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Lin X, Yang M, Liu X, Cheng Z, Ge F. Characterization of Lysine Monomethylome and Methyltransferase in Model Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2020; 18:289-304. [PMID: 33130100 PMCID: PMC7801250 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein lysine methylation is a prevalent post-translational modification (PTM) and plays critical roles in all domains of life. However, its extent and function in photosynthetic organisms are still largely unknown. Cyanobacteria are a large group of prokaryotes that carry out oxygenic photosynthesis and are applied extensively in studies of photosynthetic mechanisms and environmental adaptation. Here we integrated propionylation of monomethylated proteins, enrichment of the modified peptides, and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis to identify monomethylated proteins in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (Synechocystis). Overall, we identified 376 monomethylation sites in 270 proteins, with numerous monomethylated proteins participating in photosynthesis and carbon metabolism. We subsequently demonstrated that CpcM, a previously identified asparagine methyltransferase in Synechocystis, could catalyze lysine monomethylation of the potential aspartate aminotransferase Sll0480 both in vivo and in vitro and regulate the enzyme activity of Sll0480. The loss of CpcM led to decreases in the maximum quantum yield in primary photosystem II (PSII) and the efficiency of energy transfer during the photosynthetic reaction in Synechocystis. We report the first lysine monomethylome in a photosynthetic organism and present a critical database for functional analyses of monomethylation in cyanobacteria. The large number of monomethylated proteins and the identification of CpcM as the lysine methyltransferase in cyanobacteria suggest that reversible methylation may influence the metabolic process and photosynthesis in both cyanobacteria and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Mingkun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhongyi Cheng
- Jingjie PTM BioLab (Hangzhou) Co. Ltd, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Genome-Wide Characterization of AspATs in Populus: Gene Expression Variation and Enzyme Activities in Response to Nitrogen Perturbations. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10050449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) catalyzes a reversible transamination reaction between glutamate and oxaloacetate to yield aspartate and 2-oxoglutarate, exerting a primary role in amino acid biosynthesis and homeostasis of nitrogen (N) and carbon metabolism within all cellular organisms. While progress in biochemical characterization of AspAT has been made for decades, the molecular and physiological characteristics of different members of the AspAT gene family remain poorly known particularly in forest trees. Here, extensive genome-wide survey of AspAT encoding genes was implemented in black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray), a model species of woody plants. Thorough inspection of the phylogenies, gene structures, chromosomal distribution, cis-elements, conserved motifs, and subcellular targeting resulted in the identification of 10 AspAT isogenes (PtAspAT1-10) in the Populus genome. RNA-seq along with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) validation revealed that PtAspATs displayed diverse patterns of tissue-specific expression. Spatiotemporal expressions of homologous AspATs in the poplar hybrid clone ‘Nanlin895’ were further evaluated, showing that gene expressions varied depending on source-sink dynamics. The impact on AspAT transcripts upon N starvation and seasonal senescence showed the upregulation of five AspAT in leaves concurrent with drastic downregulation of six or more AspATs in roots. Additionally, marked reductions of many more AspATs transcripts were observed in roots upon N excess. Accordingly, AspAT activities were significantly suppressed upon N starvation by an in-gel assay, prompting the argument that enzyme activity was a more direct indicator of the growth morphology under a N stress regime. Taken together, the expression profiling and enzyme activities upon stress cues provide a theoretical basis for unraveling the physiological significance of specific gene(s) in regulation of N acquisition and remobilization in woody plants.
