1
|
Hrmova M, Zimmer J, Bulone V, Fincher GB. Enzymes in 3D: Synthesis, remodelling, and hydrolysis of cell wall (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans. Plant Physiol 2023; 194:33-50. [PMID: 37594400 PMCID: PMC10762513 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in structural biology have provided valuable new insights into enzymes involved in plant cell wall metabolism. More specifically, the molecular mechanism of synthesis of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans, which are widespread in cell walls of commercially important cereals and grasses, has been the topic of debate and intense research activity for decades. However, an inability to purify these integral membrane enzymes or apply transgenic approaches without interpretative problems associated with pleiotropic effects has presented barriers to attempts to define their synthetic mechanisms. Following the demonstration that some members of the CslF sub-family of GT2 family enzymes mediate (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesis, the expression of the corresponding genes in a heterologous system that is free of background complications has now been achieved. Biochemical analyses of the (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesized in vitro, combined with 3-dimensional (3D) cryogenic-electron microscopy and AlphaFold protein structure predictions, have demonstrated how a single CslF6 enzyme, without exogenous primers, can incorporate both (1,3)- and (1,4)-β-linkages into the nascent polysaccharide chain. Similarly, 3D structures of xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan endo- and exohydrolases have allowed the mechanisms of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan modification and degradation to be defined. X-ray crystallography and multi-scale modeling of a broad specificity GH3 β-glucan exohydrolase recently revealed a previously unknown and remarkable molecular mechanism with reactant trajectories through which a polysaccharide exohydrolase can act with a processive action pattern. The availability of high-quality protein 3D structural predictions should prove invaluable for defining structures, dynamics, and functions of other enzymes involved in plant cell wall metabolism in the immediate future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hrmova
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, and the Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Vincent Bulone
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Alba Nova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, and the Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Purushotham P, Ho R, Yu L, Fincher GB, Bulone V, Zimmer J. Mechanism of mixed-linkage glucan biosynthesis by barley cellulose synthase-like CslF6 (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthase. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eadd1596. [PMID: 36367939 PMCID: PMC9651860 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add1596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-linkage (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans, which are widely distributed in cell walls of the grasses, are linear glucose polymers containing predominantly (1,4)-β-linked glucosyl units interspersed with single (1,3)-β-linked glucosyl units. Their distribution in cereal grains and unique structures are important determinants of dietary fibers that are beneficial to human health. We demonstrate that the barley cellulose synthase-like CslF6 enzyme is sufficient to synthesize a high-molecular weight (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan in vitro. Biochemical and cryo-electron microscopy analyses suggest that CslF6 functions as a monomer. A conserved "switch motif" at the entrance of the enzyme's transmembrane channel is critical to generate (1,3)-linkages. There, a single-point mutation markedly reduces (1,3)-linkage formation, resulting in the synthesis of cellulosic polysaccharides. Our results suggest that CslF6 monitors the orientation of the nascent polysaccharide's second or third glucosyl unit. Register-dependent interactions with these glucosyl residues reposition the polymer's terminal glucosyl unit to form either a (1,3)- or (1,4)-β-linkage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pallinti Purushotham
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 480 Ray C. Hunt Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Ruoya Ho
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 480 Ray C. Hunt Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Long Yu
- Adelaide Glycomics, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Adelaide Glycomics, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 480 Ray C. Hunt Dr., Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Knudsen S, Wendt T, Dockter C, Thomsen HC, Rasmussen M, Egevang Jørgensen M, Lu Q, Voss C, Murozuka E, Østerberg JT, Harholt J, Braumann I, Cuesta-Seijo JA, Kale SM, Bodevin S, Tang Petersen L, Carciofi M, Pedas PR, Opstrup Husum J, Nielsen MTS, Nielsen K, Jensen MK, Møller LA, Gojkovic Z, Striebeck A, Lengeler K, Fennessy RT, Katz M, Garcia Sanchez R, Solodovnikova N, Förster J, Olsen O, Møller BL, Fincher GB, Skadhauge B. FIND-IT: Accelerated trait development for a green evolution. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabq2266. [PMID: 36001660 PMCID: PMC9401622 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq2266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Improved agricultural and industrial production organisms are required to meet the future global food demands and minimize the effects of climate change. A new resource for crop and microbe improvement, designated FIND-IT (Fast Identification of Nucleotide variants by droplet DigITal PCR), provides ultrafast identification and isolation of predetermined, targeted genetic variants in a screening cycle of less than 10 days. Using large-scale sample pooling in combination with droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) greatly increases the size of low-mutation density and screenable variant libraries and the probability of identifying the variant of interest. The method is validated by screening variant libraries totaling 500,000 barley (Hordeum vulgare) individuals and isolating more than 125 targeted barley gene knockout lines and miRNA or promoter variants enabling functional gene analysis. FIND-IT variants are directly applicable to elite breeding pipelines and minimize time-consuming technical steps to accelerate the evolution of germplasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Søren Knudsen
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Toni Wendt
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Christoph Dockter
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | | | - Magnus Rasmussen
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | | | - Qiongxian Lu
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Cynthia Voss
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Emiko Murozuka
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | | | - Jesper Harholt
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Ilka Braumann
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Jose A. Cuesta-Seijo
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Sandip M. Kale
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Sabrina Bodevin
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Lise Tang Petersen
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | | | - Pai Rosager Pedas
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Opstrup Husum
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | | | - Kasper Nielsen
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Mikkel K. Jensen
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Lillian Ambus Møller
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Zoran Gojkovic
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Alexander Striebeck
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Klaus Lengeler
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Ross T. Fennessy
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Michael Katz
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Rosa Garcia Sanchez
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | | | - Jochen Förster
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Ole Olsen
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Centre for Synthetic Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Birgitte Skadhauge
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Garcia-Gimenez G, Schreiber M, Dimitroff G, Little A, Singh R, Fincher GB, Burton RA, Waugh R, Tucker MR, Houston K. Identification of candidate MYB transcription factors that influence CslF6 expression in barley grain. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:883139. [PMID: 36160970 PMCID: PMC9493323 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.883139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
(1,3;1,4)-β-Glucan is a non-cellulosic polysaccharide required for correct barley grain fill and plant development, with industrial relevance in the brewing and the functional food sector. Barley grains contain higher levels of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan compared to other small grain cereals and this influences their end use, having undesirable effects on brewing and distilling and beneficial effects linked to human health. HvCslF6 is the main gene contributing to (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan biosynthesis in the grain. Here, the transcriptional regulation of HvCslF6 was investigated using an in-silico analysis of transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) in its putative promoter, and functional characterization in a barley protoplast transient expression system. Based on TFBS predictions, TF classes AP2/ERF, MYB, and basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) were over-represented within a 1,000 bp proximal HvCslF6 promoter region. Dual luciferase assays based on multiple HvCslF6 deletion constructs revealed the promoter fragment driving HvCslF6 expression. Highest HvCslF6 promoter activity was narrowed down to a 51 bp region located -331 bp to -382 bp upstream of the start codon. We combined this with TFBS predictions to identify two MYB TFs: HvMYB61 and HvMYB46/83 as putative activators of HvCslF6 expression. Gene network analyses assigned HvMYB61 to the same co-expression module as HvCslF6 and other primary cellulose synthases (HvCesA1, HvCesA2, and HvCesA6), whereas HvMYB46/83 was assigned to a different module. Based on RNA-seq expression during grain development, HvMYB61 was cloned and tested in the protoplast system. The transient over-expression of HvMYB61 in barley protoplasts suggested a positive regulatory effect on HvCslF6 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Miriam Schreiber
- Plant Sciences Division, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - George Dimitroff
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alan Little
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rohan Singh
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Robbie Waugh
- The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Plant Sciences Division, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew R. Tucker
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kelly Houston
- The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Kelly Houston,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Betts NS, Collins HM, Shirley NJ, Cuesta-Seijo JA, Schwerdt JG, Phillips RJ, Finnie C, Fincher GB, Dockter C, Skadhauge B, Bulone V. Identification and spatio-temporal expression analysis of barley genes that encode putative modular xylanolytic enzymes. Plant Sci 2021; 308:110792. [PMID: 34034860 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Arabinoxylans are cell wall polysaccharides whose re-modelling and degradation during plant development are mediated by several classes of xylanolytic enzymes. Here, we present the identification and new annotation of twelve putative (1,4)-β-xylanase and six β-xylosidase genes, and their spatio-temporal expression patterns during vegetative and reproductive growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Navigator). The encoded xylanase proteins are all predicted to contain a conserved carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) and a catalytic glycoside hydrolase (GH) 10 domain. Additional domains in some xylanases define three discrete phylogenetic clades: one clade contains proteins with an additional N-terminal signal sequence, while another clade contains proteins with multiple CBMs. Homology modelling revealed that all fifteen xylanases likely contain a third domain, a β-sandwich folded from two non-contiguous sequence segments that bracket the catalytic GH domain, which may explain why the full length protein is required for correct folding of the active enzyme. Similarly, predicted xylosidase proteins share a highly conserved domain structure, each with an N-terminal signal peptide, a split GH 3 domain, and a C-terminal fibronectin-like domain. Several genes appear to be ubiquitously expressed during barley growth and development, while four newly annotated xylanase and xylosidase genes are expressed at extremely high levels, which may be of broader interest for industrial applications where cell wall degradation is necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S Betts
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond SA 5064 Australia.
| | - Helen M Collins
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond SA 5064 Australia.
| | - Neil J Shirley
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond SA 5064 Australia
| | - Jose A Cuesta-Seijo
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark.
| | - Julian G Schwerdt
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond SA 5064 Australia.
| | - Renee J Phillips
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond SA 5064 Australia.
| | - Christine Finnie
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond SA 5064 Australia.
| | - Christoph Dockter
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark.
| | - Birgitte Skadhauge
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark.
