occur during fungal parasitism can cause deficiency in substrates in pivotal pathways and thereby trigger pathological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Kyu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Soohyun Ahn
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hae Yoon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hye Young Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Johan Lim
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jeongmi Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Liu J, Guan T, Zheng P, Chen L, Yang Y, Huai B, Li D, Chang Q, Huang L, Kang Z. An extracellular Zn-only superoxide dismutase from Puccinia striiformis confers enhanced resistance to host-derived oxidative stress. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:4118-4135. [PMID: 27399209 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following plant-pathogen interactions can trigger plant defence responses and directly damage pathogens. Thus, it is essential for pathogens to scavenge host-derived ROS to establish a parasitic relationship. However, the mechanisms protecting pathogens from host-derived oxidative stress remain unclear. In this study, a superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene, PsSOD1, was cloned from a wheat-Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) interaction cDNA library. Transcripts of PsSOD1 were up-regulated in the early infection stage. Heterologous mutant complementation and biochemical characterization revealed that PsSOD1 encoded a Zn-only SOD. The predicted signal peptide was functional in an invertase-mutated yeast strain. Furthermore, immunoblot analysis of apoplastic proteins in Pst-infected wheat leaves and bimolecular fluorescence complementation suggested that PsSOD1 is a secreted protein that potentially forms a dimer during Pst infection. Overexpression of PsSOD1 enhanced Schizosaccharomyces pombe resistance to exogenous superoxide. Transient expression of PsSOD1 in Nicotiana benthamiana suppressed Bax-induced cell death. Knockdown of PsSOD1 using a host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) system reduced the virulence of Pst, which was associated with ROS accumulation in HIGS plants. These results suggest that PsSOD1 is an important pathogenicity factor that is secreted into the host-pathogen interface to contribute to Pst infection by scavenging host-derived ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Peijing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoyu Huai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People's Republic of China
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Nguyen Van Long N, Vasseur V, Coroller L, Dantigny P, Le Panse S, Weill A, Mounier J, Rigalma K. Temperature, water activity and pH during conidia production affect the physiological state and germination time of Penicillium species. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 241:151-160. [PMID: 27780083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Conidial germination and mycelial growth are generally studied with conidia produced under optimal conditions to increase conidial yield. Nonetheless, the physiological state of such conidia most likely differs from those involved in spoilage of naturally contaminated food. The present study aimed at investigating the impact of temperature, pH and water activity (aw) during production of conidia on the germination parameters and compatible solutes of conidia of Penicillium roqueforti and Penicillium expansum. Low temperature (5°C) and reduced aw (0.900 aw) during sporulation significantly reduced conidial germination times whereas the pH of the sporulation medium only had a slight effect at the tested values (2.5, 8.0). Conidia of P. roqueforti produced at 5°C germinated up to 45h earlier than those produced at 20°C. Conidia of P. roqueforti and P. expansum produced at 0.900 aw germinated respectively up to 8h and 3h earlier than conidia produced at 0.980 aw. Furthermore, trehalose and mannitol assessments suggested that earlier germination might be related to delayed conidial maturation even though no ultra-structural modifications were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Taken together, these results highlight the importance of considering environmental conditions during sporulation in mycological studies. The physiological state of fungal conidia should be taken into account to design challenge tests or predictive mycology studies. This knowledge may also be of interest to improve the germination capacity of fungal cultures commonly used in fermented foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Nguyen Van Long
- Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, IBSAM, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Valérie Vasseur
- Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, IBSAM, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Louis Coroller
- Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, IBSAM, UMT Spore Risk, IUT Quimper, 6 rue de l'Université, 29334 Quimper, France
| | - Philippe Dantigny
- Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, IBSAM, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Sophie Le Panse
- Plateforme Merimage, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CNRS-UPMC, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff, Cedex, France
| | - Amélie Weill
- Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, IBSAM, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Jérôme Mounier
- Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, IBSAM, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Karim Rigalma