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Hu S, Zhang X, Lu Y, Lin YC, Xie DF, Fang H, Huang J, Mei LH. Cloning, expression and characterization of an aspartate aminotransferase gene from Lactobacillus brevis CGMCC 1306. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2017.1304181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Hu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yi Lu
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Cheng Lin
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Fang Xie
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hui Fang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Le-He Mei
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, P.R. China
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Wang R, Zhang M, Liu H, Xu J, Yu J, He F, Zhang X, Dong S, Dou D. PsAAT3, an oomycete-specific aspartate aminotransferase, is required for full pathogenicity of the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora sojae. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:620-630. [PMID: 27020161 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen nutrient acquisition and metabolism are critical for successful infection and colonization. However, the nutrient requirements and metabolic pathways related to pathogenesis in oomycete pathogens are unknown. In this study, we bioinformatically identified Phytophthora sojae aspartate aminotransferases (AATs), which are key enzymes that coordinate carbon and nitrogen metabolism. We demonstrated that P. sojae encodes more AATs than the analysed fungi. Some of the AATs contained additional prephenate dehydratase and/or prephenate dehydrogenase domains in their N-termini, which are unique to oomycetes. Silencing of PsAAT3, an infection-inducible expression gene, reduced P. sojae pathogenicity on soybean plants and affected the growth under N-starving condition, suggesting that PsAAT3 is involved in pathogen pathogenicity and nitrogen utilisation during infection. Our results suggest that P. sojae and other oomycete pathogens may have distinct amino acid metabolism pathways and that PsAAT3 is important for its full pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbo Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Feng He
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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Xu J, Zhang J, Guo Y, Zhang W. Genetically modifying aspartate aminotransferase and aspartate ammonia-lyase affects metabolite accumulation in l-lysine producing strain derived from Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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de la Torre F, Cañas RA, Pascual MB, Avila C, Cánovas FM. Plastidic aspartate aminotransferases and the biosynthesis of essential amino acids in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5527-34. [PMID: 24902885 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the chloroplasts and in non-green plastids of plants, aspartate is the precursor for the biosynthesis of different amino acids and derived metabolites that play distinct and important roles in plant growth, reproduction, development or defence. Aspartate biosynthesis is mediated by the enzyme aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), which catalyses the reversible transamination between glutamate and oxaloacetate to generate aspartate and 2-oxoglutarate. Plastids contain two aspartate aminotransferases: a eukaryotic-type and a prokaryotic-type bifunctional enzyme displaying aspartate and prephenate aminotransferase activities. A general overview of the biochemistry, regulation, functional significance, and phylogenetic origin of both enzymes is presented. The roles of these plastidic aminotransferases in the biosynthesis of essential amino acids are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando de la Torre
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Rafael A Cañas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - M Belén Pascual
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Concepción Avila
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco M Cánovas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Liu Y, Xie L, Gong G, Zhang W, Zhu B, Hu Y. De novo comparative transcriptome analysis of Acremonium chrysogenum: high-yield and wild-type strains of cephalosporin C producer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104542. [PMID: 25118715 PMCID: PMC4131913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
β-lactam antibiotics are widely used in clinic. Filamentous fungus Acremonium chrysogenum is an important industrial fungus for the production of CPC, one of the major precursors of β-lactam antibiotics. Although its fermentation yield has been bred significantly over the past decades, little is known regarding molecular changes between the industrial strain and the wild type strain. This limits the possibility to improve CPC production further by molecular breeding. Comparative transcriptome is a powerful tool to understand the molecular mechanisms of CPC industrial high yield producer compared to wild type. A total of 57 million clean sequencing reads with an average length of 100 bp were generated from Illumina sequencing platform. 22,878 sequences were assembled. Among the assembled unigenes, 9502 were annotated and 1989 annotated sequences were assigned to 121 pathways by searching against the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway (KEGG) database. Furthermore, we compared the transcriptome differences between a high-yield and a wild-type strain during fermentation. A total of 4329 unigenes with significantly different transcription level were identified, among which 1737 were up-regulated and 2592 were down-regulated. 24 pathways were subsequently determined which involve glycerolipid metabolism, galactose metabolism, and pyrimidine metabolism. We also examined the transcription levels of 18 identified genes, including 11 up-regulated genes and 7 down-regulated genes using reverse transcription quantitative -PCR (RT-qPCR). The results of RT-qPCR were consistent with the Illumina sequencing. In this study, the Illumina sequencing provides the most comprehensive sequences for gene expression profile of Acremonium chrysogenum and allows de novo transcriptome assembly while lacking genome information. Comparative analysis of RNA-seq data reveals the complexity of the transcriptome in the fermentation of different yield strains. This is an important public information platform which could be used to accelerate the research to improve CPC production in Acremonium chrysogenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Xie
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Guihua Gong
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoquan Zhu
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YH); (BZ)
| | - Youjia Hu
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YH); (BZ)
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8
