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Sun Q, Guo F, Ren S, Zhang L, Liu X, Li C, Feng X. Construction of a UDP-Arabinose Regeneration System for Efficient Arabinosylation of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:2463-2474. [PMID: 37473419 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is an important method of modifying natural products and is usually catalyzed by uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferase. UDP-β-l-arabinose (UDP-Ara) confers specific functions to natural products such as pentacyclic triterpenoids. However, UDP-arabinosyltransferase with high regioselectivity toward pentacyclic triterpenoids has rarely been reported. In addition, UDP-Ara is mainly biosynthesized from UDP-α-d-glucose (UDP-Glc) through several reaction steps, resulting in the high cost of UDP-Ara. Herein, UGT99D1 was systematically characterized for specifically transferring one moiety of arabinose to the C-3 position of typical pentacyclic triterpenoids. Subsequently, 15 enzymes from plants, mammals, and microorganisms were characterized, and a four-enzyme cascade comprising sucrose synthase, UDP-Glc dehydrogenase, UDP-α-d-glucuronic acid decarboxylase, and UDP-Glc 4-epimerase was constructed to transform sucrose into UDP-Ara with UDP recycling. This system was demonstrated to efficiently produce the arabinosylated derivative (Ara-BA) of typical pentacyclic triterpenoid betulinic acid (BA). Finally, the in vitro cytotoxicity tests indicated that Ara-BA showed much higher anticancer activities than BA. The established arabinosylation platform shows the potential to enhance the pharmacological activity of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shichao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinhe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xudong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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2
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Practical preparation of UDP-apiose and its applications for studying apiosyltransferase. Carbohydr Res 2019; 477:20-25. [PMID: 30933787 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
UDP-apiose, a donor substrate of apiosyltransferases, is labile because of its intramolecular self-cyclization ability, resulting in the formation of apiofuranosyl-1,2-cyclic phosphate. Therefore, stabilization of UDP-apiose is indispensable for its availability and identifying and characterizing the apiosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of apiosylated sugar chains and glycosides. Here, we established a method for stabilizing UDP-apiose using bulky cations as counter ions. Bulky cations such as triethylamine effectively suppressed the degradation of UDP-apiose in solution. The half-life of UDP-apiose was increased to 48.1 ± 2.4 h at pH 6.0 and 25 °C using triethylamine as a counter cation. UDP-apiose coordinated with a counter cation enabled long-term storage under freezing conditions. UDP-apiose was utilized as a donor substrate for apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucoside apiosyltransferase to produce the apiosylated glycoside apiin. This apiosyltransferase assay will be useful for identifying genes encoding apiosyltransferases.
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Ackerman DL, Craft KM, Townsend SD. Infant food applications of complex carbohydrates: Structure, synthesis, and function. Carbohydr Res 2017; 437:16-27. [PMID: 27883906 PMCID: PMC6172010 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Professional health bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) recommend breast milk as the sole source of food during the first year of life. This position recognizes human milk as being uniquely suited for infant nutrition. Nonetheless, most neonates in the West are fed alternatives by 6 months of age. Although inferior to human milk in most aspects, infant formulas are able to promote effective growth and development. However, while breast-fed infants feature a microbiota dominated by bifidobacteria, the bacterial flora of formula-fed infants is usually heterogeneous with comparatively lower levels of bifidobacteria. Thus, the objective of any infant food manufacturer is to prepare a product that results in a formula-fed infant developing a breast-fed infant-like microbiota. The goal of this focused review is to discuss the structure, synthesis, and function of carbohydrate additives that play a role in governing the composition of the infant microbiome and have other health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy L Ackerman
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Kelly M Craft
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Steven D Townsend
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States; Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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Kotake T, Yamanashi Y, Imaizumi C, Tsumuraya Y. Metabolism of L-arabinose in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:781-792. [PMID: 27220955 PMCID: PMC5897480 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0834-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
L-Arabinose (L-Ara) is a plant-specific sugar accounting for 5-10 % of cell wall saccharides in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa). L-Ara occurs in pectic arabinan, rhamnogalacturonan II, arabinoxylan, arabinogalactan-protein (AGP), and extensin in the cell walls, as well as in glycosylated signaling peptides like CLAVATA3 and small glycoconjugates such as quercetin 3-O-arabinoside. This review focuses on recent advances towards understanding the generation of L-Ara and the metabolism of L-Ara-containing molecules in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihisa Kotake
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Yukiko Yamanashi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Chiemi Imaizumi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yoichi Tsumuraya
