1
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Forsman JA, Eaton-Rye JJ. The Interaction between PsbT and the DE Loop of D1 in Photosystem II Stabilizes the Quinone-Iron Electron Acceptor Complex. Biochemistry 2020; 60:53-63. [PMID: 33332101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The X-ray-derived Photosystem II (PS II) structure from the thermophilic cyanobacterium Thermosynechococcus vulcanus (Protein Data Bank entry 4UB6) indicates Phe239 of the DE loop of the D1 protein forms a hydrophobic interaction with Pro27 and Ile29 at the C-terminus of the 5 kDa PsbT protein found at the monomer-monomer interface of the PS II dimer. To investigate the importance of this interaction, we created the F239A and F239L mutants in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 through targeted mutagenesis of the D1:Phe239 residue into either an alanine or a leucine. Under moderate-light conditions, the F239A strain displayed reduced rates of oxygen evolution and impaired rates of fluorescence decay following a single-turnover actinic flash, while the F239L strain behaved like the control; however, under high-light conditions, the F239A and F239L strains grew more slowly than the control. Our results indicate the quinone-iron acceptor complex becomes more accessible to exogenously added electron acceptors in the F239A mutant and a ΔPsbT strain when compared with the control and F239L strains. This led to the hypothesis that the interaction between D1:Phe239 and the PsbT subunit is required to restrict movement of the DE loop of the D1 subunit, and we suggest disruption of this interaction may perturb the binding of bicarbonate to the non-heme iron and contribute to the signal for PS II to undergo repair following photodamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Forsman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Julian J Eaton-Rye
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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2
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Tu W, Wu L, Zhang C, Sun R, Wang L, Yang W, Yang C, Liu C. Neoxanthin affects the stability of the C 2 S 2 M 2 -type photosystem II supercomplexes and the kinetics of state transition in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1724-1735. [PMID: 33085804 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Neoxanthin (Neo), which is only bound to the peripheral antenna proteins of photosystem (PS) II, is a conserved carotenoid in all green plants. It has been demonstrated that Neo plays an important role in photoprotection and its deficiency fails to impact LHCII stability in vitro and indoor plant growth in vivo. Whether Neo is involved in maintaining the PSII complex structure or adaptive mechanisms for the everchanging environment has not yet been elucidated. In this study, the role of Neo in maintaining the structure and function of the PSII-LHCII supercomplexes was studied using Neo deficient Arabidopsis mutants. Our results show that Neo deficiency had little effect on the electron transport capacity and the plant fitness, but the PSII-LHCII supercomplexes were significantly impacted by the lack of Neo. In the absence of Neo, the M-type LHCII trimer cannot effectively associate with the C2 S2 -type PSII-LHCII supercomplexes even in moderate light conditions. Interestingly, Neo deficiency also leads to decreased PSII protein phosphorylation but rapid transition from state 1 to state 2. We suggest that Neo might enforce the interactions between LHCII and the minor antennas and that the absence of Neo makes M-type LHCII disassociate from the PSII complex, leading to the disassembly of the PSII-LHCII C2 S2 M2 supercomplexes, which results in alterations in the phosphorylation patterns of the thylakoid photosynthetic proteins and the kinetics of state transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Tu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Lishuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunyan Zhang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Ruixue Sun
- Qingdao Institute, Shanghai Institute of Technological Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 264000, China
| | - Liangsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenqiang Yang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunhong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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3
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Sirhindi G, Mushtaq R, Gill SS, Sharma P, Abd Allah EF, Ahmad P. Jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate modulate growth, photosynthetic activity and expression of photosystem II subunit genes in Brassica oleracea L. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9322. [PMID: 32518304 PMCID: PMC7283480 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonate (Me-JA) on photosynthetic efficiency and expression of some photosystem (PSII) related in different cultivars of Brassica oleracea L. (var. italica, capitata, and botrytis) were investigated. Plants raised from seeds subjected to a pre-sowing soaking treatment of varying concentrations of JA and Me-JA showed enhanced photosynthetic efficiency in terms of qP and chlorophyll fluorescence. Maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) was increased over that in the control seedlings. This enhancement was more pronounced in the Me-JA-treated seedlings compared to that in JA-treated ones. The expression of PSII genes was differentially regulated among the three varieties of B. oleracea. The gene PsbI up-upregulated in var. botrytis after treatment of JA and Me-JA, whereas PsbL up-regulated in capitata and botrytis after supplementation of JA. The gene PsbM showed many fold enhancements in these expressions in italica and botrytis after treatment with JA. However, the expression of the gene PsbM increased by both JA and Me-JA treatments. PsbTc(p) and PsbTc(n) were also found to be differentially expressed which revealed specificity with the variety chosen as well as JA or Me-JA treatments. The RuBP carboxylase activity remained unaffected by either JA or Me-JA supplementation in all three varieties of B. oleracea L. The data suggest that exogenous application of JA and Me-JA to seeds before germination could influence the assembly, stability, and repair of PS II in the three varieties of B. oleracea examined. Furthermore, this improvement in the PS II machinery enhanced the photosynthetic efficiency of the system and improved the photosynthetic productivity in terms of saccharides accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Sirhindi
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India.
