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Xu S, Song S, Dong X, Wang X, Wu J, Ren Z, Wu X, Lu J, Yuan H, Wu X, Li X, Wang Z. GmbZIP1 negatively regulates ABA-induced inhibition of nodulation by targeting GmENOD40-1 in soybean. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:35. [PMID: 33421994 PMCID: PMC7796624 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02810-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abscisic acid (ABA) plays an important role in plant growth and adaptation through the ABA signaling pathway. The ABA-responsive element binding (AREB/ABF) family transcriptional factors are central regulators that integrate ABA signaling with various signaling pathways. It has long been known that ABA inhibits rhizobial infection and nodule formation in legumes, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. RESULTS Here, we show that nodulation is very sensitive to ABA and exogenous ABA dramatically inhibits rhizobial infection and nodule formation in soybean. In addition, we proved that GmbZIP1, an AREB/ABF transcription factor, is a major regulator in both nodulation and plant response to ABA in soybean. GmbZIP1 was specifically expressed during nodule formation and development. Overexpression of GmbZIP1 resulted in reduced rhizobial infection and decreased nodule number. Furthermore, GmbZIP1 is responsive to ABA, and ectopic overexpression of GmbZIP1 increased sensitivity of Arabidopsis plants to ABA during seed germination and postgerminative growth, and conferred enhanced drought tolerance of plants. Remarkably, we found that GmbZIP1 directly binds to the promoter of GmENOD40-1, a marker gene for nodule formation, to repress its expression. CONCLUSION Our results identified GmbZIP1 as a node regulator that integrates ABA signaling with nodulation signaling to negatively regulate nodule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Song
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Ziyin Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xuesong Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Huifang Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xinying Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xia Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Zhijuan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P.R. China.
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2
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Su C, Klein ML, Hernández-Reyes C, Batzenschlager M, Ditengou FA, Lace B, Keller J, Delaux PM, Ott T. The Medicago truncatula DREPP Protein Triggers Microtubule Fragmentation in Membrane Nanodomains during Symbiotic Infections. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:1689-1702. [PMID: 32102845 PMCID: PMC7203945 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The initiation of intracellular host cell colonization by symbiotic rhizobia in Medicago truncatula requires repolarization of root hairs, including the rearrangement of cytoskeletal filaments. The molecular players governing microtubule (MT) reorganization during rhizobial infections remain to be discovered. Here, we identified M. truncatula DEVELOPMENTALLY REGULATED PLASMA MEMBRANE POLYPEPTIDE (DREPP), a member of the MT binding DREPP/PCaP protein family, and investigated its functions during rhizobial infections. We show that rhizobial colonization of drepp mutant roots as well as transgenic roots overexpressing DREPP is impaired. DREPP relocalizes into symbiosis-specific membrane nanodomains in a stimulus-dependent manner. This subcellular segregation coincides with DREPP-dependent MT fragmentation and a partial loss of the ability to reorganize the MT cytoskeleton in response to rhizobia, which might rely on an interaction between DREPP and the MT-organizing protein SPIRAL2. Taken together, our results reveal that establishment of symbiotic associations in M. truncatula requires DREPP in order to regulate MT reorganization during initial root hair responses to rhizobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Su
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marie-Luise Klein
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Casandra Hernández-Reyes
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Beatrice Lace
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jean Keller
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universit Paul Sabatier, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Pierre-Marc Delaux
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universit Paul Sabatier, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Thomas Ott
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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3
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Han G, Cheng C, Zheng Y, Wang X, Xu Y, Wang W, Zhu S, Cheng B. Identification of Long Non-Coding RNAs and the Regulatory Network Responsive to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Colonization in Maize Roots. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4491. [PMID: 31514333 PMCID: PMC6769569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as vital regulators of many biological processes in animals and plants. However, to our knowledge no investigations on plant lncRNAs which respond to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have been reported thus far. In this study, maize roots colonized with AM fungus were analyzed by strand-specific RNA-Seq to identify AM fungi-responsive lncRNAs and construct an associated regulatory network. A total of 1837 differentially expressed protein coding genes (DEGs) were identified from maize roots with Rhizophagus irregularis inoculation. Many AM fungi-responsive genes were homologs to MtPt4, STR, STR2, MtFatM, and enriched pathways such as fatty acid biosynthesis, response to phosphate starvation, and nitrogen metabolism are consistent with previous studies. In total, 5941 lncRNAs were identified, of which more than 3000 were new. Of those, 63 lncRNAs were differentially expressed. The putative target genes of differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) were mainly related to phosphate ion transmembrane transport, cellular response to potassium ion starvation, and lipid catabolic processes. Regulatory network analysis showed that DELs might be involved in the regulation of bidirectional nutrient exchange between plant and AM fungi as mimicry of microRNA targets. The results of this study can broaden our knowledge on the interaction between plant and AM fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomin Han