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
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Zhang Q, Zhang X, Pettolino F, Zhou G, Li C. Changes in cell wall polysaccharide composition, gene transcription and alternative splicing in germinating barley embryos. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 191:127-139. [PMID: 26788957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seed germination initiates many important biological processes such as DNA, membrane and mitochondrial repairs. However, little is known on cell wall modifications in germinating embryos. We have investigated cell wall polysaccharide composition change, gene transcription and alternative splicing events in four barley varieties at 24h and 48 h germination. Cell wall components in germinating barley embryos changed rapidly, with increases in cellulose and (1,3)(1,4)-β-D-glucan (20-100%) within 24h, but decreases in heteroxylan and arabinan (3-50%). There were also significant changes in the levels of type I arabinogalactans and heteromannans. Alternative splicing played very important roles in cell wall modifications. At least 22 cell wall transcripts were detected to undergo either alternative 3' splicing, alternative 5' splicing or intron retention type of alternative splicing. These genes coded enzymes catalyzing synthesis and degradation of cellulose, heteroxylan, (1,3)(1,4)-β-D-glucan and other cell wall polymers. Furthermore, transcriptional regulation also played very important roles in cell wall modifications. Transcript levels of primary wall cellulase synthase, heteroxylan synthesizing and nucleotide sugar inter-conversion genes were very high in germinating embryos. At least 50 cell wall genes changed transcript levels significantly. Expression patterns of many cell wall genes coincided with changes in polysaccharide composition. Our data showed that cell wall polysaccharide metabolism was very active in germinating barley embryos, which was regulated at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisen Zhang
- Australian Export Grains Innovation Centre, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6155, Australia.
| | - Xiaoqi Zhang
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia.
| | | | - Gaofeng Zhou
- Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6155, Australia.
| | - Chengdao Li
- Australian Export Grains Innovation Centre, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6155, Australia; Western Barley Genetics Alliance, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia; Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6155, Australia.
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Hsieh YSY, Zhang Q, Yap K, Shirley NJ, Lahnstein J, Nelson CJ, Burton RA, Millar AH, Bulone V, Fincher GB. Genetics, Transcriptional Profiles, and Catalytic Properties of the UDP-Arabinose Mutase Family from Barley. Biochemistry 2016; 55:322-34. [PMID: 26645466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Four members of the UDP-Ara mutase (UAM) gene family from barley have been isolated and characterized, and their map positions on chromosomes 2H, 3H, and 4H have been defined. When the genes are expressed in Escherichia coli, the corresponding HvUAM1, HvUAM2, and HvUAM3 proteins exhibit UAM activity, and the kinetic properties of the enzymes have been determined, including Km, Kcat, and catalytic efficiencies. However, the expressed HvUAM4 protein shows no mutase activity against UDP-Ara or against a broad range of other nucleotide sugars and related molecules. The enzymic data indicate therefore that the HvUAM4 protein may not be a mutase. However, the HvUAM4 gene is transcribed at high levels in all the barley tissues examined, and its transcript abundance is correlated with transcript levels for other genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis. The UDP-l-Arap → UDP-l-Araf reaction, which is essential for the generation of the UDP-Araf substrate for arabinoxylan, arabinogalactan protein, and pectic polysaccharide biosynthesis, is thermodynamically unfavorable and has an equilibrium constant of 0.02. Nevertheless, the incorporation of Araf residues into nascent polysaccharides clearly occurs at biologically appropriate rates. The characterization of the HvUAM genes opens the way for the manipulation of both the amounts and fine structures of heteroxylans in cereals, grasses, and other crop plants, with a view toward enhancing their value in human health and nutrition, and in renewable biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves S Y Hsieh
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.,Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) , AlbaNova University Centre, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qisen Zhang
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Kuok Yap
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Neil J Shirley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Clark J Nelson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - A Harvey Millar
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.,Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) , AlbaNova University Centre, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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Yin S, Kong JQ. Transcriptome-guided discovery and functional characterization of two UDP-sugar 4-epimerase families involved in the biosynthesis of anti-tumor polysaccharides in Ornithogalum caudatum. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03817d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A transcriptome-guided discovery and functional identification of UGE and UXE families were presented. Importantly, OcUGE1/2 and OcUXE1 were preliminarily revealed to be responsible for the biosynthesis of anticancer polysaccharides inO. caudatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yin