- Université de Brest, EA 3882, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, IBSAM, ESIAB, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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Poudel R, Jumpponen A, Schlatter DC, Paulitz TC, Gardener BBM, Kinkel LL, Garrett KA. Microbiome Networks: A Systems Framework for Identifying Candidate Microbial Assemblages for Disease Management. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:1083-1096. [PMID: 27482625 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-16-0058-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Network models of soil and plant microbiomes provide new opportunities for enhancing disease management, but also challenges for interpretation. We present a framework for interpreting microbiome networks, illustrating how observed network structures can be used to generate testable hypotheses about candidate microbes affecting plant health. The framework includes four types of network analyses. "General network analysis" identifies candidate taxa for maintaining an existing microbial community. "Host-focused analysis" includes a node representing a plant response such as yield, identifying taxa with direct or indirect associations with that node. "Pathogen-focused analysis" identifies taxa with direct or indirect associations with taxa known a priori as pathogens. "Disease-focused analysis" identifies taxa associated with disease. Positive direct or indirect associations with desirable outcomes, or negative associations with undesirable outcomes, indicate candidate taxa. Network analysis provides characterization not only of taxa with direct associations with important outcomes such as disease suppression, biofertilization, or expression of plant host resistance, but also taxa with indirect associations via their association with other key taxa. We illustrate the interpretation of network structure with analyses of microbiomes in the oak phyllosphere, and in wheat rhizosphere and bulk soil associated with the presence or absence of infection by Rhizoctonia solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Poudel
- First and seventh authors: Plant Pathology Department, Institute for Sustainable Food Systems, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0680; second author: Division of Biology and Ecological Genomics Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; third and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University-OARDC, Wooster 44691; and sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - A Jumpponen
- First and seventh authors: Plant Pathology Department, Institute for Sustainable Food Systems, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0680; second author: Division of Biology and Ecological Genomics Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; third and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University-OARDC, Wooster 44691; and sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - D C Schlatter
- First and seventh authors: Plant Pathology Department, Institute for Sustainable Food Systems, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0680; second author: Division of Biology and Ecological Genomics Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; third and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University-OARDC, Wooster 44691; and sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - T C Paulitz
- First and seventh authors: Plant Pathology Department, Institute for Sustainable Food Systems, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0680; second author: Division of Biology and Ecological Genomics Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; third and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University-OARDC, Wooster 44691; and sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - B B McSpadden Gardener
- First and seventh authors: Plant Pathology Department, Institute for Sustainable Food Systems, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0680; second author: Division of Biology and Ecological Genomics Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; third and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University-OARDC, Wooster 44691; and sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - L L Kinkel
- First and seventh authors: Plant Pathology Department, Institute for Sustainable Food Systems, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0680; second author: Division of Biology and Ecological Genomics Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; third and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University-OARDC, Wooster 44691; and sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - K A Garrett
- First and seventh authors: Plant Pathology Department, Institute for Sustainable Food Systems, and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0680; second author: Division of Biology and Ecological Genomics Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506; third and fourth authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164; fifth author: Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University-OARDC, Wooster 44691; and sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
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Patel TK, Williamson JD. Mannitol in Plants, Fungi, and Plant-Fungal Interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:486-497. [PMID: 26850794 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although the presence of mannitol in organisms as diverse as plants and fungi clearly suggests that this compound has important roles, our understanding of fungal mannitol metabolism and its interaction with mannitol metabolism in plants is far from complete. Despite recent inroads into understanding the importance of mannitol and its metabolic roles in salt, osmotic, and oxidative stress tolerance in plants and fungi, our current understanding of exactly how mannitol protects against reactive oxygen is also still incomplete. In this opinion, we propose a new model of the interface between mannitol metabolism in plants and fungi and how it impacts plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takshay K Patel
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - John D Williamson
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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37