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Chen Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Yanmei Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Yunjian Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Suwen Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Beijiu Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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4
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Jiang Y, Xie Q, Wang W, Yang J, Zhang X, Yu N, Zhou Y, Wang E. Medicago AP2-Domain Transcription Factor WRI5a Is a Master Regulator of Lipid Biosynthesis and Transfer during Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:1344-1359. [PMID: 30292683 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Most land plants have evolved a mutualistic symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi that improve nutrient acquisition from the soil. In return, up to 20% of host plant photosynthate is transferred to the mycorrhizal fungus in the form of lipids and sugar. Nutrient exchange must be regulated by both partners in order to maintain a reliable symbiotic relationship. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of lipid transfer from the plant to the AM fungus remain elusive. Here, we show that the Medicago truncatula AP2/EREBP transcription factor WRI5a, and likely its two homologs WRI5b/Erf1 and WRI5c, are master regulators of AM symbiosis controlling lipid transfer and periarbuscular membrane formation. We found that WRI5a binds AW-box cis-regulatory elements in the promoters of M. truncatula STR, which encodes a periarbuscular membrane-localized ABC transporter required for lipid transfer from the plant to the AM fungus, and MtPT4, which encodes a phosphate transporter required for phosphate transfer from the AM fungus to the plant. The hairy roots of the M. truncatula wri5a mutant and RNAi composite plants displayed impaired arbuscule formation, whereas overexpression of WRI5a resulted in enhanced expression of STR and MtPT4, suggesting that WRI5a regulates bidirectional symbiotic nutrient exchange. Moreover, we found that WRI5a and RAM1 (Required for Arbuscular Mycorrhization symbiosis 1), which encodes a GRAS-domain transcription factor, regulate each other at the transcriptional level, forming a positive feedback loop for regulating AM symbiosis. Collectively, our data suggest a role for WRI5a in controlling bidirectional nutrient exchange and periarbuscular membrane formation via the regulation of genes involved in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and phosphate uptake in arbuscule-containing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Qiujin Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Wanxiao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Nan Yu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology, Henan Province; Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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5
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Isidra-Arellano MC, Reyero-Saavedra MDR, Sánchez-Correa MDS, Pingault L, Sen S, Joshi T, Girard L, Castro-Guerrero NA, Mendoza-Cozatl DG, Libault M, Valdés-López O. Phosphate Deficiency Negatively Affects Early Steps of the Symbiosis between Common Bean and Rhizobia. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E498. [PMID: 30326664 PMCID: PMC6210973 DOI: 10.3390/genes9100498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphate (Pi) deficiency reduces nodule formation and development in different legume species including common bean. Despite significant progress in the understanding of the genetic responses underlying the adaptation of nodules to Pi deficiency, it is still unclear whether this nutritional deficiency interferes with the molecular dialogue between legumes and rhizobia. If so, what part of the molecular dialogue is impaired? In this study, we provide evidence demonstrating that Pi deficiency negatively affects critical early molecular and physiological responses that are required for a successful symbiosis between common bean and rhizobia. We demonstrated that the infection thread formation and the expression of PvNSP2, PvNIN, and PvFLOT2, which are genes controlling the nodulation process were significantly reduced in Pi-deficient common bean seedlings. In addition, whole-genome transcriptional analysis revealed that the expression of hormones-related genes is compromised in Pi-deficient seedlings inoculated with rhizobia. Moreover, we showed that regardless of the presence or absence of rhizobia, the expression of PvRIC1 and PvRIC2, two genes participating in the autoregulation of nodule numbers, was higher in Pi-deficient seedlings compared to control seedlings. The data presented in this study provides a mechanistic model to better understand how Pi deficiency impacts the early steps of the symbiosis between common bean and rhizobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel C Isidra-Arellano
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de Mexico, Mexico.