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products)
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jian-Qiang Kong
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines & Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products)
- Beijing
- China
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8
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Hu X, Ren J, Ren X, Huang S, Sabiel SAI, Luo M, Nevo E, Fu C, Peng J, Sun D. Association of Agronomic Traits with SNP Markers in Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L. durum (Desf.)). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130854. [PMID: 26110423 PMCID: PMC4482485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Association mapping is a powerful approach to detect associations between traits of interest and genetic markers based on linkage disequilibrium (LD) in molecular plant breeding. In this study, 150 accessions of worldwide originated durum wheat germplasm (Triticum turgidum spp. durum) were genotyped using 1,366 SNP markers. The extent of LD on each chromosome was evaluated. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers with ten agronomic traits measured in four consecutive years was analyzed under a mix linear model (MLM). Two hundred and one significant association pairs were detected in the four years. Several markers were associated with one trait, and also some markers were associated with multiple traits. Some of the associated markers were in agreement with previous quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses. The function and homology analyses of the corresponding ESTs of some SNP markers could explain many of the associations for plant height, length of main spike, number of spikelets on main spike, grain number per plant, and 1000-grain weight, etc. The SNP associations for the observed traits are generally clustered in specific chromosome regions of the wheat genome, mainly in 2A, 5A, 6A, 7A, 1B, and 6B chromosomes. This study demonstrates that association mapping can complement and enhance previous QTL analyses and provide additional information for marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jing Ren
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Macromolecular Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, Shandong, 253023, China
| | - Xifeng Ren
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Sisi Huang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Salih A. I. Sabiel
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Mingcheng Luo
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States of America
| | - Eviatar Nevo
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | - Chunjie Fu
- Science and Technology Center, China National Seed Group Co., Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430206, China
| | - Junhua Peng
- Science and Technology Center, China National Seed Group Co., Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430206, China
| | - Dongfa Sun
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China
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Laidlaw HKC, Kooij-Liu P, Jobling SA. NOTE: Hydrolysis Temperature Affects the Phloroglucinol Assay for Arabinoxylan Quantification in Wheat Flour. Cereal Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-10-13-0209-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peggy Kooij-Liu
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, GPO Box 93, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia, and CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Stephen A. Jobling
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, GPO Box 93, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia, and CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, ACT 2601, Australia
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Weng X, Huang Y, Hou C, Jiang D. Effects of an exogenous xylanase gene expression on the growth of transgenic rice and the expression level of endogenous xylanase inhibitor gene RIXI. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:173-179. [PMID: 22674383 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xylanases have attracted considerable interest in recent years owing to their various applications in industry and agriculture. The use of transgenic plants to produce xylanases is a less expensive alternative to biotechnological programmes. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether introducing a foreign xylanase gene ATX into rice had any adverse effect on plant growth and development. RESULTS A recombinant xylanase gene ATX was introduced into rice variety Zhonghua 11 through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The T₂ generation of transgenic rice was compared with the control (non-transgenic plants). Exogenous xylanase gene ATX was expressed in rice, and all examined transgenic lines exhibited xylanase activity. The transgenic lines (T₂, 'X1-3' and 'X2-5') appeared to grow and develop normally. There were no differences in net photosynthetic rate between transgenic rice lines ('X1-3' and 'X2-5') and wild type (WT) rice plants at the heading/flowering stage. Xylanases are key enzymes in the degradation of plant cell walls. Cell wall composition analysis showed that that there were no changes in cell wall polysaccharides in the root apex but some alterations in leaves in transgenic rice plants. The results also showed that the expression of exogenous xylanase gene ATX in rice would increase the expression of endogenous xylanase inhibitor gene RIXI, which could play a role in plant defence. Thus the stress resistance of transgenic rice plants might be improved. CONCLUSION Exogenous xylanase gene ATX could be successfully expressed in rice, and the exogenous protein had no apparent harmful effects on growth and development in transgenic rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Weng