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Wyatt TT, Wösten HAB, Dijksterhuis J. Fungal spores for dispersion in space and time. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 85:43-91. [PMID: 23942148 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407672-3.00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spores are an integral part of the life cycle of the gross majority of fungi. Their morphology and the mode of formation are both highly variable among the fungi, as is their resistance to stressors. The main aim for spores is to be dispersed, both in space, by various mechanisms or in time, by an extended period of dormancy. Some fungal ascospores belong to the most stress-resistant eukaryotic cells described to date. Stabilization is a process in which biomolecules and complexes thereof are protected by different types of molecules against heat, drought, or other molecules. This review discusses the most important compounds that are known to protect fungal spores and also addresses the biophysics of cell protection. It further covers the phenomena of dormancy, breaking of dormancy, and early germination. Germination is the transition from a dormant cell toward a vegetative cell and includes a number of specific changes. Finally, the applied aspects of spore biology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timon T Wyatt
- Department of Applied and Industrial Mycology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Agler MT, Ruhe J, Kroll S, Morhenn C, Kim ST, Weigel D, Kemen EM. Microbial Hub Taxa Link Host and Abiotic Factors to Plant Microbiome Variation. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002352. [PMID: 26788878 PMCID: PMC4720289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 619] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-associated microorganisms have been shown to critically affect host physiology and performance, suggesting that evolution and ecology of plants and animals can only be understood in a holobiont (host and its associated organisms) context. Host-associated microbial community structures are affected by abiotic and host factors, and increased attention is given to the role of the microbiome in interactions such as pathogen inhibition. However, little is known about how these factors act on the microbial community, and especially what role microbe–microbe interaction dynamics play. We have begun to address this knowledge gap for phyllosphere microbiomes of plants by simultaneously studying three major groups of Arabidopsis thaliana symbionts (bacteria, fungi and oomycetes) using a systems biology approach. We evaluated multiple potential factors of microbial community control: we sampled various wild A. thaliana populations at different times, performed field plantings with different host genotypes, and implemented successive host colonization experiments under lab conditions where abiotic factors, host genotype, and pathogen colonization was manipulated. Our results indicate that both abiotic factors and host genotype interact to affect plant colonization by all three groups of microbes. Considering microbe–microbe interactions, however, uncovered a network of interkingdom interactions with significant contributions to community structure. As in other scale-free networks, a small number of taxa, which we call microbial “hubs,” are strongly interconnected and have a severe effect on communities. By documenting these microbe–microbe interactions, we uncover an important mechanism explaining how abiotic factors and host genotypic signatures control microbial communities. In short, they act directly on “hub” microbes, which, via microbe–microbe interactions, transmit the effects to the microbial community. We analyzed two “hub” microbes (the obligate biotrophic oomycete pathogen Albugo and the basidiomycete yeast fungus Dioszegia) more closely. Albugo had strong effects on epiphytic and endophytic bacterial colonization. Specifically, alpha diversity decreased and beta diversity stabilized in the presence of Albugo infection, whereas they otherwise varied between plants. Dioszegia, on the other hand, provided evidence for direct hub interaction with phyllosphere bacteria. The identification of microbial “hubs” and their importance in phyllosphere microbiome structuring has crucial implications for plant–pathogen and microbe–microbe research and opens new entry points for ecosystem management and future targeted biocontrol. The revelation that effects can cascade through communities via “hub” microbes is important to understand community structure perturbations in parallel fields including human microbiomes and bioprocesses. In particular, parallels to human microbiome “keystone” pathogens and microbes open new avenues of interdisciplinary research that promise to better our understanding of functions of host-associated microbiomes. Microbial interactions between kingdoms are responsible for significant microbiome variation on the surface of plants. Highly connected microbes are most important, amplifying abiotic and host factors to cause large perturbations in the structure of microbial communities. Under natural conditions, plant growth and behavior strongly depend on associated microbial communities called the microbiome. Much research has been performed to evaluate how the environment and plant genes help to determine the structure of the microbiome. Here, we show that interactions between microorganisms on plants can be responsible for large portions of observed microbial community structures on leaves. Importantly, particular microbes, termed “hub microbes” due to their central position in a microbial network, are disproportionally important in shaping microbial communities on plant hosts. We discovered fungal and oomycete hub microbes that act by suppressing the growth and diversity of other microbes—even across kingdoms—and several candidate bacterial hubs, which largely positively control the abundance of other bacteria. We also showed that factors impacting the microbial community—such as plant genotype—are strongest if they affect colonization of a hub microbe because the hub in turn affects colonization by many other microbes. Our results further suggest that hub microbes interact directly or via the microbial community. Hub microbes are thus promising targets for better understanding the effects of host genomic engineering and for future work in controlling disease-associated and beneficial host-associated microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Agler