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Dornfeld C, Weisberg AJ, K C R, Dudareva N, Jelesko JG, Maeda HA. Phylobiochemical characterization of class-Ib aspartate/prephenate aminotransferases reveals evolution of the plant arogenate phenylalanine pathway. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:3101-14. [PMID: 25070637 PMCID: PMC4145135 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.127407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aromatic amino acid Phe is required for protein synthesis and serves as the precursor of abundant phenylpropanoid plant natural products. While Phe is synthesized from prephenate exclusively via a phenylpyruvate intermediate in model microbes, the alternative pathway via arogenate is predominant in plant Phe biosynthesis. However, the molecular and biochemical evolution of the plant arogenate pathway is currently unknown. Here, we conducted phylogenetically informed biochemical characterization of prephenate aminotransferases (PPA-ATs) that belong to class-Ib aspartate aminotransferases (AspAT Ibs) and catalyze the first committed step of the arogenate pathway in plants. Plant PPA-ATs and succeeding arogenate dehydratases (ADTs) were found to be most closely related to homologs from Chlorobi/Bacteroidetes bacteria. The Chlorobium tepidum PPA-AT and ADT homologs indeed efficiently converted prephenate and arogenate into arogenate and Phe, respectively. A subset of AspAT Ib enzymes exhibiting PPA-AT activity was further identified from both Plantae and prokaryotes and, together with site-directed mutagenesis, showed that Thr-84 and Lys-169 play key roles in specific recognition of dicarboxylic keto (prephenate) and amino (aspartate) acid substrates. The results suggest that, along with ADT, a gene encoding prephenate-specific PPA-AT was transferred from a Chlorobi/Bacteroidetes ancestor to a eukaryotic ancestor of Plantae, allowing efficient Phe and phenylpropanoid production via arogenate in plants today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Dornfeld
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Alexandra J Weisberg
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Ritesh K C
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - John G Jelesko
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Hiroshi A Maeda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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de la Torre F, El-Azaz J, Ávila C, Cánovas FM. Deciphering the role of aspartate and prephenate aminotransferase activities in plastid nitrogen metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:92-104. [PMID: 24296073 PMCID: PMC3875828 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.232462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts and plastids of nonphotosynthetic plant cells contain two aspartate (Asp) aminotransferases: a eukaryotic type (Asp5) and a prokaryotic-type bifunctional enzyme displaying Asp and prephenate aminotransferase activities (PAT). We have identified the entire Asp aminotransferase gene family in Nicotiana benthamiana and isolated and cloned the genes encoding the isoenzymes with plastidic localization: NbAsp5 and NbPAT. Using a virus-induced gene silencing approach, we obtained N. benthamiana plants silenced for NbAsp5 and/or NbPAT. Phenotypic and metabolic analyses were conducted in silenced plants to investigate the specific roles of these enzymes in the biosynthesis of essential amino acids within the plastid. The NbAsp5 silenced plants had no changes in phenotype, exhibiting similar levels of free Asp and glutamate as control plants, but contained diminished levels of asparagine and much higher levels of lysine. In contrast, the suppression of NbPAT led to a severe reduction in growth and strong chlorosis symptoms. NbPAT silenced plants exhibited extremely reduced levels of asparagine and were greatly affected in their phenylalanine metabolism and lignin deposition. Furthermore, NbPAT suppression triggered a transcriptional reprogramming in plastid nitrogen metabolism. Taken together, our results indicate that NbPAT has an overlapping role with NbAsp5 in the biosynthesis of Asp and a key role in the production of phenylalanine for the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids. The analysis of NbAsp5/NbPAT cosilenced plants highlights the central role of both plastidic aminotransferases in nitrogen metabolism; however, only NbPAT is essential for plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando de la Torre
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Jorge El-Azaz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Concepción Ávila
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Francisco M. Cánovas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain
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Craven-Bartle B, Pascual MB, Cánovas FM, Avila C. A Myb transcription factor regulates genes of the phenylalanine pathway in maritime pine. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 74:755-66. [PMID: 23451763 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During the life cycles of conifer trees, such as maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.), large quantities of carbon skeletons are irreversibly immobilized in the wood. In energetic terms this is an expensive process, in which carbon from photosynthesis is channelled through the shikimate pathway for the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids. This crucial metabolic pathway is finely regulated, primarily through transcriptional control, and because phenylalanine is the precursor for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, the precise regulation of phenylalanine synthesis and use should occur simultaneously. The promoters of three genes encoding the enzymes prephenate aminotransferase (PAT), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and glutamine synthetase (GS1b) contain AC elements involved in the transcriptional activation mediated by R2R3-Myb factors. We have examined the capacity of the R2R3-Myb transcription factors Myb1, Myb4 and Myb8 to co-regulate the expression of PAT, PAL and GS1b. Only Myb8 was able to activate the transcription of the three genes. Moreover, the expression of this transcription factor is higher in lignified tissues, in which a high demand for phenylpropanoids exits. In a gain-of-function experiment, we have shown that Myb8 can specifically bind a well-conserved eight-nucleotide-long AC-II element in the promoter regions of PAT, PAL and GS1b, thereby activating their expression. Our results show that Myb8 regulates the expression of these genes involved in phenylalanine metabolism, which is required for channelling photosynthetic carbon to promote wood formation. The co-localization of PAT, PAL, GS1b and MYB8 transcripts in vascular cells further supports this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Craven-Bartle
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Maeda H, Dudareva N. The shikimate pathway and aromatic amino Acid biosynthesis in plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 63:73-105. [PMID: 22554242 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 731] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
L-tryptophan, L-phenylalanine, and L-tyrosine are aromatic amino acids (AAAs) that are used for the synthesis of proteins and that in plants also serve as precursors of numerous natural products, such as pigments, alkaloids, hormones, and cell wall components. All three AAAs are derived from the shikimate pathway, to which ≥30% of photosynthetically fixed carbon is directed in vascular plants. Because their biosynthetic pathways have been lost in animal lineages, the AAAs are essential components of the diets of humans, and the enzymes required for their synthesis have been targeted for the development of herbicides. This review highlights recent molecular identification of enzymes of the pathway and summarizes the pathway organization and the transcriptional/posttranscriptional regulation of the AAA biosynthetic network. It also identifies the current limited knowledge of the subcellular compartmentalization and the metabolite transport involved in the plant AAA pathways and discusses metabolic engineering efforts aimed at improving production of the AAA-derived plant natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Maeda
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2010, USA.