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Coyoacan 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
| | - María Del Rocio Reyero-Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de Mexico, Mexico.
| | - Maria Del Socorro Sánchez-Correa
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de Mexico, Mexico.
| | - Lise Pingault
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA.
| | - Sidharth Sen
- Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
- Department of Health Management and Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Lourdes Girard
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas y Biología Sintética, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Norma A Castro-Guerrero
- Division of Plant Sciences, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - David G Mendoza-Cozatl
- Division of Plant Sciences, C. S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Marc Libault
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA.
| | - Oswaldo Valdés-López
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de Mexico, Mexico.
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6
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Fliegmann J, Bono JJ. Lipo-chitooligosaccharidic nodulation factors and their perception by plant receptors. Glycoconj J 2015; 32:455-64. [PMID: 26233756 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9609-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Lipo-chitooligosaccharides produced by nitrogen-fixing rhizobia are signaling molecules involved in the establishment of an important agronomical and ecological symbiosis with plants. These compounds, known as Nod factors, are biologically active on plant roots at very low concentrations indicating that they are perceived by specific receptors. This article summarizes the main strategies developed for the syntheses of bioactive Nod factors and their derivatives in order to better understand their mode of perception. Different Nod factor receptors and LCO-binding proteins identified by genetic or biochemical approaches are also presented, indicating perception mechanisms that seem to be more complicated than expected, probably involving multi-component receptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Fliegmann
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.,CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Bono
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France. .,CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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7
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Gough C, Jacquet C. Nod factor perception protein carries weight in biotic interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:566-74. [PMID: 23850222 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant plasma membrane-bound receptors with extracellular lysin motif (LysM) domains participate in interactions with microorganisms. In Medicago truncatula, the LysM receptor-like kinase gene nodulation (Nod) factor perception (NFP) is a key gene that controls the perception of rhizobial lipochitooligosaccharide (LCO) Nod factors for the establishment of the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. In this article, we review recent data that have refined our understanding of this function and that have revealed a role for NFP in the perception of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiotic signals and plant pathogenic microorganisms. The dual role of NFP in symbiosis and immunity suggests that this receptor protein controls the perception of different signals and the activation of different downstream signalling pathways. These advances provide new insights into the evolution and functioning of this versatile plant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Gough
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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8
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Fliegmann J, Canova S, Lachaud C, Uhlenbroich S, Gasciolli V, Pichereaux C, Rossignol M, Rosenberg C, Cumener M, Pitorre D, Lefebvre B, Gough C, Samain E, Fort S, Driguez H, Vauzeilles B, Beau JM, Nurisso A, Imberty A, Cullimore J, Bono JJ. Lipo-chitooligosaccharidic symbiotic signals are recognized by LysM receptor-like kinase LYR3 in the legume Medicago truncatula. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1900-6. [PMID: 23808871 DOI: 10.1021/cb400369u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
While chitooligosaccharides (COs) derived from fungal chitin are potent elicitors of defense reactions, structurally related signals produced by certain bacteria and fungi, called lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs), play important roles in the establishment of symbioses with plants. Understanding how plants distinguish between friend and foe through the perception of these signals is a major challenge. We report the synthesis of a range of COs and LCOs, including photoactivatable probes, to characterize a membrane protein from the legume Medicago truncatula. By coupling photoaffinity labeling experiments with proteomics and transcriptomics, we identified the likely LCO-binding protein as LYR3, a lysin motif receptor-like kinase (LysM-RLK). LYR3, expressed heterologously, exhibits high-affinity binding to LCOs but not COs. Homology modeling, based on the Arabidopsis CO-binding LysM-RLK AtCERK1, suggests that LYR3 could accommodate the LCO in a conserved binding site. The identification of LYR3 opens up ways for the molecular characterization of LCO/CO discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Fliegmann
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441,
31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes
(LIPM), UMR2594,
31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sophie Canova
- Université Paris-Sud and CNRS, Laboratoire de Synthèse de
Biomolécules, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des