| | - Vincent Bulone
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond SA 5064 Australia; Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Collins HM, Betts NS, Dockter C, Berkowitz O, Braumann I, Cuesta-Seijo JA, Skadhauge B, Whelan J, Bulone V, Fincher GB. Genes That Mediate Starch Metabolism in Developing and Germinated Barley Grain. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:641325. [PMID: 33732278 PMCID: PMC7959180 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.641325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Starch is synthesized in the endosperm of developing barley grain, where it functions as the primary source of stored carbohydrate. In germinated grain these starch reserves are hydrolyzed to small oligosaccharides and glucose, which are transported to the embryo to support the growth of the developing seedling. Some of the mobilized glucose is transiently stored as starch in the scutellum of germinated grain. These processes are crucial for early seedling vigor, which is a key determinant of crop productivity and global food security. Several starch synthases (SS), starch-branching enzymes (SBEs), and starch debranching enzymes (isoamylases, ISA), together with a limit dextrinase (LD), have been implicated in starch synthesis from nucleotide-sugar precursors. Starch synthesis occurs both in the developing endosperm and in the scutellum of germinated grain. For the complete depolymerization of starch to glucose, α-amylase (Amy), β-amylase (Bmy), isoamylase (ISA), limit dextrinase (LD), and α-glucosidase (AGL) are required. Most of these enzymes are encoded by gene families of up to 10 or more members. Here RNA-seq transcription data from isolated tissues of intact developing and germinated barley grain have allowed us to identify the most important, specific gene family members for each of these processes in vivo and, at the same time, we have defined in detail the spatio-temporal coordination of gene expression in different tissues of the grain. A transcript dataset for 81,280 genes is publicly available as a resource for investigations into other cellular and biochemical processes that occur in the developing grain from 6 days after pollination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen M. Collins
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Natalie S. Betts
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | | | - Oliver Berkowitz
- School of Life Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | - James Whelan
- School of Life Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Geoffrey B. Fincher,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Garcia-Gimenez G, Barakate A, Smith P, Stephens J, Khor SF, Doblin MS, Hao P, Bacic A, Fincher GB, Burton RA, Waugh R, Tucker MR, Houston K. Targeted mutation of barley (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthases reveals complex relationships between the storage and cell wall polysaccharide content. Plant J 2020; 104:1009-1022. [PMID: 32890421 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L) grain is comparatively rich in (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, a source of fermentable dietary fibre that protects against various human health conditions. However, low grain (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content is preferred for brewing and distilling. We took a reverse genetics approach, using CRISPR/Cas9 to generate mutations in members of the Cellulose synthase-like (Csl) gene superfamily that encode known (HvCslF6 and HvCslH1) and putative (HvCslF3 and HvCslF9) (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthases. Resultant mutations ranged from single amino acid (aa) substitutions to frameshift mutations causing premature stop codons, and led to specific differences in grain morphology, composition and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content. (1,3;1,4)-β-Glucan was absent in the grain of cslf6 knockout lines, whereas cslf9 knockout lines had similar (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content to wild-type (WT). However, cslf9 mutants showed changes in the abundance of other cell-wall-related monosaccharides compared with WT. Thousand grain weight (TGW), grain length, width and surface area were altered in cslf6 knockouts, and to a lesser extent TGW in cslf9 knockouts. cslf3 and cslh1 mutants had no effect on grain (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content. Our data indicate that multiple members of the CslF/H family fulfil important functions during grain development but, with the exception of HvCslF6, do not impact the abundance of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan in mature grain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdellah Barakate
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Pauline Smith
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Jennifer Stephens
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Shi F Khor
- School of Agriculture and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, School of Life Sciences, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Sciences, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Pengfei Hao
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, School of Life Sciences, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Sciences, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, School of Life Sciences, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Sciences, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- School of Agriculture and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- School of Agriculture and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Robbie Waugh
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, DD2 5DA, UK
- School of Agriculture and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
- Plant Sciences Division, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee. Dundee, Scotland, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- School of Agriculture and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Kelly Houston
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, DD2 5DA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Marcotuli I, Colasuonno P, Hsieh YSY, Fincher GB, Gadaleta A. Non-Starch Polysaccharides in Durum Wheat: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082933. [PMID: 32331292 PMCID: PMC7215680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Durum wheat is one of most important cereal crops that serves as a staple dietary component for humans and domestic animals. It provides antioxidants, proteins, minerals and dietary fibre, which have beneficial properties for humans, especially as related to the health of gut microbiota. Dietary fibre is defined as carbohydrate polymers that are non-digestible in the small intestine. However, this dietary component can be digested by microorganisms in the large intestine and imparts physiological benefits at daily intake levels of 30–35 g. Dietary fibre in cereal grains largely comprises cell wall polymers and includes insoluble (cellulose, part of the hemicellulose component and lignin) and soluble (arabinoxylans and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans) fibre. More specifically, certain components provide immunomodulatory and cholesterol lowering activity, faecal bulking effects, enhanced absorption of certain minerals, prebiotic effects and, through these effects, reduce the risk of type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer. Thus, dietary fibre is attracting increasing interest from cereal processors, producers and consumers. Compared with other components of the durum wheat grain, fibre components have not been studied extensively. Here, we have summarised the current status of knowledge on the genetic control of arabinoxylan and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesis and accumulation in durum wheat grain. Indeed, the recent results obtained in durum wheat open the way for the improvement of these important cereal quality parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Marcotuli
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (A.G.)
| | - Pasqualina Colasuonno
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Yves S. Y. Hsieh
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), SE106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia;
| | - Agata Gadaleta
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (A.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Betts NS, Dockter C, Berkowitz O, Collins HM, Hooi M, Lu Q, Burton RA, Bulone V, Skadhauge B, Whelan J, Fincher GB. Transcriptional and biochemical analyses of gibberellin expression and content in germinated barley grain. J Exp Bot 2020; 71:1870-1884. [PMID: 31819970 PMCID: PMC7242073 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Mobilization of reserves in germinated cereal grains is critical for early seedling vigour, global crop productivity, and hence food security. Gibberellins (GAs) are central to this process. We have developed a spatio-temporal model that describes the multifaceted mechanisms of GA regulation in germinated barley grain. The model was generated using RNA sequencing transcript data from tissues dissected from intact, germinated grain, which closely match measurements of GA hormones and their metabolites in those tissues. The data show that successful grain germination is underpinned by high concentrations of GA precursors in ungerminated grain, the use of independent metabolic pathways for the synthesis of several bioactive GAs during germination, and a capacity to abort bioactive GA biosynthesis. The most abundant bioactive form is GA1, which is synthesized in the scutellum as a glycosyl conjugate that diffuses to the aleurone, where it stimulates de novo synthesis of a GA3 conjugate and GA4. Synthesis of bioactive GAs in the aleurone provides a mechanism that ensures the hormonal signal is relayed from the scutellum to the distal tip of the grain. The transcript data set of 33 421 genes used to define GA metabolism is available as a resource to analyse other physiological processes in germinated grain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S Betts
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | | | - Oliver Berkowitz
- School of Life Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen M Collins
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Michelle Hooi
- Adelaide Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Qiongxian Lu
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Rachel A Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | | | - James Whelan
- School of Life Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Garcia-Gimenez G, Russell J, Aubert MK, Fincher GB, Burton RA, Waugh R, Tucker MR, Houston K. Barley grain (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content: effects of transcript and sequence variation in genes encoding the corresponding synthase and endohydrolase enzymes. Sci Rep 2019. [PMID: 31754200 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53798-53798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of plant cell walls is important in determining cereal end uses. Unlike other widely consumed cereal grains barley is comparatively rich in (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, a source of dietary fibre. Previous work showed Cellulose synthase-like genes synthesise (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan in several tissues. HvCslF6 encodes a grain (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthase, whereas the function of HvCslF9 is unknown. Here, the relationship between mRNA levels of HvCslF6, HvCslF9, HvGlbI (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan endohydrolase, and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content was studied in developing grains of four barley cultivars. HvCslF6 was differentially expressed during mid (8-15 DPA) and late (38 DPA) grain development stages while HvCslF9 transcript was only clearly detected at 8-10 DPA. A peak of HvGlbI expression was detected at 15 DPA. Differences in transcript abundance across the three genes could partially explain variation in grain (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content in these genotypes. Remarkably narrow sequence variation was found within the HvCslF6 promoter and coding sequence and does not explain variation in (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content. Our data emphasise the genotype-dependent accumulation of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan during barley grain development and a role for the balance between hydrolysis and synthesis in determining (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content, and suggests that other regulatory sequences or proteins are likely to be involved in this trait in developing grain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Garcia-Gimenez
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
- Guillermo Garcia-Gimenez, Agriculture & Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Joanne Russell
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Matthew K Aubert
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Robbie Waugh
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
- Plant Sciences Division, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee. Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Kelly Houston
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Garcia-Gimenez G, Russell J, Aubert MK, Fincher GB, Burton RA, Waugh R, Tucker MR, Houston K. Barley grain (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content: effects of transcript and sequence variation in genes encoding the corresponding synthase and endohydrolase enzymes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17250. [PMID: 31754200 PMCID: PMC6872655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53798-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of plant cell walls is important in determining cereal end uses. Unlike other widely consumed cereal grains barley is comparatively rich in (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, a source of dietary fibre. Previous work showed Cellulose synthase-like genes synthesise (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan in several tissues. HvCslF6 encodes a grain (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthase, whereas the function of HvCslF9 is unknown. Here, the relationship between mRNA levels of HvCslF6, HvCslF9, HvGlbI (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan endohydrolase, and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content was studied in developing grains of four barley cultivars. HvCslF6 was differentially expressed during mid (8-15 DPA) and late (38 DPA) grain development stages while HvCslF9 transcript was only clearly detected at 8-10 DPA. A peak of HvGlbI expression was detected at 15 DPA. Differences in transcript abundance across the three genes could partially explain variation in grain (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content in these genotypes. Remarkably narrow sequence variation was found within the HvCslF6 promoter and coding sequence and does not explain variation in (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content. Our data emphasise the genotype-dependent accumulation of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan during barley grain development and a role for the balance between hydrolysis and synthesis in determining (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content, and suggests that other regulatory sequences or proteins are likely to be involved in this trait in developing grain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Garcia-Gimenez