| | - Ruqia Mushtaq
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Lab, Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124 001, Haryana, India
| | - Sarvajeet Singh Gill
- Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology Lab, Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124 001, Haryana, India
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Elsayed F Abd Allah
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Food & Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Botany, S.P. College Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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4
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Fagerlund RD, Forsman JA, Biswas S, Vass I, Davies FK, Summerfield TC, Eaton-Rye JJ. Stabilization of Photosystem II by the PsbT protein impacts photodamage, repair and biogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1861:148234. [PMID: 32485158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PS II) catalyzes the light-driven process of water splitting in oxygenic photosynthesis. Four core membrane-spanning proteins, including D1 that binds the majority of the redox-active co-factors, are surrounded by 13 low-molecular-weight (LMW) proteins. We previously observed that deletion of the LMW PsbT protein in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 slowed electron transfer between the primary and secondary plastoquinone electron acceptors QA and QB and increased the susceptibility of PS II to photodamage. Here we show that photodamaged ∆PsbT cells exhibit unimpaired rates of oxygen evolution if electron transport is supported by HCO3- even though the cells exhibit negligible variable fluorescence. We find that the protein environment in the vicinity of QA and QB is altered upon removal of PsbT resulting in inhibition of QA- oxidation in the presence of 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone, an artificial PS II-specific electron acceptor. Thermoluminescence measurements revealed an increase in charge recombination between the S2 oxidation state of the water-oxidizing complex and QA- by the indirect radiative pathway in ∆PsbT cells and this is accompanied by increased 1O2 production. At the protein level, both D1 removal and replacement, as well as PS II biogenesis, were accelerated in the ∆PsbT strain. Our results demonstrate that PsbT plays a key role in optimizing the electron acceptor complex of the acceptor side of PS II and support the view that repair and biogenesis of PS II share an assembly pathway that incorporates both de novo synthesis and recycling of the assembly modules associated with the core membrane-spanning proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Fagerlund
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Jack A Forsman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Sandeep Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Imre Vass
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Fiona K Davies
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | | | - Julian J Eaton-Rye
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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5
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Chen YE, Yuan S, Lezhneva L, Meurer J, Schwenkert S, Mamedov F, Schröder WP. The Low Molecular Mass Photosystem II Protein PsbTn Is Important for Light Acclimation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1739-1753. [PMID: 30538167 PMCID: PMC6446760 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is a supramolecular complex containing over 30 protein subunits and a large set of cofactors, including various pigments and quinones as well as Mn, Ca, Cl, and Fe ions. Eukaryotic PSII complexes contain many subunits not found in their bacterial counterparts, including the proteins PsbP (PSII), PsbQ, PsbS, and PsbW, as well as the highly homologous, low-molecular-mass subunits PsbTn1 and PsbTn2 whose function is currently unknown. To determine the function of PsbTn1 and PsbTn2, we generated single and double psbTn1 and psbTn2 knockout mutants in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Cross linking and reciprocal coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed that PsbTn is a lumenal PSII protein situated next to the cytochrome b 559 subunit PsbE. The removal of the PsbTn proteins decreased the oxygen evolution rate and PSII core phosphorylation level but increased the susceptibility of PSII to photoinhibition and the production of reactive oxygen species. The assembly and stability of PSII were unaffected, indicating that the deficiencies of the psbTn1 psbTn2 double mutants are due to structural changes. Double mutants exhibited a higher rate of nonphotochemical quenching of excited states than the wild type and single mutants, as well as slower state transition kinetics and a lower quantum yield of PSII when grown in the field. Based on these results, we propose that the main function of the PsbTn proteins is to enable PSII to acclimate to light shifts or intense illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Er Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Umeå, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Shu Yuan
- College of Resources Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lina Lezhneva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Umeå, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Jörg Meurer
- Department Biology I, Plant Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Serena Schwenkert