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jonas Ruhe
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Samuel Kroll
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Sang-Tae Kim
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eric M. Kemen
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Liu H, Zhao X, Guo M, Liu H, Zheng Z. Growth and metabolism of Beauveria bassiana spores and mycelia. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:267. [PMID: 26581712 PMCID: PMC4652391 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0592-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fungi are ubiquitous in nature and have evolved over time to colonize a wide range of ecosystems including pest control. To date, most research has focused on the hypocrealean genera Beauveria bassiana, which is a typical filamentous fungus with a high potential for insect control. The morphology and components of fungi are important during the spores germination and outgrow to mycelia. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no report on the morphology and components of B. bassiana spores and mycelia. In the work, the growth and metabolism of Beauveria bassiana spores and mycelia were studied. High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was employed to study the metabolism of B. bassiana spores and mycelia. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on HPLC-MS was conducted to study the different components of the spores and mycelia of the fungus. Metabolic network was established based on HPLC-MS and KEGG database. Results Through Gompertz model based on macroscopic and microscopic techniques, spore elongation length was found to increase exponentially until approximately 23.1 h after cultivation, and then growth became linear. In the metabolic network, the decrease of glyoxylate, pyruvate, fumarate, alanine, succinate, oxaloacetate, dihydrothymine, ribulose, acetylcarnitine, fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate, mycosporin glutamicol, and the increase of betaine, carnitine, ergothioneine, sphingosine, dimethyl guanosine, glycerophospholipids, and in spores indicated that the change of the metabolin can keep spores in inactive conditions, protect spores against harmful effects and survive longer. Conclusions Analysis of the metabolic pathway in which these components participate can reveal the metabolic difference between spores and mycelia, which provide the tools for understand and control the process of of spores germination and outgrow to mycelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Liu
- Jujube Scientific Research and Applied Center, Life Science College, Luoyang Normal University, 471000, Luoyang, P. R. China.
| | - Xusheng Zhao
- Jujube Scientific Research and Applied Center, Life Science College, Luoyang Normal University, 471000, Luoyang, P. R. China.
| | - Mingxin Guo
- Jujube Scientific Research and Applied Center, Life Science College, Luoyang Normal University, 471000, Luoyang, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, P. R. China.
| | - Zhiming Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, P. R. China.
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Liu H, Zhao X, Guo M, Liu H, Zheng Z. Growth and metabolism of Beauveria bassiana spores and mycelia. BMC Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26581712 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0592-594?] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungi are ubiquitous in nature and have evolved over time to colonize a wide range of ecosystems including pest control. To date, most research has focused on the hypocrealean genera Beauveria bassiana, which is a typical filamentous fungus with a high potential for insect control. The morphology and components of fungi are important during the spores germination and outgrow to mycelia. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no report on the morphology and components of B. bassiana spores and mycelia. In the work, the growth and metabolism of Beauveria bassiana spores and mycelia were studied. High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was employed to study the metabolism of B. bassiana spores and mycelia. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on HPLC-MS was conducted to study the different components of the spores and mycelia of the fungus. Metabolic network was established based on HPLC-MS and KEGG database. RESULTS Through Gompertz model based on macroscopic and microscopic techniques, spore elongation length was found to increase exponentially until approximately 23.1 h after cultivation, and then growth became linear. In the metabolic network, the decrease of glyoxylate, pyruvate, fumarate, alanine, succinate, oxaloacetate, dihydrothymine, ribulose, acetylcarnitine, fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate, mycosporin glutamicol, and the increase of betaine, carnitine, ergothioneine, sphingosine, dimethyl guanosine, glycerophospholipids, and in spores indicated that the change of the metabolin can keep spores in inactive conditions, protect spores against harmful effects and survive longer. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of the metabolic pathway in which these components participate can reveal the metabolic difference between spores and mycelia, which provide the tools for understand and control the process of of spores germination and outgrow to mycelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Liu
- Jujube Scientific Research and Applied Center, Life Science College, Luoyang Normal University, 471000, Luoyang, P. R. China.
| | - Xusheng Zhao
- Jujube Scientific Research and Applied Center, Life Science College, Luoyang Normal University, 471000, Luoyang, P. R. China.
| | - Mingxin Guo
- Jujube Scientific Research and Applied Center, Life Science College, Luoyang Normal University, 471000, Luoyang, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, P. R. China.
| | - Zhiming Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, P. R. China.