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
- Guillermo Garcia-Gimenez, Agriculture & Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Joanne Russell
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Matthew K Aubert
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Robbie Waugh
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
- Plant Sciences Division, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee. Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Kelly Houston
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chong HH, Cleary MT, Dokoozlian N, Ford CM, Fincher GB. Soluble cell wall carbohydrates and their relationship with sensory attributes in Cabernet Sauvignon wine. Food Chem 2019; 298:124745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
13
|
Richards SM, Hovhannisyan N, Gilliham M, Ingram J, Skadhauge B, Heiniger H, Llamas B, Mitchell KJ, Meachen J, Fincher GB, Austin JJ, Cooper A. Correction: Low-cost cross-taxon enrichment of mitochondrial DNA using in-house synthesised RNA probes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213296. [PMID: 30811502 PMCID: PMC6392288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
14
|
Richards SM, Hovhannisyan N, Gilliham M, Ingram J, Skadhauge B, Heiniger H, Llamas B, Mitchell KJ, Meachen J, Fincher GB, Austin JJ, Cooper A. Low-cost cross-taxon enrichment of mitochondrial DNA using in-house synthesised RNA probes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209499. [PMID: 30716066 PMCID: PMC6361428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybridization capture with in-solution oligonucleotide probes has quickly become the preferred method for enriching specific DNA loci from degraded or ancient samples prior to high-throughput sequencing (HTS). Several companies synthesize sets of probes for in-solution hybridization capture, but these commercial reagents are usually expensive. Methods for economical in-house probe synthesis have been described, but they do not directly address one of the major advantages of commercially synthesised probes: that probe sequences matching many species can be synthesised in parallel and pooled. The ability to make “phylogenetically diverse” probes increases the cost-effectiveness of commercial probe sets, as they can be used across multiple projects (or for projects involving multiple species). However, it is labour-intensive to replicate this with in-house methods, as template molecules must first be generated for each species of interest. While it has been observed that probes can be used to enrich for phylogenetically distant targets, the ability of this effect to compensate for the lack of phylogenetically diverse probes in in-house synthesised probe sets has not been tested. In this study, we present a refined protocol for in-house RNA probe synthesis and evaluated the ability of probes generated using this method from a single species to successfully enrich for the target locus in phylogenetically distant species. We demonstrated that probes synthesized using long-range PCR products from a placental mammal mitochondrion (Bison spp.) could be used to enrich for mitochondrial DNA in birds and marsupials (but not plants). Importantly, our results were obtained for approximately a third of the cost of similar commercially available reagents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Richards
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Matthew Gilliham
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Joshua Ingram
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Holly Heiniger
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Bastien Llamas
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kieren J. Mitchell
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Julie Meachen
- Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cell Walls, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jeremy J. Austin
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alan Cooper
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bulone V, Schwerdt JG, Fincher GB. Co-evolution of Enzymes Involved in Plant Cell Wall Metabolism in the Grasses. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:1009. [PMID: 31447874 PMCID: PMC6696892 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There has been a dramatic evolutionary shift in the polysaccharide composition of cell walls in the grasses, with increases in arabinoxylans and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans and decreases in pectic polysaccharides, mannans, and xyloglucans, compared with other angiosperms. Several enzymes are involved in the biosynthesis of arabinoxylans, but the overall process is not yet defined and whether their increased abundance in grasses results from active or reactive evolutionary forces is not clear. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that multiple independent evolution of genes encoding (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthases has probably occurred within the large cellulose synthase/cellulose synthase-like (CesA/Csl) gene family of angiosperms. The (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthases appear to be capable of inserting both (1,3)- and (1,4)-β-linkages in the elongating polysaccharide chain, although the precise mechanism through which this is achieved remains unclear. Nevertheless, these enzymes probably evolved from synthases that originally synthesized only (1,4)-β-linkages. Initially, (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans could be turned over through preexisting cellulases, but as the need for specific hydrolysis was required, the grasses evolved specific (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan endohydrolases. The corresponding genes evolved from genes for the more widely distributed (1,3)-β-glucan endohydrolases. Why the subgroups of CesA/Csl genes that mediate the synthesis of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans have been retained by the highly successful grasses but by few other angiosperms or lower plants represents an intriguing biological question. In this review, we address this important aspect of cell wall polysaccharide evolution in the grasses, with a particular focus on the enzymes involved in noncellulosic polysaccharide biosynthesis, hydrolysis, and modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Bulone
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaid, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Glycomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Julian G. Schwerdt
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaid, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaid, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Geoffrey B. Fincher,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Little A, Schwerdt JG, Shirley NJ, Khor SF, Neumann K, O'Donovan LA, Lahnstein J, Collins HM, Henderson M, Fincher GB, Burton RA. Revised Phylogeny of the Cellulose Synthase Gene Superfamily: Insights into Cell Wall Evolution. Plant Physiol 2018; 177:1124-1141. [PMID: 29780036 PMCID: PMC6052982 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls are crucial for the integrity and function of all land plants and are of central importance in human health, livestock production, and as a source of renewable bioenergy. Many enzymes that mediate the biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides are encoded by members of the large cellulose synthase (CesA) gene superfamily. Here, we analyzed 29 sequenced genomes and 17 transcriptomes to revise the phylogeny of the CesA gene superfamily in angiosperms. Our results identify ancestral gene clusters that predate the monocot-eudicot divergence and reveal several novel evolutionary observations, including the expansion of the Poaceae-specific cellulose synthase-like CslF family to the graminids and restiids and the characterization of a previously unreported eudicot lineage, CslM, that forms a reciprocally monophyletic eudicot-monocot grouping with the CslJ clade. The CslM lineage is widely distributed in eudicots, and the CslJ clade, which was thought previously to be restricted to the Poales, is widely distributed in monocots. Our analyses show that some members of the CslJ lineage, but not the newly identified CslM genes, are capable of directing (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan biosynthesis, which, contrary to current dogma, is not restricted to Poaceae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Little
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Julian G Schwerdt
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Neil J Shirley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Shi F Khor
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Kylie Neumann
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Lisa A O'Donovan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Helen M Collins
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Marilyn Henderson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Roberts AW, Lahnstein J, Hsieh YSY, Xing X, Yap K, Chaves AM, Scavuzzo-Duggan TR, Dimitroff G, Lonsdale A, Roberts E, Bulone V, Fincher GB, Doblin MS, Bacic A, Burton RA. Functional Characterization of a Glycosyltransferase from the Moss Physcomitrella patens Involved in the Biosynthesis of a Novel Cell Wall Arabinoglucan. Plant Cell 2018; 30:1293-1308. [PMID: 29674386 PMCID: PMC6048786 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-linkage (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan (MLG), an abundant cell wall polysaccharide in the Poaceae, has been detected in ascomycetes, algae, and seedless vascular plants, but not in eudicots. Although MLG has not been reported in bryophytes, a predicted glycosyltransferase from the moss Physcomitrella patens (Pp3c12_24670) is similar to a bona fide ascomycete MLG synthase. We tested whether Pp3c12_24670 encodes an MLG synthase by expressing it in wild tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) and testing for release of diagnostic oligosaccharides from the cell walls by either lichenase or (1,4)-β-glucan endohydrolase. Lichenase, an MLG-specific endohydrolase, showed no activity against cell walls from transformed N. benthamiana, but (1,4)-β-glucan endohydrolase released oligosaccharides that were distinct from oligosaccharides released from MLG by this enzyme. Further analysis revealed that these oligosaccharides were derived from a novel unbranched, unsubstituted arabinoglucan (AGlc) polysaccharide. We identified sequences similar to the P. patens AGlc synthase from algae, bryophytes, lycophytes, and monilophytes, raising the possibility that other early divergent plants synthesize AGlc. Similarity of P. patens AGlc synthase to MLG synthases from ascomycetes, but not those from Poaceae, suggests that AGlc and MLG have a common evolutionary history that includes loss in seed plants, followed by a more recent independent origin of MLG within the monocots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison W Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Yves S Y Hsieh
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Xiaohui Xing
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Kuok Yap
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Arielle M Chaves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
| | - Tess R Scavuzzo-Duggan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
| | - George Dimitroff
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Andrew Lonsdale
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eric Roberts
- Biology Department, Rhode Island College, Providence, Rhode Island 02908
| | - Vincent Bulone
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Monika S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lim WL, Collins HM, Singh RR, Kibble NAJ, Yap K, Taylor J, Fincher GB, Burton RA. Method for hull-less barley transformation and manipulation of grain mixed-linkage beta-glucan. J Integr Plant Biol 2018; 60:382-396. [PMID: 29247595 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hull-less barley is increasingly offering scope for breeding grains with improved characteristics for human nutrition; however, recalcitrance of hull-less cultivars to transformation has limited the use of these varieties. To overcome this limitation, we sought to develop an effective transformation system for hull-less barley using the cultivar Torrens. Torrens yielded a transformation efficiency of 1.8%, using a modified Agrobacterium transformation method. This method was used to over-express genes encoding synthases for the important dietary fiber component, (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan (mixed-linkage glucan), primarily present in starchy endosperm cell walls. Over-expression of the HvCslF6 gene, driven by an endosperm-specific promoter, produced lines where mixed-linkage glucan content increased on average by 45%, peaking at 70% in some lines, with smaller increases in transgenic HvCslH1 grain. Transgenic HvCslF6 lines displayed alterations where grain had a darker color, were more easily crushed than wild type and were smaller. This was associated with an enlarged cavity in the central endosperm and changes in cell morphology, including aleurone and sub-aleurone cells. This work provides proof-of-concept evidence that mixed-linkage glucan content in hull-less barley grain can be increased by over-expression of the HvCslF6 gene, but also indicates that hull-less cultivars may be more sensitive to attempts to modify cell wall composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wai Li Lim
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Helen M Collins
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Rohan R Singh
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Natalie A J Kibble
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Kuok Yap