- Department Biology I, Plant Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Fikret Mamedov
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Box 523, Uppsala University, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Ivanova Z, Sablok G, Daskalova E, Zahmanova G, Apostolova E, Yahubyan G, Baev V. Chloroplast Genome Analysis of Resurrection Tertiary Relict Haberlea rhodopensis Highlights Genes Important for Desiccation Stress Response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:204. [PMID: 28265281 PMCID: PMC5316520 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Haberlea rhodopensis is a paleolithic tertiary relict species, best known as a resurrection plant with remarkable tolerance to desiccation. When exposed to severe drought stress, H. rhodopensis shows an ability to maintain the structural integrity of its photosynthetic apparatus, which re-activates easily upon rehydration. We present here the results from the assembly and annotation of the chloroplast (cp) genome of H. rhodopensis, which was further subjected to comparative analysis with the cp genomes of closely related species. H. rhodopensis showed a cp genome size of 153,099 bp, harboring a pair of inverted repeats (IR) of 25,415 bp separated by small and large copy regions (SSC and LSC) of 17,826 and 84,443 bp. The genome structure, gene order, GC content and codon usage are similar to those of the typical angiosperm cp genomes. The genome hosts 137 genes representing 70.66% of the plastome, which includes 86 protein-coding genes, 36 tRNAs, and 4 rRNAs. A comparative plastome analysis with other closely related Lamiales members revealed conserved gene order in the IR and LSC/SSC regions. A phylogenetic analysis based on protein-coding genes from 33 species defines this species as belonging to the Gesneriaceae family. From an evolutionary point of view, a site-specific selection analysis detected positively selected sites in 17 genes, most of which are involved in photosynthesis (e.g., rbcL, ndhF, accD, atpE, etc.). The observed codon substitutions may be interpreted as being a consequence of molecular adaptation to drought stress, which ensures an evolutionary advantage to H. rhodopensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdravka Ivanova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of PlovdivPlovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Gaurav Sablok
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology at Sydney, SydneyNSW, Australia
| | - Evelina Daskalova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of PlovdivPlovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Gergana Zahmanova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of PlovdivPlovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Elena Apostolova
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of PlovdivPlovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Galina Yahubyan
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of PlovdivPlovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Vesselin Baev
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of PlovdivPlovdiv, Bulgaria
- *Correspondence: Vesselin Baev,
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7
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Plöchinger M, Torabi S, Rantala M, Tikkanen M, Suorsa M, Jensen PE, Aro EM, Meurer J. The Low Molecular Weight Protein PsaI Stabilizes the Light-Harvesting Complex II Docking Site of Photosystem I. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:450-63. [PMID: 27406169 PMCID: PMC5074619 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
PsaI represents one of three low molecular weight peptides of PSI. Targeted inactivation of the plastid PsaI gene in Nicotiana tabacum has no measurable effect on photosynthetic electron transport around PSI or on accumulation of proteins involved in photosynthesis. Instead, the lack of PsaI destabilizes the association of PsaL and PsaH to PSI, both forming the light-harvesting complex (LHC)II docking site of PSI. These alterations at the LHCII binding site surprisingly did not prevent state transition but led to an increased incidence of PSI-LHCII complexes, coinciding with an elevated phosphorylation level of the LHCII under normal growth light conditions. Remarkably, LHCII was rapidly phosphorylated in ΔpsaI in darkness even after illumination with far-red light. We found that this dark phosphorylation also occurs in previously described mutants impaired in PSI function or state transition. A prompt shift of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool into a more reduced redox state in the dark caused an enhanced LHCII phosphorylation in ΔpsaI Since the redox status of the PQ pool is functionally connected to a series of physiological, biochemical, and gene expression reactions, we propose that the shift of mutant plants into state 2 in darkness represents a compensatory and/or protective metabolic mechanism. This involves an increased reduction and/or reduced oxidation of the PQ pool, presumably to sustain a balanced excitation of both photosystems upon the onset of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Plöchinger
- Department of Biology I, Plant Molecular Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80638 Munich, Germany (M.P., S.T., J.M.); Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.-E.J.); and Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland (M.R., M.T., M.S., E.M.A.)