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Urbina H, Blackwell M. Multilocus phylogenetic study of the Scheffersomyces yeast clade and characterization of the N-terminal region of xylose reductase gene. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39128. [PMID: 22720049 PMCID: PMC3375246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the known xylose-fermenting (X-F) yeasts are placed in the Scheffersomyces clade, a group of ascomycete yeasts that have been isolated from plant tissues and in association with lignicolous insects. We formally recognize fourteen species in this clade based on a maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis using a multilocus dataset. This clade is divided into three subclades, each of which exhibits the biochemical ability to ferment cellobiose or xylose. New combinations are made for seven species of Candida in the clade, and three X-F taxa associated with rotted hardwood are described: Scheffersomyces illinoinensis (type strain NRRL Y-48827(T) = CBS 12624), Scheffersomyces quercinus (type strain NRRL Y-48825(T) = CBS 12625), and Scheffersomyces virginianus (type strain NRRL Y-48822(T) = CBS 12626). The new X-F species are distinctive based on their position in the multilocus phylogenetic analysis and biochemical and morphological characters. The molecular characterization of xylose reductase (XR) indicates that the regions surrounding the conserved domain contain mutations that may enhance the performance of the enzyme in X-F yeasts. The phylogenetic reconstruction using XYL1 or RPB1 was identical to the multilocus analysis, and these loci have potential for rapid identification of cryptic species in this clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Urbina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Meredith Blackwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
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12
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Laidlaw HKC, Lahnstein J, Burton RA, Fincher GB, Jobling SA. Analysis of the arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolase gene family in barley does not support their involvement in the remodelling of endosperm cell walls during development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:3031-45. [PMID: 22378943 PMCID: PMC3350918 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolases (AXAHs) are family GH51 enzymes that have been implicated in the removal of arabinofuranosyl residues from the (1,4)-β-xylan backbone of heteroxylans. Five genes encoding barley AXAHs range in size from 4.6 kb to 7.1 kb and each contains 16 introns. The barley HvAXAH genes map to chromosomes 2H, 4H, and 5H. A small cluster of three HvAXAH genes is located on chromosome 4H and there is evidence for gene duplication and the presence of pseudogenes in barley. The cDNAs corresponding to barley and wheat AXAH genes were cloned, and transcript levels of the genes were profiled across a range of tissues at different developmental stages. Two HvAXAH cDNAs that were successfully expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves exhibited similar activities against 4-nitrophenyl α-L-arabinofuranoside, but HvAXAH2 activity was significantly higher against wheat flour arabinoxylan, compared with HvAXAH1. HvAXAH2 also displayed activity against (1,5)-α-L-arabinopentaose and debranched arabinan. Western blotting with an anti-HvAXAH antibody was used to define further the locations of the AXAH enzymes in developing barley grain, where high levels were detected in the outer layers of the grain but little or no protein was detected in the endosperm. The chromosomal locations of the genes do not correspond to any previously identified genomic regions shown to influence heteroxylan structure. The data are therefore consistent with a role for AXAH in depolymerizing arabinoxylans in maternal tissues during grain development, but do not provide compelling evidence for a role in remodelling arabinoxylans during endosperm or coleoptile development in barley as previously proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter K. C. Laidlaw
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, GPO Box 93, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Stephen A. Jobling
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, GPO Box 93, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, ACT 2601 Australia
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13
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Bar-Peled M, O'Neill MA. Plant nucleotide sugar formation, interconversion, and salvage by sugar recycling. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 62:127-55. [PMID: 21370975 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide sugars are the universal sugar donors for the formation of polysaccharides, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, glycolipids, and glycosylated secondary metabolites. At least 100 genes encode proteins involved in the formation of nucleotide sugars. These nucleotide sugars are formed using the carbohydrate derived from photosynthesis, the sugar generated by hydrolyzing translocated sucrose, the sugars released from storage carbohydrates, the salvage of sugars from glycoproteins and glycolipids, the recycling of sugars released during primary and secondary cell wall restructuring, and the sugar generated during plant-microbe interactions. Here we emphasize the importance of the salvage of sugars released from glycans for the formation of nucleotide sugars. We also outline how recent studies combining biochemical, genetic, molecular and cellular approaches have led to an increased appreciation of the role nucleotide sugars in all aspects of plant growth and development. Nevertheless, our understanding of these pathways at the single cell level is far from complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maor Bar-Peled
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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