Matériaux d’Orsay, UMR 8182, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Christophe Lachaud
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441,
31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes
(LIPM), UMR2594,
31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sandra Uhlenbroich
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche
en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), BP 42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan,
France
- CNRS, UMR 5546, BP 42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Virginie Gasciolli
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441,
31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes
(LIPM), UMR2594,
31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | | | - Charles Rosenberg
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441,
31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes
(LIPM), UMR2594,
31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Marie Cumener
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441,
31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes
(LIPM), UMR2594,
31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Delphine Pitorre
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441,
31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes
(LIPM), UMR2594,
31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Benoit Lefebvre
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441,
31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes
(LIPM), UMR2594,
31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Clare Gough
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441,
31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes
(LIPM), UMR2594,
31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Eric Samain
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV,
UPR-CNRS 5301), affiliated with the Université Joseph Fourier
(UJF) and member of the Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble
(ICMG, FR-CNRS 2607), BP53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Sébastien Fort
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV,
UPR-CNRS 5301), affiliated with the Université Joseph Fourier
(UJF) and member of the Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble
(ICMG, FR-CNRS 2607), BP53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Hugues Driguez
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV,
UPR-CNRS 5301), affiliated with the Université Joseph Fourier
(UJF) and member of the Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble
(ICMG, FR-CNRS 2607), BP53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Boris Vauzeilles
- Université Paris-Sud and CNRS, Laboratoire de Synthèse de
Biomolécules, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des
Matériaux d’Orsay, UMR 8182, 91405 Orsay, France
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles
du CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Marie Beau
- Université Paris-Sud and CNRS, Laboratoire de Synthèse de
Biomolécules, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des
Matériaux d’Orsay, UMR 8182, 91405 Orsay, France
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles
du CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alessandra Nurisso
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNIGE, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne Imberty
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV,
UPR-CNRS 5301), affiliated with the Université Joseph Fourier
(UJF) and member of the Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble
(ICMG, FR-CNRS 2607), BP53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Julie Cullimore
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441,
31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes
(LIPM), UMR2594,
31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Bono
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441,
31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes
(LIPM), UMR2594,
31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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9
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Jung JKH, McCouch S. Getting to the roots of it: Genetic and hormonal control of root architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:186. [PMID: 23785372 PMCID: PMC3685011 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) - the spatial configuration of a root system - is an important developmental and agronomic trait, with implications for overall plant architecture, growth rate and yield, abiotic stress resistance, nutrient uptake, and developmental plasticity in response to environmental changes. Root architecture is modulated by intrinsic, hormone-mediated pathways, intersecting with pathways that perceive and respond to external, environmental signals. The recent development of several non-invasive 2D and 3D root imaging systems has enhanced our ability to accurately observe and quantify architectural traits on complex whole-root systems. Coupled with the powerful marker-based genotyping and sequencing platforms currently available, these root phenotyping technologies lend themselves to large-scale genome-wide association studies, and can speed the identification and characterization of the genes and pathways involved in root system development. This capability provides the foundation for examining the contribution of root architectural traits to the performance of crop varieties in diverse environments. This review focuses on our current understanding of the genes and pathways involved in determining RSA in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic (environmental) response pathways, and provides a brief overview of the latest root system phenotyping technologies and their potential impact on elucidating the genetic control of root development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan McCouch
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA
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10