| | - Salar Torabi
- Department of Biology I, Plant Molecular Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80638 Munich, Germany (M.P., S.T., J.M.); Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.-E.J.); and Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland (M.R., M.T., M.S., E.M.A.)
| | - Marjaana Rantala
- Department of Biology I, Plant Molecular Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80638 Munich, Germany (M.P., S.T., J.M.); Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.-E.J.); and Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland (M.R., M.T., M.S., E.M.A.)
| | - Mikko Tikkanen
- Department of Biology I, Plant Molecular Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80638 Munich, Germany (M.P., S.T., J.M.); Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.-E.J.); and Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland (M.R., M.T., M.S., E.M.A.)
| | - Marjaana Suorsa
- Department of Biology I, Plant Molecular Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80638 Munich, Germany (M.P., S.T., J.M.); Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.-E.J.); and Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland (M.R., M.T., M.S., E.M.A.)
| | - Poul-Erik Jensen
- Department of Biology I, Plant Molecular Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80638 Munich, Germany (M.P., S.T., J.M.); Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.-E.J.); and Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland (M.R., M.T., M.S., E.M.A.)
| | - Eva Mari Aro
- Department of Biology I, Plant Molecular Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80638 Munich, Germany (M.P., S.T., J.M.); Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.-E.J.); and Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland (M.R., M.T., M.S., E.M.A.)
| | - Jörg Meurer
- Department of Biology I, Plant Molecular Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80638 Munich, Germany (M.P., S.T., J.M.); Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark (P.-E.J.); and Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland (M.R., M.T., M.S., E.M.A.)
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8
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Ding S, Jiang R, Lu Q, Wen X, Lu C. Glutathione reductase 2 maintains the function of photosystem II in Arabidopsis under excess light. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:665-77. [PMID: 26906429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione reductase plays a crucial role in the elimination of H(2)O(2) molecules via the ascorbate-glutathione cycle. In this study, we used transgenic Arabidopsis plants with decreased glutathione reductase 2 (GR2) levels to investigate whether this GR2 activity protects the photosynthetic machinery under excess light. The transgenic plants were highly sensitive to excess light and accumulated high levels of H(2)O(2). Photosystem II (PSII) activity was significantly decreased in transgenic plants. Flash-induced fluorescence relaxation and thermoluminescence measurements demonstrated inhibition of electron transfer between Q(A) and Q(B) and decreased redox potential of Q(B) in transgenic plants. Immunoblot and blue native gel analysis showed that the levels of PSII proteins and PSII complexes were decreased in transgenic plants. Analyses of the repair of photodamaged PSII and in vivo pulse labeling of thylakoid proteins showed that the repair of photodamaged PSII is inhibited due to the inhibition of the synthesis of the D1 protein de novo in transgenic plants. Taken together, our results suggest that under excess light conditions, GR2 plays an important role in maintaining both the function of the acceptor side of PSII and the repair of photodamaged PSII by preventing the accumulation of H(2)O(2). In addition, our results provide details of the role of H(2)O(2) in vivo accumulation in photoinhibition in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunhua Ding
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingtao Lu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiaogang Wen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Congming Lu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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9
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Photosystem II repair in plant chloroplasts--Regulation, assisting proteins and shared components with photosystem II biogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:900-9. [PMID: 25615587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem (PS) II is a multisubunit thylakoid membrane pigment-protein complex responsible for light-driven oxidation of water and reduction of plastoquinone. Currently more than 40 proteins are known to associate with PSII, either stably or transiently. The inherent feature of the PSII complex is its vulnerability in light, with the damage mainly targeted to one of its core proteins, the D1 protein. The repair of the damaged D1 protein, i.e. the repair cycle of PSII, initiates in the grana stacks where the damage generally takes place, but subsequently continues in non-appressed thylakoid domains, where many steps are common for both the repair and de novo assembly of PSII. The sequence of the (re)assembly steps of genuine PSII subunits is relatively well-characterized in higher plants. A number of novel findings have shed light into the regulation mechanisms of lateral migration of PSII subcomplexes and the repair as well as the (re)assembly of the complex. Besides the utmost importance of the PSII repair cycle for the maintenance of PSII functionality, recent research has pointed out that the maintenance of PSI is closely dependent on regulation of the PSII repair cycle. This review focuses on the current knowledge of regulation of the repair cycle of PSII in higher plant chloroplasts. Particular emphasis is paid on sequential assembly steps of PSII and the function of the number of PSII auxiliary proteins involved both in the biogenesis and repair of PSII. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chloroplast Biogenesis.