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12
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Shigeto J, Itoh Y, Tsutsumi Y, Kondo R. Identification of Tyr74 and Tyr177 as substrate oxidation sites in cationic cell wall-bound peroxidase from Populus alba L. FEBS J 2011; 279:348-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Brauc S, De Vooght E, Claeys M, Höfte M, Angenon G. Influence of over-expression of cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase on amino acid metabolism and defence responses against Botrytis cinerea infection in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:1813-9. [PMID: 21676488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis possesses several genes encoding aspartate aminotransferase, which catalyzes the bidirectional conversion of aspartate into glutamate. These amino acids together with asparagine and glutamine play an important role in N storage and distribution. In addition, they act as precursors for other amino acids. The gene encoding cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase, Asp2, was found to be induced upon infection with the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis. Asp2 over-expression lines and a T-DNA insertion mutant were used to study the role of aspartate aminotransferase in Arabidopsis defence responses. Over-expression of Asp2 led to changes in aspartate content and aspartate-derived amino acids. The Asp2 knockout mutant was also slightly affected in its amino acid composition. Under standard growth conditions, the Asp2 transgenic lines did not show morphological changes in comparison with the wild-type. However, transgenic lines with the highest Asp2 expression displayed more spreading lesions when infected with B. cinerea. We discuss how this gene involved in amino acid metabolism might interact with plant defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Brauc
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Institute for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Wu HJ, Yang Y, Wang S, Qiao JQ, Xia YF, Wang Y, Wang WD, Gao SF, Liu J, Xue PQ, Gao XW. Cloning, expression and characterization of a new aspartate aminotransferase from Bacillus subtilis B3. FEBS J 2011; 278:1345-57. [PMID: 21332942 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we report the identification of a new gene from the Bacillus subtilis B3 strain (aatB3), which comprises 1308 bp encoding a 436 amino acid protein with a monomer molecular weight of 49.1 kDa. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that this enzyme is a member of the Ib subgroup of aspartate aminotransferases (AATs; EC 2.6.1.1), although it also has conserved active residues and thermostability characteristic of Ia-type AATs. The Asp232, Lys270 and Arg403 residues of AATB3 play a key role in transamination. The enzyme showed maximal activity at pH 8.0 and 45 °C, had relatively high activity over an alkaline pH range (pH 7.0-9.0) and was stable up to 50 °C. AATB3 catalyzed the transamination of five amino acids, with L-aspartate being the optimal substrate. The K(m) values were determined to be 6.7 mM for L-aspartate, 0.3 mM for α-ketoglutarate, 8.0 mM for L-glutamate and 0.6 mM for oxaloacetate. A 32-residue N-terminal amino acid sequence of this enzyme has 53% identity with that of Bacillus circulans AAT, although it is absent in all other AATs from different organisms. Further studies on AATB3 may confirm that it is potentially beneficial in basic research as well as various industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jun Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
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Manavalan LP, Guttikonda SK, Tran LS, Nguyen HT. Physiological and molecular approaches to improve drought resistance in soybean. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 50:1260-76. [PMID: 19546148 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress is a major constraint to the production and yield stability of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. For developing high yielding varieties under drought conditions, the most widely employed criterion has traditionally been direct selection for yield stability over multiple locations. However, this approach is time consuming and labor intensive, because yield is a highly quantitative trait with low heritability, and influenced by differences arising from soil heterogeneity and environmental factors. The alternative strategy of indirect selection using secondary traits has succeeded only in a few crops, due to problems with repeatability and lack of phenotyping strategies, especially for root-related traits. Considerable efforts have been directed towards identifying traits associated with drought resistance in soybean. With the availability of the whole genome sequence, physical maps, genetics and functional genomics tools, integrated approaches using molecular breeding and genetic engineering offer new opportunities for improving drought resistance in soybean. Genetic engineering for drought resistance with candidate genes has been reported in the major food crops, and efforts for developing drought-resistant soybean lines are in progress. The objective of this review is to consolidate the current knowledge of physiology, molecular breeding and functional genomics which may be influential in integrating breeding and genetic engineering approaches for drought resistance in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi P Manavalan
- National Center for Soybean Biotechnology and Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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