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Jung JKH, McCouch S. Getting to the roots of it: Genetic and hormonal control of root architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013. [PMID: 23785372 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) - the spatial configuration of a root system - is an important developmental and agronomic trait, with implications for overall plant architecture, growth rate and yield, abiotic stress resistance, nutrient uptake, and developmental plasticity in response to environmental changes. Root architecture is modulated by intrinsic, hormone-mediated pathways, intersecting with pathways that perceive and respond to external, environmental signals. The recent development of several non-invasive 2D and 3D root imaging systems has enhanced our ability to accurately observe and quantify architectural traits on complex whole-root systems. Coupled with the powerful marker-based genotyping and sequencing platforms currently available, these root phenotyping technologies lend themselves to large-scale genome-wide association studies, and can speed the identification and characterization of the genes and pathways involved in root system development. This capability provides the foundation for examining the contribution of root architectural traits to the performance of crop varieties in diverse environments. This review focuses on our current understanding of the genes and pathways involved in determining RSA in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic (environmental) response pathways, and provides a brief overview of the latest root system phenotyping technologies and their potential impact on elucidating the genetic control of root development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle K H Jung
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
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11
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Jung JKH, McCouch S. Getting to the roots of it: Genetic and hormonal control of root architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013. [PMID: 23785372 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00186/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) - the spatial configuration of a root system - is an important developmental and agronomic trait, with implications for overall plant architecture, growth rate and yield, abiotic stress resistance, nutrient uptake, and developmental plasticity in response to environmental changes. Root architecture is modulated by intrinsic, hormone-mediated pathways, intersecting with pathways that perceive and respond to external, environmental signals. The recent development of several non-invasive 2D and 3D root imaging systems has enhanced our ability to accurately observe and quantify architectural traits on complex whole-root systems. Coupled with the powerful marker-based genotyping and sequencing platforms currently available, these root phenotyping technologies lend themselves to large-scale genome-wide association studies, and can speed the identification and characterization of the genes and pathways involved in root system development. This capability provides the foundation for examining the contribution of root architectural traits to the performance of crop varieties in diverse environments. This review focuses on our current understanding of the genes and pathways involved in determining RSA in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic (environmental) response pathways, and provides a brief overview of the latest root system phenotyping technologies and their potential impact on elucidating the genetic control of root development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle K H Jung
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
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12
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Gough C, Cullimore J. Lipo-chitooligosaccharide signaling in endosymbiotic plant-microbe interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:867-78. [PMID: 21469937 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-11-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and the rhizobia-legume (RL) root endosymbioses are established as a result of signal exchange in which there is mutual recognition of diffusible signals produced by plant and microbial partners. It was discovered 20 years ago that the key symbiotic signals produced by rhizobial bacteria are lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCO), called Nod factors. These LCO are perceived via lysin-motif (LysM) receptors and activate a signaling pathway called the common symbiotic pathway (CSP), which controls both the RL and the AM symbioses. Recent work has established that an AM fungus, Glomus intraradices, also produces LCO that activate the CSP, leading to induction of gene expression and root branching in Medicago truncatula. These Myc-LCO also stimulate mycorrhization in diverse plants. In addition, work on the nonlegume Parasponia andersonii has shown that a LysM receptor is required for both successful mycorrhization and nodulation. Together these studies show that structurally related signals and the LysM receptor family are key components of both nodulation and mycorrhization. LysM receptors are also involved in the perception of chitooligosaccharides (CO), which are derived from fungal cell walls and elicit defense responses and resistance to pathogens in diverse plants. The discovery of Myc-LCO and a LysM receptor required for the AM symbiosis, therefore, not only raises questions of how legume plants discriminate fungal and bacterial endosymbionts but also, more generally, of how plants discriminate endosymbionts from pathogenic microorganisms using structurally related LCO and CO signals and of how these perception mechanisms have evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Gough
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, UMR CNRS-INRA 2594-441, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France.