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10
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Scharff LB, Bock R. Synthetic biology in plastids. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 78:783-98. [PMID: 24147738 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plastids (chloroplasts) harbor a small gene-dense genome that is amenable to genetic manipulation by transformation. During 1 billion years of evolution from the cyanobacterial endosymbiont to present-day chloroplasts, the plastid genome has undergone a dramatic size reduction, mainly as a result of gene losses and the large-scale transfer of genes to the nuclear genome. Thus the plastid genome can be regarded as a naturally evolved miniature genome, the gradual size reduction and compaction of which has provided a blueprint for the design of minimum genomes. Furthermore, because of the largely prokaryotic genome structure and gene expression machinery, the high transgene expression levels attainable in transgenic chloroplasts and the very low production costs in plant systems, the chloroplast lends itself to synthetic biology applications that are directed towards the efficient synthesis of green chemicals, biopharmaceuticals and other metabolites of commercial interest. This review describes recent progress with the engineering of plastid genomes with large constructs of foreign or synthetic DNA, and highlights the potential of the chloroplast as a model system in bottom-up and top-down synthetic biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars B Scharff
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Torabi S, Umate P, Manavski N, Plöchinger M, Kleinknecht L, Bogireddi H, Herrmann RG, Wanner G, Schröder WP, Meurer J. PsbN is required for assembly of the photosystem II reaction center in Nicotiana tabacum. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:1183-99. [PMID: 24619613 PMCID: PMC4001377 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.120444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast-encoded low molecular weight protein PsbN is annotated as a photosystem II (PSII) subunit. To elucidate the localization and function of PsbN, encoded on the opposite strand to the psbB gene cluster, we raised antibodies and inserted a resistance cassette into PsbN in both directions. Both homoplastomic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) mutants psbN-F and psbN-R show essentially the same PSII deficiencies. The mutants are extremely light sensitive and failed to recover from photoinhibition. Although synthesis of PSII proteins was not altered significantly, both mutants accumulated only ∼25% of PSII proteins compared with the wild type. Assembly of PSII precomplexes occurred at normal rates, but heterodimeric PSII reaction centers (RCs) and higher order PSII assemblies were not formed efficiently in the mutants. The psbN-R mutant was complemented by allotopic expression of the PsbN gene fused to the sequence of a chloroplast transit peptide in the nuclear genome. PsbN represents a bitopic trans-membrane peptide localized in stroma lamellae with its highly conserved C terminus exposed to the stroma. Significant amounts of PsbN were already present in dark-grown seedling. Our data prove that PsbN is not a constituent subunit of PSII but is required for repair from photoinhibition and efficient assembly of the PSII RC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salar Torabi
- Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Department Biologie I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Pavan Umate
- Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Department Biologie I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Nikolay Manavski
- Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Department Biologie I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Magdalena Plöchinger
- Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Department Biologie I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Laura Kleinknecht
- Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Department Biologie I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hanumakumar Bogireddi
- Umeå Plant Science Center and Department of
Chemistry, University of Umeå, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Reinhold G. Herrmann
- Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Department Biologie I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wanner
- Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Department Biologie I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang P. Schröder
- Umeå Plant Science Center and Department of
Chemistry, University of Umeå, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jörg Meurer
- Biozentrum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Department Biologie I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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Pagliano C, Saracco G, Barber J. Structural, functional and auxiliary proteins of photosystem II. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2013; 116:167-88. [PMID: 23417641 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9803-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is the water-splitting enzyme complex of photosynthesis and consists of a large number of protein subunits. Most of these proteins have been structurally and functionally characterized, although there are differences between PSII of plants, algae and cyanobacteria. Here we catalogue all known PSII proteins giving a brief description, where possible of their genetic origin, physical properties, structural relationships and functions. We have also included details of auxiliary proteins known at present to be involved in the in vivo assembly, maintenance and turnover of PSII and which transiently bind to the reaction centre core complex. Finally, we briefly give details of the proteins which form the outer light-harvesting systems of PSII in different types of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pagliano
- Applied Science and Technology Department-BioSolar Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Viale T. Michel 5, 15121, Torino, Alessandria, Italy,
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13