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Jillian Taylor
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Betts NS, Wilkinson LG, Khor SF, Shirley NJ, Lok F, Skadhauge B, Burton RA, Fincher GB, Collins HM. Morphology, Carbohydrate Distribution, Gene Expression, and Enzymatic Activities Related to Cell Wall Hydrolysis in Four Barley Varieties during Simulated Malting. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:1872. [PMID: 29163597 PMCID: PMC5670874 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Many biological processes, such as cell wall hydrolysis and the mobilisation of nutrient reserves from the starchy endosperm, require stringent regulation to successfully malt barley (Hordeum vulgare) grain in an industrial context. Much of the accumulated knowledge defining these events has been collected from individual, unrelated experiments, and data have often been extrapolated from Petri dish germination, rather than malting, experiments. Here, we present comprehensive morphological, biochemical, and transcript data from a simulated malt batch of the three elite malting cultivars Admiral, Navigator, and Flagship, and the feed cultivar Keel. Activities of lytic enzymes implicated in cell wall and starch depolymerisation in germinated grain have been measured, and transcript data for published cell wall hydrolytic genes have been provided. It was notable that Flagship and Keel exhibited generally similar patterns of enzyme and transcript expression, but exhibited a few key differences that may partially explain Flagship's superior malting qualities. Admiral and Navigator also showed matching expression patterns for these genes and enzymes, but the patterns differed from those of Flagship and Keel, despite Admiral and Navigator having Keel as a common ancestor. Overall (1,3;1,4)-β-glucanase activity differed between cultivars, with lower enzyme levels and concomitantly higher amounts of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan in the feed variety, Keel, at the end of malting. Transcript levels of the gene encoding (1,3;1,4)-β-glucanase isoenzyme EI were almost three times higher than those encoding isoenzyme EII, suggesting a previously unrecognised importance for isoenzyme EI during malting. Careful morphological examination showed that scutellum epithelial cells in mature dry grain are elongated but expand no further as malting progresses, in contrast to equivalent cells in other cereals, perhaps demonstrating a morphological change in this critical organ over generations of breeding selection. Fluorescent immuno-histochemical labelling revealed the presence of pectin in the nucellus and, for the first time, significant amounts of callose throughout the starchy endosperm of mature grain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S. Betts
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Laura G. Wilkinson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Shi F. Khor
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Neil J. Shirley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Finn Lok
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Rachel A. Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Helen M. Collins
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite, Glen Osmond, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Betts NS, Berkowitz O, Liu R, Collins HM, Skadhauge B, Dockter C, Burton RA, Whelan J, Fincher GB. Isolation of tissues and preservation of RNA from intact, germinated barley grain. Plant J 2017; 91:754-765. [PMID: 28509349 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Isolated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) aleurone layers have been widely used as a model system for studying gene expression and hormonal regulation in germinating cereal grains. A serious technological limitation of this approach has been the inability to confidently extrapolate conclusions obtained from isolated tissues back to the whole grain, where the co-location of several living and non-living tissues results in complex tissue-tissue interactions and regulatory pathways coordinated across the multiple tissues. Here we have developed methods for isolating fragments of aleurone, starchy endosperm, embryo, scutellum, pericarp-testa, husk and crushed cell layers from germinated grain. An important step in the procedure involves the rapid fixation of the intact grain to freeze the transcriptional activity of individual tissues while dissection is effected for subsequent transcriptomic analyses. The developmental profiles of 19 611 gene transcripts were precisely defined in the purified tissues and in whole grain during the first 24 h of germination by RNA sequencing. Spatial and temporal patterns of transcription were validated against well-defined data on enzyme activities in both whole grain and isolated tissues. Transcript profiles of genes involved in mitochondrial assembly and function were used to validate the very early stages of germination, while the profiles of genes involved in starch and cell wall mobilisation matched existing data on activities of corresponding enzymes. The data will be broadly applicable for the interrogation of co-expression and differential expression patterns and for the identification of transcription factors that are important in the early stages of grain and seed germination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S Betts
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Oliver Berkowitz
- School of Life Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Ruijie Liu
- School of Life Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Helen M Collins
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Birgitte Skadhauge
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J. C. Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Christoph Dockter
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J. C. Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Rachel A Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - James Whelan
- School of Life Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chowdhury J, Lück S, Rajaraman J, Douchkov D, Shirley NJ, Schwerdt JG, Schweizer P, Fincher GB, Burton RA, Little A. Altered Expression of Genes Implicated in Xylan Biosynthesis Affects Penetration Resistance against Powdery Mildew. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:445. [PMID: 28408913 PMCID: PMC5374208 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Heteroxylan has recently been identified as an important component of papillae, which are formed during powdery mildew infection of barley leaves. Deposition of heteroxylan near the sites of attempted fungal penetration in the epidermal cell wall is believed to enhance the physical resistance to the fungal penetration peg and hence to improve pre-invasion resistance. Several glycosyltransferase (GT) families are implicated in the assembly of heteroxylan in the plant cell wall, and are likely to work together in a multi-enzyme complex. Members of key GT families reported to be involved in heteroxylan biosynthesis are up-regulated in the epidermal layer of barley leaves during powdery mildew infection. Modulation of their expression leads to altered susceptibility levels, suggesting that these genes are important for penetration resistance. The highest level of resistance was achieved when a GT43 gene was co-expressed with a GT47 candidate gene, both of which have been predicted to be involved in xylan backbone biosynthesis. Altering the expression level of several candidate heteroxylan synthesis genes can significantly alter disease susceptibility. This is predicted to occur through changes in the amount and structure of heteroxylan in barley papillae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Chowdhury
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of AdelaideGlen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Stefanie Lück
- Pathogen-Stress Genomics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Jeyaraman Rajaraman
- Pathogen-Stress Genomics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Dimitar Douchkov
- Pathogen-Stress Genomics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Neil J. Shirley
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of AdelaideGlen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Julian G. Schwerdt
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of AdelaideGlen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Patrick Schweizer
- Pathogen-Stress Genomics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of AdelaideGlen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of AdelaideGlen Osmond, SA, Australia
| | - Alan Little
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of AdelaideGlen Osmond, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Douchkov D, Lueck S, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Rajaraman J, Johrde A, Doblin MS, Beahan CT, Kopischke M, Fuchs R, Lipka V, Niks RE, Bulone V, Chowdhury J, Little A, Burton RA, Bacic A, Fincher GB, Schweizer P. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) cellulose synthase-like D2 gene (HvCslD2) mediates penetration resistance to host-adapted and nonhost isolates of the powdery mildew fungus. New Phytol 2016; 212:421-33. [PMID: 27352228 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls and cellular turgor pressure shape and suspend the bodies of all vascular plants. In response to attack by fungal and oomycete pathogens, which usually breach their host's cell walls by mechanical force or by secreting lytic enzymes, plants often form local cell wall appositions (papillae) as an important first line of defence. The involvement of cell wall biosynthetic enzymes in the formation of these papillae is still poorly understood, especially in cereal crops. To investigate the role in plant defence of a candidate gene from barley (Hordeum vulgare) encoding cellulose synthase-like D2 (HvCslD2), we generated transgenic barley plants in which HvCslD2 was silenced through RNA interference (RNAi). The transgenic plants showed no growth defects but their papillae were more successfully penetrated by host-adapted, virulent as well as avirulent nonhost isolates of the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis. Papilla penetration was associated with lower contents of cellulose in epidermal cell walls and increased digestion by fungal cell wall degrading enzymes. The results suggest that HvCslD2-mediated cell wall changes in the epidermal layer represent an important defence reaction both for nonhost and for quantitative host resistance against nonadapted wheat and host-adapted barley powdery mildew pathogens, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar Douchkov
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lueck
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Jeyaraman Rajaraman
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Annika Johrde
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Monika S Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Cherie T Beahan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Michaela Kopischke
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - René Fuchs
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Volker Lipka
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Rients E Niks
- Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 386, Wageningen, 6700AJ, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent Bulone
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
- Division of Glycocience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Jamil Chowdhury
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Alan Little
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., 3010, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Patrick Schweizer
- Leibniz Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK) Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chowdhury J, Schober MS, Shirley NJ, Singh RR, Jacobs AK, Douchkov D, Schweizer P, Fincher GB, Burton RA, Little A. Down-regulation of the glucan synthase-like 6 gene (HvGsl6) in barley leads to decreased callose accumulation and increased cell wall penetration by Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. New Phytol 2016; 212:434-43. [PMID: 27364233 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The recent characterization of the polysaccharide composition of papillae deposited at the barley cell wall during infection by the powdery mildew pathogen, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), has provided new targets for the generation of enhanced disease resistance. The role of callose in papilla-based penetration resistance of crop species is largely unknown because the genes involved in the observed callose accumulation have not been identified unequivocally. We have employed both comparative and functional genomics approaches to identify the functional orthologue of AtGsl5 in the barley genome. HvGsl6 (the barley glucan synthase-like 6 gene), which has the highest sequence identity to AtGsl5, is the only Bgh-induced gene among the HvGsls examined in this study. Through double-stranded RNA interference (dsRNAi)-mediated silencing of HvGsl6, we have shown that the down-regulation of HvGsl6 is associated with a lower accumulation of papillary and wound callose and a higher susceptibility to penetration of the papillae by Bgh, compared with control lines. The results indicate that the HvGsl6 gene is a functional orthologue of AtGsl5 and is involved in papillary callose accumulation in barley. The increased susceptibility of HvGsl6 dsRNAi transgenic lines to infection indicates that callose positively contributes to the barley fungal penetration resistance mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Chowdhury
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Michael S Schober
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Neil J Shirley
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Rohan R Singh
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Andrew K Jacobs
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Dimitar Douchkov
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, OT Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Patrick Schweizer
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, OT Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, 06466, Germany
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Alan Little