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Camañes G, Scalschi L, Vicedo B, González-Bosch C, García-Agustín P. An untargeted global metabolomic analysis reveals the biochemical changes underlying basal resistance and priming in Solanum lycopersicum, and identifies 1-methyltryptophan as a metabolite involved in plant responses to Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:125-39. [PMID: 26270176 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have used untargeted global metabolomic analysis to determine and compare the chemical nature of the metabolites altered during the infection of tomato plants (cv. Ailsa Craig) with Botrytis cinerea (Bot) or Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst), pathogens that have different invasion mechanisms and lifestyles. We also obtained the metabolome of tomato plants primed using the natural resistance inducer hexanoic acid and then infected with these pathogens. By contrasting the metabolomic profiles of infected, primed, and primed + infected plants, we determined not only the processes or components related directly to plant defense responses, but also inferred the metabolic mechanisms by which pathogen resistance is primed. The data show that basal resistance and hexanoic acid-induced resistance to Bot and Pst are associated with a marked metabolic reprogramming. This includes significant changes in amino acids, sugars and free fatty acids, and in primary and secondary metabolism. Comparison of the metabolic profiles of the infections indicated clear differences, reflecting the fact that the plant's chemical responses are highly adapted to specific attackers. The data also indicate involvement of signaling molecules, including pipecolic and azelaic acids, in response to Pst and, interestingly, to Bot. The compound 1-methyltryptophan was shown to be associated with the tomato-Pst and tomato-Bot interactions as well as with hexanoic acid-induced resistance. Root application of this Trp-derived metabolite also demonstrated its ability to protect tomato plants against both pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Camañes
- Grup de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Àrea de Fisiologa Vegetal, Departament de Ciències Agràries y del Medi Natural, Escola Superior de Tecnología i Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- Grup de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Àrea de Fisiologa Vegetal, Departament de Ciències Agràries y del Medi Natural, Escola Superior de Tecnología i Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Begonya Vicedo
- Grup de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Àrea de Fisiologa Vegetal, Departament de Ciències Agràries y del Medi Natural, Escola Superior de Tecnología i Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Bosch
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de València, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Agustín
- Grup de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Àrea de Fisiologa Vegetal, Departament de Ciències Agràries y del Medi Natural, Escola Superior de Tecnología i Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
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Meena M, Prasad V, Zehra A, Gupta VK, Upadhyay RS. Mannitol metabolism during pathogenic fungal-host interactions under stressed conditions. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1019. [PMID: 26441941 PMCID: PMC4585237 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous plants and fungi produce mannitol, which may serve as an osmolyte or metabolic store; furthermore, mannitol also acts as a powerful quencher of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Some phytopathogenic fungi use mannitol to stifle ROS-mediated plant resistance. Mannitol is essential in pathogenesis to balance cell reinforcements produced by both plants and animals. Mannitol likewise serves as a source of reducing power, managing coenzymes, and controlling cytoplasmic pH by going about as a sink or hotspot for protons. The metabolic pathways for mannitol biosynthesis and catabolism have been characterized in filamentous fungi by direct diminishment of fructose-6-phosphate into mannitol-1-phosphate including a mannitol-1-phosphate phosphatase catalyst. In plants mannitol is integrated from mannose-6-phosphate to mannitol-1-phosphate, which then dephosphorylates to mannitol. The enzyme mannitol dehydrogenase plays a key role in host–pathogen interactions and must be co-localized with pathogen-secreted mannitol to resist the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Meena
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
| | - Vishal Prasad
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
| | - Andleeb Zehra
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
| | - Vijai K Gupta
- Molecular Glycobiotechnology Group, Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway Galway, Ireland
| | - Ram S Upadhyay
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India
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Zhou Y, Schideman L, Park D, Stirbet A, Govindjee, Rupassara S, Krehbiel J, Seufferheld M. Characterization of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant strain with improved biomass production under low light and mixotrophic conditions. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Liu Y, Rainey PB, Zhang XX. Molecular mechanisms of xylose utilization by Pseudomonas fluorescens: overlapping genetic responses to xylose, xylulose, ribose and mannitol. Mol Microbiol 2015; 98:553-70. [PMID: 26194109 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial degradation of xylose is sequentially mediated by two enzymes - an isomerase (XutA) and a xylulokinase (XutB) - with xylulose as an intermediate. Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25, though capable of growth on xylose as a sole carbon source, encodes only one degradative enzyme XutA at the xylose utilization (xut) locus. Here, using site-directed mutagenesis and transcriptional assays, we have identified two functional xylulokinase-encoding genes (xutB1 and xutB2) and further show that expression of xutB1 is specifically induced by xylose. Surprisingly, xylose-induced xutB1 expression is mediated by the mannitol-responsive regulator MtlR, using xylulose rather than xylose as the direct inducer. In contrast, expression of the xutA operon is regulated by XutR - a transcriptional activator of the AraC family - in a xylose-, xylulose- and ribose-dependent manner. Detailed genetic and biochemical analyses of XutR, including DNase I footprinting assays, suggest an unconventional model of XutR regulation that does not involve DNA-looping, a mechanism typically found for AraC-type regulators from enteric bacteria. XutR functions as a dimer and recognizes two inverted repeat sequences, but binding to one half site is weak thus requiring an inducer molecule such as xylose for activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Liu
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, 0745, New Zealand.,NZ Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University, Auckland, 0745, New Zealand
| | - Paul B Rainey
- NZ Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University, Auckland, 0745, New Zealand.,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, 24306, Germany
| | - Xue-Xian Zhang
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, 0745, New Zealand
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Patyshakuliyeva A, Post H, Zhou M, Jurak E, Heck AJR, Hildén KS, Kabel MA, Mäkelä MR, Altelaar MAF, de Vries RP. Uncovering the abilities ofAgaricus bisporusto degrade plant biomass throughout its life cycle. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:3098-109. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandrina Patyshakuliyeva
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre & Fungal Molecular Physiology; Utrecht University; Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Harm Post
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre; Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre & Fungal Molecular Physiology; Utrecht University; Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Edita Jurak
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry; Wageningen University; Bornse Weilanden 9 6708 WG Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre; Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Kristiina S. Hildén
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences; University of Helsinki; P. O. Box 56 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry; Wageningen University; Bornse Weilanden 9 6708 WG Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Miia R. Mäkelä
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences; University of Helsinki; P. O. Box 56 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Maarten A. F. Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre; Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre & Fungal Molecular Physiology; Utrecht University; Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
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Ortiz ME, Raya RR, Mozzi F. Efficient mannitol production by wild-type Lactobacillus reuteri CRL 1101 is attained at constant pH using a simplified culture medium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8717-29. [PMID: 26084891 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mannitol is a natural polyol with multiple industrial applications. In this work, mannitol production by Lactobacillus reuteri CRL 1101 was studied at free- and controlled-pH (6.0-4.8) fermentations using a simplified culture medium containing yeast and beef extracts and sugarcane molasses. The activity of mannitol 2-dehydrogenase (MDH), the enzyme responsible for mannitol synthesis, was determined. The effect of the initial biomass concentration was further studied. Mannitol production (41.5 ± 1.1 g/l), volumetric productivity (Q Mtl 1.73 ± 0.05 g/l h), and yield (Y Mtl 105 ± 11 %) were maximum at pH 5.0 after 24 h while the highest MDH activity (1.66 ± 0.09 U/mg protein) was obtained at pH 6.0. No correlation between mannitol production and MDH activity was observed when varying the culture pH. The increase (up to 2000-fold) in the initial biomass concentration did not improve mannitol formation after 24 h although a 2-fold higher amount was produced at 8 h using 1 or 2 g cell dry weight/l comparing to the control (0.001 g cell dry weight/l). Finally, mannitol isolation under optimum fermentation conditions was achieved. The mannitol production obtained in this study is the highest reported so far by a wild-type L. reuteri strain and, more interestingly, using a simplified culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Ortiz
- Departamento de Tecnología y Desarrollo, Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, Chacabuco 145, 4000, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Raúl R Raya
- Departamento de Tecnología y Desarrollo, Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, Chacabuco 145, 4000, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Mozzi
- Departamento de Tecnología y Desarrollo, Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, Chacabuco 145, 4000, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