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Stoppel R, Meurer J. Complex RNA metabolism in the chloroplast: an update on the psbB operon. PLANTA 2013; 237:441-9. [PMID: 23065055 PMCID: PMC3555233 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1782-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Expression of most plastid genes involves multiple post-transcriptional processing events, such as splicing, editing, and intercistronic processing. The latter involves the formation of mono-, di-, and multicistronic transcripts, which can further be regulated by differential stability and expression. The plastid pentacistronic psbB transcription unit has been well characterized in vascular plants. It encodes the subunits CP47 (psbB), T (psbT), and H (psbH) of photosystem II as well as cytochrome b (6) (petB) and subunit IV (petD) of the cytochrome b (6) f complex. Each of the petB and petD genes contains a group II intron, which is spliced during post-transcriptional modification. The small subunit of photosystem II, PsbN, is encoded in the intercistronic region between psbH and psbT but is transcribed in the opposite direction. Expression of the psbB gene cluster necessitates different processing events along with numerous newly evolved specificity factors conferring stability to many of the processed RNA transcripts, and thus exemplarily shows the complexity of RNA metabolism in the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea Stoppel
- Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Department Biology I, Ludwig Maximilians University, Großhadernerstrasse 2-4, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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14
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Nellaepalli S, Kodru S, Tirupathi M, Subramanyam R. Anaerobiosis induced state transition: a non photochemical reduction of PQ pool mediated by NDH in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185453 PMCID: PMC3504099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non photochemical reduction of PQ pool and mobilization of LHCII between PSII and PSI are found to be linked under abiotic stress conditions. The interaction of non photochemical reduction of PQ pool and state transitions associated physiological changes are critically important under anaerobic condition in higher plants. Methodology/Findings The present study focused on the effect of anaerobiosis on non-photochemical reduction of PQ pool which trigger state II transition in Arabidopsis thaliana. Upon exposure to dark-anaerobic condition the shape of the OJIP transient rise is completely altered where as in aerobic treated leaves the rise is unaltered. Rise in Fo and FJ was due to the loss of oxidized PQ pool as the PQ pool becomes more reduced. The increase in Fo′ was due to the non photochemical reduction of PQ pool which activated STN7 kinase and induced LHCII phosphorylation under anaerobic condition. Further, it was observed that the phosphorylated LHCII is migrated and associated with PSI supercomplex increasing its absorption cross-section. Furthermore, evidences from crr2-2 (NDH mutant) and pgr5 mutants (deficient in non NDH pathway of cyclic electron transport) have indicated that NDH is responsible for non photochemical reduction of the PQ pool. We propose that dark anaerobic condition accelerates production of reducing equivalents (such as NADPH by various metabolic pathways) which reduce PQ pool and is mediated by NDH leading to state II transition. Conclusions/Significance Anaerobic condition triggers non photochemical reduction of PQ pool mediated by NDH complex. The reduced PQ pool activates STN7 kinase leading to state II transition in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedhar Nellaepalli
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sireesha Kodru
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Malavath Tirupathi
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajagopal Subramanyam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail:
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16
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Shi LX, Hall M, Funk C, Schröder WP. Photosystem II, a growing complex: updates on newly discovered components and low molecular mass proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:13-25. [PMID: 21907181 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photosystem II is a unique complex capable of absorbing light and splitting water. The complex has been thoroughly studied and to date there are more than 40 proteins identified, which bind to the complex either stably or transiently. Another special feature of this complex is the unusually high content of low molecular mass proteins that represent more than half of the proteins. In this review we summarize the recent findings on the low molecular mass proteins (<15kDa) and present an overview of the newly identified components as well. We have also performed co-expression analysis of the genes encoding PSII proteins to see if the low molecular mass proteins form a specific sub-group within the Photosystem II complex. Interestingly we found that the chloroplast-localized genes encoding PSII proteins display a different response to environmental and stress conditions compared to the nuclear localized genes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Xin Shi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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17
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Ohad I, Berg A, Berkowicz SM, Kaplan A, Keren N. Photoinactivation of photosystem II: is there more than one way to skin a cat? PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 142:79-86. [PMID: 21382038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We briefly review the main mechanisms proposed for photodamage to photosystem II (PSII), at the donor and acceptor sides, and then discuss the mechanism whereby filamentous cyanobacteria inhabiting biological sand crusts such as Microcoleus sp. are able to avoid serious damage to their photosynthetic machinery. We show that the decline in fluorescence following exposure to excess light does not reflect a reduction in PSII activity but rather the activation of a non-radiative charge recombination in PSII. Furthermore, we show that the difference in the thermoluminescent peak temperature intensities in these organisms, in the presence and absence of inhibitors such as dichlorophenyl-dimethylurea (DCMU), is smaller than observed in model organisms suggesting that the redox gap between Q(A)⁻ and P₆₈₀+ is smaller. On the basis of these data, we propose that this could enable an alternative, pheophytin-independent recombination, thereby minimizing the damaging ¹O₂ production associated with radiative recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzhak Ohad
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 91904, Edmond J. Safra campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel.