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Byrt CS, Betts NS, Tan HT, Lim WL, Ermawar RA, Nguyen HY, Shirley NJ, Lahnstein J, Corbin K, Fincher GB, Knauf V, Burton RA. Prospecting for Energy-Rich Renewable Raw Materials: Sorghum Stem Case Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156638. [PMID: 27232754 PMCID: PMC4883800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorghum vegetative tissues are becoming increasingly important for biofuel production. The composition of sorghum stem tissues is influenced by genotype, environment and photoperiod sensitivity, and varies widely between varieties and also between different stem tissues (outer rind vs inner pith). Here, the amount of cellulose, (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, arabinose and xylose in the stems of twelve diverse sorghum varieties, including four photoperiod-sensitive varieties, was measured. At maturity, most photoperiod-insensitive lines had 1% w/w (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan in stem pith tissue whilst photoperiod-sensitive varieties remained in a vegetative stage and accumulated up to 6% w/w (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan in the same tissue. Three sorghum lines were chosen for further study: a cultivated grain variety (Sorghum bicolor BTx623), a sweet variety (S. bicolor Rio) and a photoperiod-sensitive wild line (S. bicolor ssp. verticilliflorum Arun). The Arun line accumulated 5.5% w/w (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan and had higher SbCslF6 and SbCslH3 transcript levels in pith tissues than did photoperiod-insensitive varieties Rio and BTx623 (<1% w/w pith (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan). To assess the digestibility of the three varieties, stem tissue was treated with either hydrolytic enzymes or dilute acid and the release of fermentable glucose was determined. Despite having the highest lignin content, Arun yielded significantly more glucose than the other varieties, and theoretical calculation of ethanol yields was 10 344 L ha-1 from this sorghum stem tissue. These data indicate that sorghum stem (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content may have a significant effect on digestibility and bioethanol yields. This information opens new avenues of research to generate sorghum lines optimised for biofuel production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin S. Byrt
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Natalie S. Betts
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hwei-Ting Tan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wai Li Lim
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Riksfardini A. Ermawar
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hai Yen Nguyen
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Neil J. Shirley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kendall Corbin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Vic Knauf
- Arcadia Biosciences, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sato K, Yamane M, Yamaji N, Kanamori H, Tagiri A, Schwerdt JG, Fincher GB, Matsumoto T, Takeda K, Komatsuda T. Alanine aminotransferase controls seed dormancy in barley. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11625. [PMID: 27188711 PMCID: PMC4873977 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dormancy allows wild barley grains to survive dry summers in the Near East. After domestication, barley was selected for shorter dormancy periods. Here we isolate the major seed dormancy gene qsd1 from wild barley, which encodes an alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT). The seed dormancy gene is expressed specifically in the embryo. The AlaAT isoenzymes encoded by the long and short dormancy alleles differ in a single amino acid residue. The reduced dormancy allele Qsd1 evolved from barleys that were first domesticated in the southern Levant and had the long dormancy qsd1 allele that can be traced back to wild barleys. The reduced dormancy mutation likely contributed to the enhanced performance of barley in industrial applications such as beer and whisky production, which involve controlled germination. In contrast, the long dormancy allele might be used to control pre-harvest sprouting in higher rainfall areas to enhance global adaptation of barley. Seed dormancy allows wild barley grains to survive dry summers in the Near East but has been selected against for industrial applications such as beer and whisky production that require quicker germination. Here Sato et al. show that Qsd1 is a major seed dormancy gene in barley and encodes an alanine aminotransferase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Sato
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Miki Yamane
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Nami Yamaji
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kanamori
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
| | - Akemi Tagiri
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
| | - Julian G Schwerdt
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Takeda
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Takao Komatsuda
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Marcotuli I, Houston K, Schwerdt JG, Waugh R, Fincher GB, Burton RA, Blanco A, Gadaleta A. Genetic Diversity and Genome Wide Association Study of β-Glucan Content in Tetraploid Wheat Grains. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152590. [PMID: 27045166 PMCID: PMC4821454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) have many health benefits, including immunomodulatory activity, lowering serum cholesterol, a faecal bulking effect, enhanced absorption of certain minerals, prebiotic effects and the amelioration of type II diabetes. The principal components of the NSP in cereal grains are (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans and arabinoxylans. Although (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan (hereafter called β-glucan) is not the most representative component of wheat cell walls, it is one of the most important types of soluble fibre in terms of its proven beneficial effects on human health. In the present work we explored the genetic variability of β-glucan content in grains from a tetraploid wheat collection that had been genotyped with a 90k-iSelect array, and combined this data to carry out an association analysis. The β-glucan content, expressed as a percentage w/w of grain dry weight, ranged from 0.18% to 0.89% across the collection. Our analysis identified seven genomic regions associated with β-glucan, located on chromosomes 1A, 2A (two), 2B, 5B and 7A (two), confirming the quantitative nature of this trait. Analysis of marker trait associations (MTAs) in syntenic regions of several grass species revealed putative candidate genes that might influence β-glucan levels in the endosperm, possibly via their participation in carbon partitioning. These include the glycosyl hydrolases endo-β-(1,4)-glucanase (cellulase), β-amylase, (1,4)-β-xylan endohydrolase, xylanase inhibitor protein I, isoamylase and the glycosyl transferase starch synthase II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Marcotuli
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Section of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Kelly Houston
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland
| | - Julian G. Schwerdt
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Robbie Waugh
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Antonio Blanco
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Section of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Agata Gadaleta
- Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dimitroff G, Little A, Lahnstein J, Schwerdt JG, Srivastava V, Bulone V, Burton RA, Fincher GB. (1,3;1,4)-β-Glucan Biosynthesis by the CSLF6 Enzyme: Position and Flexibility of Catalytic Residues Influence Product Fine Structure. Biochemistry 2016; 55:2054-61. [PMID: 26967377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose synthase-like F6 (CslF6) genes encode polysaccharide synthases responsible for (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan biosynthesis in cereal grains. However, it is not clear how both (1,3)- and (1,4)-linkages are incorporated into a single polysaccharide chain and how the frequency and arrangement of the two linkage types that define the fine structure of the polysaccharide are controlled. Through transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, two CSLF6 orthologs from different cereal species were shown to mediate the synthesis of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans with very different fine structures. Chimeric cDNA constructs with interchanged sections of the barley and sorghum CslF6 genes were developed to identify regions of the synthase enzyme responsible for these differences. A single amino acid residue upstream of the TED motif in the catalytic region was shown to dramatically change the fine structure of the polysaccharide produced. The structural basis of this effect can be rationalized by reference to a homology model of the enzyme and appears to be related to the position and flexibility of the TED motif in the active site of the enzyme. The region and amino acid residue identified provide opportunities to manipulate the solubility of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan in grains and vegetative tissues of the grasses and, in particular, to enhance the solubility of dietary fibers that are beneficial to human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Dimitroff
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Alan Little
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Julian G Schwerdt
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center , 106 91 Stockhom, Sweden
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang R, Tucker MR, Burton RA, Shirley NJ, Little A, Morris J, Milne L, Houston K, Hedley PE, Waugh R, Fincher GB. The Dynamics of Transcript Abundance during Cellularization of Developing Barley Endosperm. Plant Physiol 2016; 170:1549-65. [PMID: 26754666 PMCID: PMC4775131 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Within the cereal grain, the endosperm and its nutrient reserves are critical for successful germination and in the context of grain utilization. The identification of molecular determinants of early endosperm development, particularly regulators of cell division and cell wall deposition, would help predict end-use properties such as yield, quality, and nutritional value. Custom microarray data have been generated using RNA isolated from developing barley grain endosperm 3 d to 8 d after pollination (DAP). Comparisons of transcript abundance over time revealed 47 gene expression modules that can be clustered into 10 broad groups. Superimposing these modules upon cytological data allowed patterns of transcript abundance to be linked with key stages of early grain development. Here, attention was focused on how the datasets could be mined to explore and define the processes of cell wall biosynthesis, remodeling, and degradation. Using a combination of spatial molecular network and gene ontology enrichment analyses, it is shown that genes involved in cell wall metabolism are found in multiple modules, but cluster into two main groups that exhibit peak expression at 3 DAP to 4 DAP and 5 DAP to 8 DAP. The presence of transcription factor genes in these modules allowed candidate genes for the control of wall metabolism during early barley grain development to be identified. The data are publicly available through a dedicated web interface (https://ics.hutton.ac.uk/barseed/), where they can be used to interrogate co- and differential expression for any other genes, groups of genes, or transcription factors expressed during early endosperm development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runxuan Zhang
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (R.Z., L.M., K.H., P.E.H., R.W.); Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia (M.R.T., R.A.B., N.J.S., A.L., G.B.F.); and Division of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (R.Z., L.M., K.H., P.E.H., R.W.); Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia (M.R.T., R.A.B., N.J.S., A.L., G.B.F.); and Division of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
| | - Rachel A Burton
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (R.Z., L.M., K.H., P.E.H., R.W.); Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia (M.R.T., R.A.B., N.J.S., A.L., G.B.F.); and Division of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
| | - Neil J Shirley
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (R.Z., L.M., K.H., P.E.H., R.W.); Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia (M.R.T., R.A.B., N.J.S., A.L., G.B.F.); and Division of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
| | - Alan Little
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (R.Z., L.M., K.H., P.E.H., R.W.); Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia (M.R.T., R.A.B., N.J.S., A.L., G.B.F.); and Division of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
| | - Jenny Morris
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (R.Z., L.M., K.H., P.E.H., R.W.); Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia (M.R.T., R.A.B., N.J.S., A.L., G.B.F.); and Division of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
| | - Linda Milne
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (R.Z., L.M., K.H., P.E.H., R.W.); Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia (M.R.T., R.A.B., N.J.S., A.L., G.B.F.); and Division of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
| | - Kelly Houston
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (R.Z., L.M., K.H., P.E.H., R.W.); Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia (M.R.T., R.A.B., N.J.S., A.L., G.B.F.); and Division of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
| | - Pete E Hedley
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (R.Z., L.M., K.H., P.E.H., R.W.); Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia (M.R.T., R.A.B., N.J.S., A.L., G.B.F.); and Division of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
| | - Robbie Waugh