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13
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Fliegmann J, Uhlenbroich S, Shinya T, Martinez Y, Lefebvre B, Shibuya N, Bono JJ. Biochemical and phylogenetic analysis of CEBiP-like LysM domain-containing extracellular proteins in higher plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2011; 49:709-20. [PMID: 21527207 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The chitin elicitor-binding protein (CEBiP) from rice was the first plant lysin motif (LysM) protein for which the biological and biochemical function had been established. It belongs to a plant-specific family of extracellular LysM proteins (LYMs) for which we analyzed the phylogeny. LYMs are present in vascular plants only, where an early gene duplication event might have resulted in two types which were retained in present day genomes. LYMs consist of a signal peptide, three consecutive LysMs, separated by cysteine pairs, and a C-terminal region without any known signature, whose length allows the distinction between the two types, and which may be followed by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor motif. We analyzed a representative of each type, MtLYM1 and MtLYM2, from Medicago truncatula at the biochemical level and with respect to their expression patterns and observed some similarities but also marked differences. MtLYM1 and MtLYM2 proved to be very different with regard to abundance and apparent molecular mass on SDS-PAGE. Both undergo several post-translational modifications, including N-glycosylation and the addition of a GPI anchor, which would position the proteins at the outer face of the plasma membrane. Only MtLYM2, but not MtLYM1, showed specific binding to biotinylated N-acetylchitooctaose in a manner similar to CEBiP, which belongs to the same type. We postulate that LYM2-type proteins likely function in the perception of chitin-related molecules, whereas possible functions of LYM1-type proteins remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Fliegmann
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), BP 42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; CNRS, UMR 5546, BP 42617, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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14
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Rougé P, Nerinckx W, Gough C, Bono JJ, Barre A. Docking of Chitin Oligomers and Nod Factors on Lectin Domains of the LysM-RLK Receptors in the Medicago-Rhizobium Symbiosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 705:511-21. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7877-6_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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15
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Hamel LP, Beaudoin N. Chitooligosaccharide sensing and downstream signaling: contrasted outcomes in pathogenic and beneficial plant-microbe interactions. PLANTA 2010; 232:787-806. [PMID: 20635098 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In plants, short chitin oligosaccharides and chitosan fragments (collectively referred to as chitooligosaccharides) are well-known elicitors that trigger defense gene expression, synthesis of antimicrobial compounds, and cell wall strengthening. Recent findings have shed new light on chitin-sensing mechanisms and downstream activation of intracellular signaling networks that mediate plant defense responses. Interestingly, chitin receptors possess several lysin motif domains that are also found in several legume Nod factor receptors. Nod factors are chitin-related molecules produced by nitrogen-fixing rhizobia to induce root nodulation. The fact that chitin and Nod factor receptors share structural similarity suggests an evolutionary conserved relationship between mechanisms enabling recognition of both deleterious and beneficial microorganisms. Here, we will present an update on molecular events involved in chitooligosaccharide sensing and downstream signaling pathways in plants and will discuss how structurally related signals may lead to such contrasted outcomes during plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Philippe Hamel
- Faculté des Sciences, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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16
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The RPG gene of Medicago truncatula controls Rhizobium-directed polar growth during infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:9817-22. [PMID: 18621693 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0710273105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizobia can infect roots of host legume plants and induce new organs called nodules, in which they fix atmospheric nitrogen. Infection generally starts with root hair curling, then proceeds inside newly formed, intracellular tubular structures called infection threads. A successful symbiotic interaction relies on infection threads advancing rapidly at their tips by polar growth through successive cell layers of the root toward developing nodule primordia. To identify a plant component that controls this tip growth process, we characterized a symbiotic mutant of Medicago truncatula, called rpg for rhizobium-directed polar growth. In this mutant, nitrogen-fixing nodules were rarely formed due to abnormally thick and slowly progressing infection threads. Root hair curling was also abnormal, indicating that the RPG gene fulfils an essential function in the process whereby rhizobia manage to dominate the process of induced tip growth for root hair infection. Map-based cloning of RPG revealed a member of a previously unknown plant-specific gene family encoding putative long coiled-coil proteins we have called RRPs (RPG-related proteins) and characterized by an "RRP domain" specific to this family. RPG expression was strongly associated with rhizobial infection, and the RPG protein showed a nuclear localization, indicating that this symbiotic gene constitutes an important component of symbiotic signaling.