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18
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Kawakami K, Umena Y, Iwai M, Kawabata Y, Ikeuchi M, Kamiya N, Shen JR. Roles of PsbI and PsbM in photosystem II dimer formation and stability studied by deletion mutagenesis and X-ray crystallography. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1807:319-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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García-Cerdán JG, Kovács L, Tóth T, Kereïche S, Aseeva E, Boekema EJ, Mamedov F, Funk C, Schröder WP. The PsbW protein stabilizes the supramolecular organization of photosystem II in higher plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 65:368-381. [PMID: 21265891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PsbW, a 6.1-kDa low-molecular-weight protein, is exclusive to photosynthetic eukaryotes, and associates with the photosystem II (PSII) protein complex. In vivo and in vitro comparison of Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type plants with T-DNA insertion knock-out mutants completely lacking the PsbW protein, or with antisense inhibition plants exhibiting decreased levels of PsbW, demonstrated that the loss of PsbW destabilizes the supramolecular organization of PSII. No PSII-LHCII supercomplexes could be detected or isolated in the absence of the PsbW protein. These changes in macro-organization were accompanied by a minor decrease in the chlorophyll fluorescence parameter F(V) /F(M) , a strongly decreased PSII core protein phosphorylation and a modification of the redox state of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool in dark-adapted leaves. In addition, the absence of PsbW protein led to faster redox changes in the PQ pool, i.e. transitions from state 1 to state 2, as measured by changes in stationary fluorescence (F(S) ) kinetics, compared with the wild type. Despite these dramatic effects on macromolecular structure, the transgenic plants exhibited no significant phenotype under normal growth conditions. We suggest that the PsbW protein is located close to the minor antenna of the PSII complex, and is important for the contact and stability between several PSII-LHCII supercomplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G García-Cerdán
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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20
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Ido K, Ifuku K, Yamamoto Y, Ishihara S, Murakami A, Takabe K, Miyake C, Sato F. Knockdown of the PsbP protein does not prevent assembly of the dimeric PSII core complex but impairs accumulation of photosystem II supercomplexes in tobacco. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2009; 1787:873-81. [PMID: 19285950 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The PsbP protein is an extrinsic subunit of photosystem II (PSII) specifically found in land plants and green algae. Using PsbP-RNAi tobacco, we have investigated effects of PsbP knockdown on protein supercomplex organization within the thylakoid membranes and photosynthetic properties of PSII. In PsbP-RNAi leaves, PSII dimers binding the extrinsic PsbO protein could be formed, while the light-harvesting complex II (LHCII)-PSII supercomplexes were severely decreased. Furthermore, LHCII and major PSII subunits were significantly dephosphorylated. Electron microscopic analysis showed that thylakoid grana stacking in PsbP-RNAi chloroplast was largely disordered and appeared similar to the stromally-exposed or marginal regions of wild-type thylakoids. Knockdown of PsbP modified both the donor and acceptor sides of PSII; In addition to the lower water-splitting activity, the primary quinone Q(A) in PSII was significantly reduced even when the photosystem I reaction center (P700) was noticeably oxidized, and thermoluminescence studies suggested the stabilization of the charged pair, S(2)/Q(A)(-). These data indicate that assembly and/or maintenance of the functional MnCa cluster is perturbed in absence of PsbP, which impairs accumulation of final active forms of PSII supercomplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Ido
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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