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (R.Z., L.M., K.H., P.E.H., R.W.); Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia (M.R.T., R.A.B., N.J.S., A.L., G.B.F.); and Division of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (R.Z., L.M., K.H., P.E.H., R.W.); Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia (M.R.T., R.A.B., N.J.S., A.L., G.B.F.); and Division of Plant Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hsieh YSY, Zhang Q, Yap K, Shirley NJ, Lahnstein J, Nelson CJ, Burton RA, Millar AH, Bulone V, Fincher GB. Genetics, Transcriptional Profiles, and Catalytic Properties of the UDP-Arabinose Mutase Family from Barley. Biochemistry 2016; 55:322-34. [PMID: 26645466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Four members of the UDP-Ara mutase (UAM) gene family from barley have been isolated and characterized, and their map positions on chromosomes 2H, 3H, and 4H have been defined. When the genes are expressed in Escherichia coli, the corresponding HvUAM1, HvUAM2, and HvUAM3 proteins exhibit UAM activity, and the kinetic properties of the enzymes have been determined, including Km, Kcat, and catalytic efficiencies. However, the expressed HvUAM4 protein shows no mutase activity against UDP-Ara or against a broad range of other nucleotide sugars and related molecules. The enzymic data indicate therefore that the HvUAM4 protein may not be a mutase. However, the HvUAM4 gene is transcribed at high levels in all the barley tissues examined, and its transcript abundance is correlated with transcript levels for other genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis. The UDP-l-Arap → UDP-l-Araf reaction, which is essential for the generation of the UDP-Araf substrate for arabinoxylan, arabinogalactan protein, and pectic polysaccharide biosynthesis, is thermodynamically unfavorable and has an equilibrium constant of 0.02. Nevertheless, the incorporation of Araf residues into nascent polysaccharides clearly occurs at biologically appropriate rates. The characterization of the HvUAM genes opens the way for the manipulation of both the amounts and fine structures of heteroxylans in cereals, grasses, and other crop plants, with a view toward enhancing their value in human health and nutrition, and in renewable biofuel production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yves S Y Hsieh
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.,Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) , AlbaNova University Centre, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qisen Zhang
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Kuok Yap
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Neil J Shirley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Clark J Nelson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - A Harvey Millar
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.,Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) , AlbaNova University Centre, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tan HT, Corbin KR, Fincher GB. Emerging Technologies for the Production of Renewable Liquid Transport Fuels from Biomass Sources Enriched in Plant Cell Walls. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:1854. [PMID: 28018390 PMCID: PMC5161040 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are composed predominantly of cellulose, a range of non-cellulosic polysaccharides and lignin. The walls account for a large proportion not only of crop residues such as wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse, but also of residues of the timber industry and specialist grasses and other plants being grown specifically for biofuel production. The polysaccharide components of plant cell walls have long been recognized as an extraordinarily large source of fermentable sugars that might be used for the production of bioethanol and other renewable liquid transport fuels. Estimates place annual plant cellulose production from captured light energy in the order of hundreds of billions of tons. Lignin is synthesized in the same order of magnitude and, as a very large polymer of phenylpropanoid residues, lignin is also an abundant, high energy macromolecule. However, one of the major functions of these cell wall constituents in plants is to provide the extreme tensile and compressive strengths that enable plants to resist the forces of gravity and a broad range of other mechanical forces. Over millions of years these wall constituents have evolved under natural selection to generate extremely tough and resilient biomaterials. The rapid degradation of these tough cell wall composites to fermentable sugars is therefore a difficult task and has significantly slowed the development of a viable lignocellulose-based biofuels industry. However, good progress has been made in overcoming this so-called recalcitrance of lignocellulosic feedstocks for the biofuels industry, through modifications to the lignocellulose itself, innovative pre-treatments of the biomass, improved enzymes and the development of superior yeasts and other microorganisms for the fermentation process. Nevertheless, it has been argued that bioethanol might not be the best or only biofuel that can be generated from lignocellulosic biomass sources and that hydrocarbons with intrinsically higher energy densities might be produced using emerging and continuous flow systems that are capable of converting a broad range of plant and other biomasses to bio-oils through so-called 'agnostic' technologies such as hydrothermal liquefaction. Continued attention to regulatory frameworks and ongoing government support will be required for the next phase of development of internationally viable biofuels industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hwei-Ting Tan
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, BrisbaneQLD, Australia
| | - Kendall R. Corbin
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford ParkSA, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen OsmondSA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Geoffrey B. Fincher,
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cu S, Collins HM, Betts NS, March TJ, Janusz A, Stewart DC, Skadhauge B, Eglinton J, Kyriacou B, Little A, Burton RA, Fincher GB. Water uptake in barley grain: Physiology; genetics and industrial applications. Plant Sci 2016; 242:260-269. [PMID: 26566843 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Water uptake by mature barley grains initiates germination and is the first stage in the malting process. Here we have investigated the effects of starchy endosperm cell wall thickness on water uptake, together with the effects of varying amounts of the wall polysaccharide, (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan. In the latter case, we examined mutant barley lines from a mutant library and transgenic barley lines in which the (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthase gene, HvCslF6, was down-regulated by RNA interference. Neither cell wall thickness nor the levels of grain (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan were significantly correlated with water uptake but are likely to influence modification during malting. However, when a barley mapping population was phenotyped for rate of water uptake into grain, quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis identified specific regions of chromosomes 4H, 5H and 7H that accounted for approximately 17%, 18% and 11%, respectively, of the phenotypic variation. These data indicate that variation in water uptake rates by elite malting cultivars of barley is genetically controlled and a number of candidate genes that might control the trait were identified under the QTL. The genomics data raise the possibility that the genetic variation in water uptake rates might be exploited by breeders for the benefit of the malting and brewing industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suong Cu
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Helen M Collins
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Natalie S Betts
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Timothy J March
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Agnieszka Janusz
- Cargill Malt, Cargill, 65 Magill Road, Stepney SA 5069, Australia
| | - Doug C Stewart
- Coopers Brewery, 461 South Rd, Regency Park SA 5010, Australia
| | - Birgitte Skadhauge
- Carlsberg Group Research, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Jason Eglinton
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Bianca Kyriacou
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Alan Little
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pourkheirandish M, Hensel G, Kilian B, Senthil N, Chen G, Sameri M, Azhaguvel P, Sakuma S, Dhanagond S, Sharma R, Mascher M, Himmelbach A, Gottwald S, Nair SK, Tagiri A, Yukuhiro F, Nagamura Y, Kanamori H, Matsumoto T, Willcox G, Middleton CP, Wicker T, Walther A, Waugh R, Fincher GB, Stein N, Kumlehn J, Sato K, Komatsuda T. Evolution of the Grain Dispersal System in Barley. Cell 2015; 162:527-39. [PMID: 26232223 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
About 12,000 years ago in the Near East, humans began the transition from hunter-gathering to agriculture-based societies. Barley was a founder crop in this process, and the most important steps in its domestication were mutations in two adjacent, dominant, and complementary genes, through which grains were retained on the inflorescence at maturity, enabling effective harvesting. Independent recessive mutations in each of these genes caused cell wall thickening in a highly specific grain "disarticulation zone," converting the brittle floral axis (the rachis) of the wild-type into a tough, non-brittle form that promoted grain retention. By tracing the evolutionary history of allelic variation in both genes, we conclude that spatially and temporally independent selections of germplasm with a non-brittle rachis were made during the domestication of barley by farmers in the southern and northern regions of the Levant, actions that made a major contribution to the emergence of early agrarian societies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kilian
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Natesan Senthil
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 305-8602 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Guoxiong Chen
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 305-8602 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mohammad Sameri
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 305-8602 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Perumal Azhaguvel
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 305-8602 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shun Sakuma
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 305-8602 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Sidram Dhanagond
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Rajiv Sharma
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Martin Mascher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Axel Himmelbach
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Sven Gottwald
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Sudha K Nair
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 305-8602 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akemi Tagiri
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 305-8602 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Fumiko Yukuhiro
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 305-8602 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nagamura
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 305-8602 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kanamori
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 305-8602 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 305-8602 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - George Willcox
- Archéorient CNRS UMR 5133, Université de Lyon II, Jalés, Berrias 07460, France
| | | | - Thomas Wicker
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Walther
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robbie Waugh
- University of Dundee, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus Glen Osmond, SA 5066, Australia
| | - Nils Stein
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Kazuhiro Sato
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 710-0046 Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Takao Komatsuda
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 305-8602 Tsukuba, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ermawar RA, Collins HM, Byrt CS, Henderson M, O'Donovan LA, Shirley NJ, Schwerdt JG, Lahnstein J, Fincher GB, Burton RA. Genetics and physiology of cell wall polysaccharides in the model C4 grass, Setaria viridis spp. BMC Plant Biol 2015; 15:236. [PMID: 26432387 PMCID: PMC4592572 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Setaria viridis has emerged as a model species for the larger C4 grasses. Here the cellulose synthase (CesA) superfamily has been defined, with an emphasis on the amounts and distribution of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, a cell wall polysaccharide that is characteristic of the grasses and is of considerable value for human health. METHODS Orthologous relationship of the CesA and Poales-specific cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes among Setaria italica (Si), Sorghum bicolor (Sb), Oryza sativa (Os), Brachypodium distachyon (Bradi) and Hordeum vulgare (Hv) were compared using bioinformatics analysis. Transcription profiling of Csl gene families, which are involved in (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesis, was performed using real-time quantitative PCR (Q-PCR). The amount of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan was measured using a modified Megazyme assay. The fine structures of the (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, as denoted by the ratio of cellotriosyl to cellotetraosyl residues (DP3:DP4 ratio) was assessed by chromatography (HPLC and HPAEC-PAD). The distribution and deposition of the MLG was examined using the specific antibody BG-1 and captured using fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS The cellulose synthase gene superfamily contains 13 CesA and 35 Csl genes in Setaria. Transcript profiling of CslF, CslH and CslJ gene families across a vegetative tissue series indicated that SvCslF6 transcripts were the most abundant relative to all other Csl transcripts. The amounts of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan in Setaria vegetative tissues ranged from 0.2% to 2.9% w/w with much smaller amounts in developing grain (0.003% to 0.013% w/w). In general, the amount of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan was greater in younger than in older tissues. The DP3:DP4 ratios varied between tissue types and across developmental stages, and ranged from 2.4 to 3.0:1. The DP3:DP4 ratios in developing grain ranged from 2.5 to 2.8:1. Micrographs revealing the distribution of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan in walls of different cell types and the data were consistent with the quantitative (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan assays. CONCLUSION The characteristics of the cellulose synthase gene superfamily and the accumulation and distribution of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans in Setaria are similar to those in other C4 grasses, including sorghum. This suggests that Setaria is a suitable model plant for cell wall polysaccharide biology in C4 grasses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riksfardini A Ermawar
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