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17
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Investigation of the demographic and selective forces shaping the nucleotide diversity of genes involved in nod factor signaling in Medicago truncatula. Genetics 2008; 177:2123-33. [PMID: 18073426 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.076943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing rhizobia are able to trigger root deformation in their Fabaceae host plants, allowing their intracellular accommodation. They do so by delivering molecules called Nod factors. We analyzed the patterns of nucleotide polymorphism of five genes controlling early Nod factor perception and signaling in the Fabaceae Medicago truncatula to understand the selective forces shaping the evolution of these genes. We used 30 M. truncatula genotypes sampled in a genetically homogeneous region of the species distribution range. We first sequenced 24 independent loci and detected a genomewide departure from the hypothesis of neutrality and demographic equilibrium that suggests a population expansion. These data were used to estimate parameters of a simple demographic model incorporating population expansion. The selective neutrality of genes controlling Nod factor perception was then examined using a combination of two complementary neutrality tests, Tajima's D and Fay and Wu's standardized H. The joint distribution of D and H expected under neutrality was obtained under the fitted population expansion model. Only the gene DMI1, which is expected to regulate the downstream signal, shows a pattern consistent with a putative selective event. In contrast, the receptor-encoding genes NFP and NORK show no significant signatures of selection. Among the genes that we analyzed, only DMI1 should be viewed as a candidate for adaptation in the recent history of M. truncatula.
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18
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De Mita S, Santoni S, Ronfort J, Bataillon T. Adaptive evolution of the symbiotic gene NORK is not correlated with shifts of rhizobial specificity in the genus Medicago. BMC Evol Biol 2007; 7:210. [PMID: 17986323 PMCID: PMC2247475 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The NODULATION RECEPTOR KINASE (NORK) gene encodes a Leucine-Rich Repeat (LRR)-containing receptor-like protein and controls the infection by symbiotic rhizobia and endomycorrhizal fungi in Legumes. The occurrence of numerous amino acid changes driven by directional selection has been reported in this gene, using a limited number of messenger RNA sequences, but the functional reason of these changes remains obscure. The Medicago genus, where changes in rhizobial associations have been previously examined, is a good model to test whether the evolution of NORK is influenced by rhizobial interactions. Results We sequenced a region of 3610 nucleotides (encoding a 392 amino acid-long region of the NORK protein) in 32 Medicago species. We confirm that positive selection in NORK has occurred within the Medicago genus and find that the amino acid positions targeted by selection occur in sites outside of solvent-exposed regions in LRRs, and other sites in the N-terminal region of the protein. We tested if branches of the Medicago phylogeny where changes of rhizobial symbionts occurred displayed accelerated rates of amino acid substitutions. Only one branch out of five tested, leading to M. noeana, displays such a pattern. Among other branches, the most likely for having undergone positive selection is not associated with documented shift of rhizobial specificity. Conclusion Adaptive changes in the sequence of the NORK receptor have involved the LRRs, but targeted different sites than in most previous studies of LRR proteins evolution. The fact that positive selection in NORK tends not to be associated to changes in rhizobial specificity indicates that this gene was probably not involved in evolving rhizobial preferences. Other explanations (e.g. coevolutionary arms race) must be tested to explain the adaptive evolution of NORK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane De Mita
- UMR 1097 Diversité et Adaptation des Plantes Cultivées - INRA Montpellier, France.