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Kemen AC, Agler MT, Kemen E. Host-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions in the evolution of obligate plant parasitism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:1207-28. [PMID: 25622918 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Research on obligate biotrophic plant parasites, which reproduce only on living hosts, has revealed a broad diversity of filamentous microbes that have independently acquired complex morphological structures, such as haustoria. Genome studies have also demonstrated a concerted loss of genes for metabolism and lytic enzymes, and gain of diversity of genes coding for effectors involved in host defense suppression. So far, these traits converge in all known obligate biotrophic parasites, but unexpected genome plasticity remains. This plasticity is manifested as transposable element (TE)-driven increases in genome size, observed to be associated with the diversification of virulence genes under selection pressure. Genome expansion could result from the governing of the pathogen response to ecological selection pressures, such as host or nutrient availability, or to microbial interactions, such as competition, hyperparasitism and beneficial cooperations. Expansion is balanced by alternating sexual and asexual cycles, as well as selfing and outcrossing, which operate to control transposon activity in populations. In turn, the prevalence of these balancing mechanisms seems to be correlated with external biotic factors, suggesting a complex, interconnected evolutionary network in host-pathogen-microbe interactions. Therefore, the next phase of obligate biotrophic pathogen research will need to uncover how this network, including multitrophic interactions, shapes the evolution and diversity of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane C Kemen
- Max Planck Research Group Fungal Biodiversity, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthew T Agler
- Max Planck Research Group Fungal Biodiversity, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eric Kemen
- Max Planck Research Group Fungal Biodiversity, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829, Cologne, Germany
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Mahdavi V, Farimani MM, Fathi F, Ghassempour A. A targeted metabolomics approach toward understanding metabolic variations in rice under pesticide stress. Anal Biochem 2015; 478:65-72. [PMID: 25766578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Diazinon insecticide is widely applied throughout rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields in Iran. However, concerns are now being raised about its potential adverse impacts on rice fields. In this study, a time-course metabolic change in rice plants was investigated after diazinon treatment using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and subsequently the statistical strategy of random forest (RF) was performed in order to find the stress-associated effects. According to the results, a wide range of metabolites were dynamically varied as a result of the plant response to diazinon such as biosynthesis and metabolism of sugars, amino acids, organic acids, and phenylpropanoids, all correlating with the exposure time. Plant response was involved in multiple metabolic pathways, most of which were correlated with the exposure time. In this study, RF was explored as a potential multivariate method for GC-MS analysis of metabolomics data of rice (O. sativa L.) plants under diazinon stress; more than 31 metabolites were quantitatively determined, and time-course metabolic response of the plant during different days after treatment was measured. Results demonstrated RF as a potential multivariate method for GC-MS analysis of changes in plant metabolome under insecticide stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahideh Mahdavi
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Moridi Farimani
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Fathi
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ghassempour
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
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Childers R, Danies G, Myers K, Fei Z, Small IM, Fry WE. Acquired Resistance to Mefenoxam in Sensitive Isolates of Phytophthora infestans. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:342-9. [PMID: 25226526 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-14-0148-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The systemic fungicide mefenoxam has been important in the control of late blight disease caused by Phytophthora infestans. This phenylamide fungicide has a negative effect on the synthesis of ribosomal RNA; however, the genetic basis for inherited field resistance is still not completely clear. We recently observed that a sensitive isolate became tolerant after a single passage on mefenoxam-containing medium. Further analyses revealed that all sensitive isolates tested (in three diverse genotypes) acquired this resistance equally quickly. In contrast, isolates that were "resistant" to mefenoxam in the initial assessment (stably resistant) did not increase in resistance upon further exposure. However, there appeared to be a cost associated with acquired resistance in the initially sensitive isolates, in that isolates with acquired resistance grew more slowly on mefenoxam-free medium than did the same isolates that had never been exposed to mefenoxam. The acquired resistance of the sensitive isolates declined slightly with subsequent culturing on medium free of mefenoxam. To investigate the mechanism of acquired resistance, we employed strand-specific RNA sequencing. Many differentially expressed genes were genotype specific, but one set of genes was differentially expressed in all genotypes. Among these were several genes (a phospholipase "Pi-PLD-like-3," two ATP-binding cassette superfamily [ABC] transporters, and a mannitol dehydrogenase) that were up-regulated and whose function might contribute to a resistance phenotype.
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Rampitsch C, Günel A, Beimcik E, Mauthe W. Proteome of monoclonal antibody-purified haustoria fromPuccinia triticinaRace-1. Proteomics 2015; 15:1307-15. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christof Rampitsch
- Agriculture and Agrifood Canada; Cereal Research Centre; Morden MB Canada
| | - Aslıhan Günel
- Department of Chemistry; Ahi Evran University; Kırşehir Turkey
| | - Eva Beimcik
- Agriculture and Agrifood Canada; Cereal Research Centre; Morden MB Canada
| | - Wayne Mauthe
- Agriculture and Agrifood Canada; Cereal Research Centre; Morden MB Canada
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