| | - Helen M Collins
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
| | - Caitlin S Byrt
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
| | - Marilyn Henderson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
| | - Lisa A O'Donovan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
| | - Neil J Shirley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
| | - Julian G Schwerdt
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
| | - Rachel A Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Corbin KR, Hsieh YSY, Betts NS, Byrt CS, Henderson M, Stork J, DeBolt S, Fincher GB, Burton RA. Grape marc as a source of carbohydrates for bioethanol: Chemical composition, pre-treatment and saccharification. Bioresour Technol 2015; 193:76-83. [PMID: 26117238 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Global grape production could generate up to 13 Mt/yr of wasted biomass. The compositions of Cabernet Sauvignon (red marc) and Sauvignon Blanc (white marc) were analyzed with a view to using marc as raw material for biofuel production. On a dry weight basis, 31-54% w/w of the grape marc consisted of carbohydrate, of which 47-80% was soluble in aqueous media. Ethanol insoluble residues consisted mainly of polyphenols, pectic polysaccharides, heteroxylans and cellulose. Acid and thermal pre-treatments were investigated for their effects on subsequent cellulose saccharification. A 0.5M sulfuric acid pre-treatment yielded a 10% increase in the amount of liberated glucose after enzymatic saccharification. The theoretical amount of bioethanol that could be produced by fermentation of grape marc was up to 400 L/t. However, bioethanol from only soluble carbohydrates could yield 270 L/t, leaving a polyphenol enriched fraction that may be used in animal feed or as fertilizer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kendall R Corbin
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Yves S Y Hsieh
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Natalie S Betts
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Caitlin S Byrt
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Marilyn Henderson
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Jozsef Stork
- Plant Physiology, Department of Horticulture, Agricultural Science Center North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, United States
| | - Seth DeBolt
- Plant Physiology, Department of Horticulture, Agricultural Science Center North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, United States
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Corbin KR, Byrt CS, Bauer S, DeBolt S, Chambers D, Holtum JAM, Karem G, Henderson M, Lahnstein J, Beahan CT, Bacic A, Fincher GB, Betts NS, Burton RA. Prospecting for Energy-Rich Renewable Raw Materials: Agave Leaf Case Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135382. [PMID: 26305101 PMCID: PMC4549257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant biomass from different species is heterogeneous, and this diversity in composition can be mined to identify materials of value to fuel and chemical industries. Agave produces high yields of energy-rich biomass, and the sugar-rich stem tissue has traditionally been used to make alcoholic beverages. Here, the compositions of Agave americana and Agave tequilana leaves are determined, particularly in the context of bioethanol production. Agave leaf cell wall polysaccharide content was characterized by linkage analysis, non-cellulosic polysaccharides such as pectins were observed by immuno-microscopy, and leaf juice composition was determined by liquid chromatography. Agave leaves are fruit-like--rich in moisture, soluble sugars and pectin. The dry leaf fiber was composed of crystalline cellulose (47-50% w/w) and non-cellulosic polysaccharides (16-22% w/w), and whole leaves were low in lignin (9-13% w/w). Of the dry mass of whole Agave leaves, 85-95% consisted of soluble sugars, cellulose, non-cellulosic polysaccharides, lignin, acetate, protein and minerals. Juice pressed from the Agave leaves accounted for 69% of the fresh weight and was rich in glucose and fructose. Hydrolysis of the fructan oligosaccharides doubled the amount of fermentable fructose in A. tequilana leaf juice samples and the concentration of fermentable hexose sugars was 41-48 g/L. In agricultural production systems such as the tequila making, Agave leaves are discarded as waste. Theoretically, up to 4000 L/ha/yr of bioethanol could be produced from juice extracted from waste Agave leaves. Using standard Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains to ferment Agave juice, we observed ethanol yields that were 66% of the theoretical yields. These data indicate that Agave could rival currently used bioethanol feedstocks, particularly if the fermentation organisms and conditions were adapted to suit Agave leaf composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kendall R. Corbin
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Caitlin S. Byrt
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stefan Bauer
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Seth DeBolt
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | | | - Joseph A. M. Holtum
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ghazwan Karem
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marilyn Henderson
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cherie T. Beahan
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Natalie S. Betts
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Houston K, Burton RA, Sznajder B, Rafalski AJ, Dhugga KS, Mather DE, Taylor J, Steffenson BJ, Waugh R, Fincher GB. A Genome-Wide Association Study for Culm Cellulose Content in Barley Reveals Candidate Genes Co-Expressed with Members of the CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A Gene Family. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130890. [PMID: 26154104 PMCID: PMC4496100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is a fundamentally important component of cell walls of higher plants. It provides a scaffold that allows the development and growth of the plant to occur in an ordered fashion. Cellulose also provides mechanical strength, which is crucial for both normal development and to enable the plant to withstand both abiotic and biotic stresses. We quantified the cellulose concentration in the culm of 288 two – rowed and 288 six – rowed spring type barley accessions that were part of the USDA funded barley Coordinated Agricultural Project (CAP) program in the USA. When the population structure of these accessions was analysed we identified six distinct populations, four of which we considered to be comprised of a sufficient number of accessions to be suitable for genome-wide association studies (GWAS). These lines had been genotyped with 3072 SNPs so we combined the trait and genetic data to carry out GWAS. The analysis allowed us to identify regions of the genome containing significant associations between molecular markers and cellulose concentration data, including one region cross-validated in multiple populations. To identify candidate genes we assembled the gene content of these regions and used these to query a comprehensive RNA-seq based gene expression atlas. This provided us with gene annotations and associated expression data across multiple tissues, which allowed us to formulate a supported list of candidate genes that regulate cellulose biosynthesis. Several regions identified by our analysis contain genes that are co-expressed with CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A (HvCesA) across a range of tissues and developmental stages. These genes are involved in both primary and secondary cell wall development. In addition, genes that have been previously linked with cellulose synthesis by biochemical methods, such as HvCOBRA, a gene of unknown function, were also associated with cellulose levels in the association panel. Our analyses provide new insights into the genes that contribute to cellulose content in cereal culms and to a greater understanding of the interactions between them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Houston
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Beata Sznajder
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Antoni J. Rafalski
- Genetic Discovery Group, DuPont Agricultural Biotechnology, DuPont Pioneer, DuPont Experimental Station, Building E353, Wilmington, DE, 19803, United States of America
| | - Kanwarpal S. Dhugga
- Genetic Discovery Group, DuPont Agricultural Biotechnology, DuPont Pioneer, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, United States of America
| | - Diane E. Mather
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Jillian Taylor
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Brian J. Steffenson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, United States of America
| | - Robbie Waugh
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Scotland, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Aditya J, Lewis J, Shirley NJ, Tan HT, Henderson M, Fincher GB, Burton RA, Mather DE, Tucker MR. The dynamics of cereal cyst nematode infection differ between susceptible and resistant barley cultivars and lead to changes in (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan levels and HvCslF gene transcript abundance. New Phytol 2015; 207:135-147. [PMID: 25737227 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Heterodera avenae (cereal cyst nematode, CCN) infects the roots of barley (Hordeum vulgare) forming syncytial feeding sites. In resistant host plants, relatively few females develop to maturity. Little is known about the physiological and biochemical changes induced during CCN infection. Responses to CCN infection were investigated in resistant (Rha2) and susceptible barley cultivars through histological, compositional and transcriptional analysis. Two phases were identified that influence CCN viability, including feeding site establishment and subsequent cyst maturation. Syncytial development progressed faster in the resistant cultivar Chebec than in the susceptible cultivar Skiff, and was accompanied by changes in cell wall polysaccharide abundance, particularly (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan. Transcriptional profiling identified several glycosyl transferase genes, including CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE F10 (HvCslF10), which may contribute to differences in polysaccharide abundance between resistant and susceptible cultivars. In barley, Rha2-mediated CCN resistance drives rapid deterioration of CCN feeding sites, specific changes in cell wall-related transcript abundance and changes in cell wall composition. During H. avenae infection, (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan may influence CCN feeding site development by limiting solute flow, similar to (1,3)-β-glucan during dicot cyst nematode infections. Dynamic transcriptional changes in uncharacterized HvCslF genes, possibly involved in (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesis, suggest a role for these genes in the CCN infection process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Aditya
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - John Lewis
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, GPO Box 397, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Neil J Shirley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Hwei-Ting Tan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Marilyn Henderson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Diane E Mather
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Schwerdt JG, MacKenzie K, Wright F, Oehme D, Wagner JM, Harvey AJ, Shirley NJ, Burton RA, Schreiber M, Halpin C, Zimmer J, Marshall DF, Waugh R, Fincher GB. Evolutionary Dynamics of the Cellulose Synthase Gene Superfamily in Grasses. Plant Physiol 2015; 168:968-83. [PMID: 25999407 PMCID: PMC4741346 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analyses of cellulose synthase (CesA) and cellulose synthase-like (Csl) families from the cellulose synthase gene superfamily were used to reconstruct their evolutionary origins and selection histories. Counterintuitively, genes encoding primary cell wall CesAs have undergone extensive expansion and diversification following an ancestral duplication from a secondary cell wall-associated CesA. Selection pressure across entire CesA and Csl clades appears to be low, but this conceals considerable variation within individual clades. Genes in the CslF clade are of particular interest because some mediate the synthesis of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, a polysaccharide characteristic of the evolutionarily successful grasses that is not widely distributed elsewhere in the plant kingdom. The phylogeny suggests that duplication of either CslF6 and/or CslF7 produced the ancestor of a highly conserved cluster of CslF genes that remain located in syntenic regions of all the grass genomes examined. A CslF6-specific insert encoding approximately 55 amino acid residues has subsequently been incorporated into the gene, or possibly lost from other CslFs, and the CslF7 clade has undergone a significant long-term shift in selection pressure. Homology modeling and molecular dynamics of the CslF6 protein were used to define the three-dimensional dispositions of individual amino acids that are subject to strong ongoing selection, together with the position of the conserved 55-amino acid insert that is known to influence the amounts and fine structures of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans synthesized. These wall polysaccharides are attracting renewed interest because of their central roles as sources of dietary fiber in human health and for the generation of renewable liquid biofuels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian G Schwerdt
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.)
| | - Katrin MacKenzie
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.)
| | - Frank Wright
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.)
| | - Daniel Oehme
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.)
| | - John M Wagner
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.)
| | - Andrew J Harvey
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.)
| | - Neil J Shirley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.)
| | - Rachel A Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.)
| | - Miriam Schreiber
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.)
| | - Claire Halpin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.)
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.)
| | - David F Marshall
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.)
| | - Robbie Waugh
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.)