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19
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Shahollari B, Vadassery J, Varma A, Oelmüller R. A leucine-rich repeat protein is required for growth promotion and enhanced seed production mediated by the endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 50:1-13. [PMID: 17397506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Piriformospora indica, a basidiomycete of the Sebacinaceae family, promotes the growth, development and seed production of a variety of plant species. Arabidopsis plants colonized with the fungus produce 22% more seeds than uncolonized plants. Deactivating the Arabidopsis single-copy gene DMI-1, which encodes an ion carrier required for mycorrihiza formation in legumes, does not affect the beneficial interaction between the two symbiotic partners. We used cellular and molecular responses initiated during the establishment of the interaction between P. indica and Arabidopsis roots to isolate mutants that fail to respond to the fungus. An ethylmethane sulfonate mutant (Piriformospora indica-insensitive-2; pii-2), and a corresponding insertion line, are impaired in a leucine-rich repeat protein (At1g13230). The protein pii-2, which contains a putative endoplasmic reticulum retention signal, is also found in Triton X-100-insoluble plasma membrane microdomains, suggesting that it is present in the endoplasmic reticulum/plasma membrane continuum in Arabidopsis roots. The microdomains also contain an atypical receptor protein (At5g16590) containing leucine-rich repeats, the message of which is transiently upregulated in Arabidopsis roots in response to P. indica. This response is not detectable in At1g13230 mutants, and the protein is not detectable in the At1g13230 mutant microdomains. Partial deactivation of a gene for a sphingosine kinase, which is required for the biosynthesis of sphingolipid found in plasma membrane microdomains, also affects the Arabidopsis/P. indica interaction. Thus, pii-2, and presumably also At5g16590, two proteins present in plasma membrane microdomains, appear to be involved in P. indica-induced growth promotion and enhanced seed production in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bationa Shahollari
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Allgemeine Botanik and Pflanzenphysiologie, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
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20
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Arrighi JF, Barre A, Ben Amor B, Bersoult A, Soriano LC, Mirabella R, de Carvalho-Niebel F, Journet EP, Ghérardi M, Huguet T, Geurts R, Dénarié J, Rougé P, Gough C. The Medicago truncatula lysin [corrected] motif-receptor-like kinase gene family includes NFP and new nodule-expressed genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 142:265-79. [PMID: 16844829 PMCID: PMC1557615 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.084657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2006] [Accepted: 07/08/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobial Nod factors are key symbiotic signals responsible for starting the nodulation process in host legume plants. Of the six Medicago truncatula genes controlling a Nod factor signaling pathway, Nod Factor Perception (NFP) was reported as a candidate Nod factor receptor gene. Here, we provide further evidence for this by showing that NFP is a lysin [corrected] motif (LysM)-receptor-like kinase (RLK). NFP was shown both to be expressed in association with infection thread development and to be involved in the infection process. Consistent with deviations from conserved kinase domain sequences, NFP did not show autophosphorylation activity, suggesting that NFP needs to associate with an active kinase or has unusual functional characteristics different from classical kinases. Identification of nine new M. truncatula LysM-RLK genes revealed a larger family than in the nonlegumes Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) or rice (Oryza sativa) of at least 17 members that can be divided into three subfamilies. Three LysM domains could be structurally predicted for all M. truncatula LysM-RLK proteins, whereas one subfamily, which includes NFP, was characterized by deviations from conserved kinase sequences. Most of the newly identified genes were found to be expressed in roots and nodules, suggesting this class of receptors may be more extensively involved in nodulation than was previously known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Arrighi
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 441/2594, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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