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (J.G.S., N.J.S., R.A.B., G.B.F.);Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA United Kingdom (K.M., F.W);IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia (D.O., J.M.W.);Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul 34755, Turkey (A.J.H.);Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (M.S., C.H., R.W.);University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 (J.Z.); andJames Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (D.F.M., R.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ermawar RA, Collins HM, Byrt CS, Betts NS, Henderson M, Shirley NJ, Schwerdt J, Lahnstein J, Fincher GB, Burton RA. Distribution, structure and biosynthetic gene families of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan in Sorghum bicolor. J Integr Plant Biol 2015; 57:429-45. [PMID: 25661466 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In cereals, the presence of soluble polysaccharides including (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan has downstream implications for human health, animal feed and biofuel applications. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is a versatile crop, but there are limited reports regarding the content of such soluble polysaccharides. Here, the amount of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan present in sorghum tissues was measured using a Megazyme assay. Very low amounts were present in the grain, ranging from 0.16%-0.27% (w/w), while there was a greater quantity in vegetative tissues at 0.12-1.71% (w/w). The fine structure of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, as denoted by the ratio of cellotriosyl and cellotetraosyl residues, was assessed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ranged from 2.6-3:1 in the grain, while ratios in vegetative tissues were lower at 2.1-2.6:1. The distribution of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan was examined using a specific antibody and observed with fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Micrographs showed a variable distribution of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan influenced by temporal and spatial factors. The sorghum orthologs of genes implicated in the synthesis of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan in other cereals, such as the Cellulose synthase-like (Csl) F and H gene families were defined. Transcript profiling of these genes across sorghum tissues was carried out using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, indicating that, as in other cereals, CslF6 transcripts dominated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riksfardini A Ermawar
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tan HT, Shirley NJ, Singh RR, Henderson M, Dhugga KS, Mayo GM, Fincher GB, Burton RA. Powerful regulatory systems and post-transcriptional gene silencing resist increases in cellulose content in cell walls of barley. BMC Plant Biol 2015; 15:62. [PMID: 25850007 PMCID: PMC4349714 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to increase cellulose content and improve the stem strength of cereals could have beneficial applications in stem lodging and producing crops with higher cellulose content for biofuel feedstocks. Here, such potential is explored in the commercially important crop barley through the manipulation of cellulose synthase genes (CesA). RESULTS Barley plants transformed with primary cell wall (PCW) and secondary cell wall (SCW) barley cellulose synthase (HvCesA) cDNAs driven by the CaMV 35S promoter, were analysed for growth and morphology, transcript levels, cellulose content, stem strength, tissue morphology and crystalline cellulose distribution. Transcript levels of the PCW HvCesA transgenes were much lower than expected and silencing of both the endogenous CesA genes and introduced transgenes was often observed. These plants showed no aberrant phenotypes. Although attempts to over-express the SCW HvCesA genes also resulted in silencing of the transgenes and endogenous SCW HvCesA genes, aberrant phenotypes were sometimes observed. These included brittle nodes and, with the 35S:HvCesA4 construct, a more severe dwarfing phenotype, where xylem cells were irregular in shape and partially collapsed. Reductions in cellulose content were also observed in the dwarf plants and transmission electron microscopy showed a significant decrease in cell wall thickness. However, there were no increases in overall crystalline cellulose content or stem strength in the CesA over-expression transgenic plants, despite the use of a powerful constitutive promoter. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the cellulose biosynthetic pathway is tightly regulated, that individual CesA proteins may play different roles in the synthase complex, and that the sensitivity to CesA gene manipulation observed here suggests that in planta engineering of cellulose levels is likely to require more sophisticated strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hwei-Ting Tan
- />ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Australia
| | - Neil J Shirley
- />ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Australia
| | - Rohan R Singh
- />ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Australia
| | - Marilyn Henderson
- />ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Australia
| | - Kanwarpal S Dhugga
- />DuPont Agricultural Biotechnology, DuPont Pioneer, Johnston, IA 50131-1004 USA
| | - Gwenda M Mayo
- />Adelaide Microscopy Waite Facility, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- />ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- />ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wong SC, Shirley NJ, Little A, Khoo KHP, Schwerdt J, Fincher GB, Burton RA, Mather DE. Differential expression of the HvCslF6 gene late in grain development may explain quantitative differences in (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan concentration in barley. Mol Breed 2015; 35:20. [PMID: 25620877 PMCID: PMC4298655 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-015-0208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The cellulose synthase-like gene HvCslF6, which is essential for (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan biosynthesis in barley, collocates with quantitative trait loci (QTL) for grain (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan concentration in several populations, including CDC Bold × TR251. Here, an alanine-to-threonine substitution (caused by the only non-synonymous difference between the CDC Bold and TR251 HvCslF6 alleles) was mapped to a position within HvCSLF6 that seems unlikely to affect enzyme stability or function. Consistent with this, transient expression of full-length HvCslF6 cDNAs from CDC Bold and TR251 in Nicotianabenthamiana led to accumulation of similar amounts of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan accumulation. Monitoring of HvCslF6 transcripts throughout grain development revealed a significant difference late in grain development (more than 30 days after pollination), with TR251 [the parent with higher grain (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan] exhibiting higher transcript levels than CDC Bold. A similar difference was observed between Beka and Logan, the parents of another population in which a QTL had been mapped in the HvCslF6 region. Sequencing of a putative promoter region of HvCslF6 revealed numerous polymorphisms between CDC Bold and TR251, but none between Beka and Logan. While the results of this work indicate that naturally occurring quantitative differences in (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan accumulation may be due to cis-regulated differences in HvCslF6 expression, these could not be attributed to any specific DNA sequence polymorphism. Nevertheless, information on HvCslF6 sequence polymorphism was used to develop molecular markers that could be used in barley breeding to select for the desired [low or high (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan] allele of the QTL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sie Chuong Wong
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064 Australia
- Present Address: Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus, 97000 Bintulu, Malaysia
| | - Neil J. Shirley
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Alan Little
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Kelvin H. P. Khoo
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Julian Schwerdt
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064 Australia
| | - Diane E. Mather
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Chowdhury J, Henderson M, Schweizer P, Burton RA, Fincher GB, Little A. Differential accumulation of callose, arabinoxylan and cellulose in nonpenetrated versus penetrated papillae on leaves of barley infected with Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. New Phytol 2014; 204:650-660. [PMID: 25138067 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In plants, cell walls are one of the first lines of defence for protecting cells from successful invasion by fungal pathogens and are a major factor in basal host resistance. For the plant cell to block penetration attempts, it must adapt its cell wall to withstand the physical and chemical forces applied by the fungus. Papillae that have been effective in preventing penetration by pathogens are traditionally believed to contain callose as the main polysaccharide component. Here, we have re-examined the composition of papillae of barley (Hordeum vulgare) attacked by the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh) using a range of antibodies and carbohydrate-binding modules that are targeted to cell wall polysaccharides. The data show that barley papillae induced during infection with Bgh contain, in addition to callose, significant concentrations of cellulose and arabinoxylan. Higher concentrations of callose, arabinoxylan and cellulose are found in effective papillae, compared with ineffective papillae. The papillae have a layered structure, with the inner core consisting of callose and arabinoxylan and the outer layer containing arabinoxylan and cellulose. The association of arabinoxylan and cellulose with penetration resistance suggests new targets for the improvement of papilla composition and enhanced disease resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Chowdhury
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Marilyn Henderson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Patrick Schweizer
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Rachel A Burton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Alan Little
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Houston K, Russell J, Schreiber M, Halpin C, Oakey H, Washington JM, Booth A, Shirley N, Burton RA, Fincher GB, Waugh R. A genome wide association scan for (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content in the grain of contemporary 2-row Spring and Winter barleys. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:907. [PMID: 25326272 PMCID: PMC4213503 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background (1,3;1,4)-β-Glucan is an important component of the cell walls of barley grain as it affects processability during the production of alcoholic beverages and has significant human health benefits when consumed above recommended threshold levels. This leads to diametrically opposed quality requirements for different applications as low levels of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan are required for brewing and distilling and high levels for positive impacts on human health. Results We quantified grain (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content in a collection of 399 2-row Spring-type, and 204 2-row Winter-type elite barley cultivars originating mainly from north western Europe. We combined these data with genotypic information derived using a 9 K Illumina iSelect SNP platform and subsequently carried out a Genome Wide Association Scan (GWAS). Statistical analysis accounting for residual genetic structure within the germplasm collection allowed us to identify significant associations between molecular markers and the phenotypic data. By anchoring the regions that contain these associations to the barley genome assembly we catalogued genes underlying the associations. Based on gene annotations and transcript abundance data we identified candidate genes. Conclusions We show that a region of the genome on chromosome 2 containing a cluster of CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE (Csl) genes, including CslF3, CslF4, CslF8, CslF10, CslF12 and CslH, as well as a region on chromosome 1H containing CslF9, are associated with the phenotype in this germplasm. We also observed that several regions identified by GWAS contain glycoside hydrolases that are possibly involved in (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan breakdown, together with other genes that might participate in (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesis, re-modelling or regulation. This analysis provides new opportunities for understanding the genes related to the regulation of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan content in cereal grains. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-907) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robbie Waugh
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Schreiber M, Wright F, MacKenzie K, Hedley PE, Schwerdt JG, Little A, Burton RA, Fincher GB, Marshall D, Waugh R, Halpin C. The barley genome sequence assembly reveals three additional members of the CslF (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthase gene family. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90888. [PMID: 24595438 PMCID: PMC3940952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
An important component of barley cell walls, particularly in the endosperm, is (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, a polymer that has proven health benefits in humans and that influences processability in the brewing industry. Genes of the cellulose synthase-like (Csl) F gene family have been shown to be involved in (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesis but many aspects of the biosynthesis are still unclear. Examination of the sequence assembly of the barley genome has revealed the presence of an additional three HvCslF genes (HvCslF11, HvCslF12 and HvCslF13) which may be involved in (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesis. Transcripts of HvCslF11 and HvCslF12 mRNA were found in roots and young leaves, respectively. Transient expression of these genes in Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in phenotypic changes in the infiltrated leaves, although no authentic (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan was detected. Comparisons of the CslF gene families in cereals revealed evidence of intergenic recombination, gene duplications and translocation events. This significant divergence within the gene family might be related to multiple functions of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans in the Poaceae. Emerging genomic and global expression data for barley and other cereals is a powerful resource for characterising the evolution and dynamics of complete gene families. In the case of the CslF gene family, the results will contribute to a more thorough understanding of carbohydrate metabolism in grass cell walls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Schreiber
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Wright
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland (BioSS), Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Katrin MacKenzie
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland (BioSS), Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Pete E. Hedley
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Julian G. Schwerdt
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alan Little
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rachel A. Burton
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - David Marshall
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Robbie Waugh
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Halpin
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, Scotland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhang Q, Cheetamun R, Dhugga KS, Rafalski JA, Tingey SV, Shirley NJ, Taylor J, Hayes K, Beatty M, Bacic A, Burton RA, Fincher GB. Spatial gradients in cell wall composition and transcriptional profiles along elongating maize internodes. BMC Plant Biol 2014; 14:27. [PMID: 24423166 PMCID: PMC3927872 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The elongating maize internode represents a useful system for following development of cell walls in vegetative cells in the Poaceae family. Elongating internodes can be divided into four developmental zones, namely the basal intercalary meristem, above which are found the elongation, transition and maturation zones. Cells in the basal meristem and elongation zones contain mainly primary walls, while secondary cell wall deposition accelerates in the transition zone and predominates in the maturation zone. RESULTS The major wall components cellulose, lignin and glucuronoarabinoxylan (GAX) increased without any abrupt changes across the elongation, transition and maturation zones, although GAX appeared to increase more between the elongation and transition zones. Microarray analyses show that transcript abundance of key glycosyl transferase genes known to be involved in wall synthesis or re-modelling did not match the increases in cellulose, GAX and lignin. Rather, transcript levels of many of these genes were low in the meristematic and elongation zones, quickly increased to maximal levels in the transition zone and lower sections of the maturation zone, and generally decreased in the upper maturation zone sections. Genes with transcript profiles showing this pattern included secondary cell wall CesA genes, GT43 genes, some β-expansins, UDP-Xylose synthase and UDP-Glucose pyrophosphorylase, some xyloglucan endotransglycosylases/hydrolases, genes involved in monolignol biosynthesis, and NAM and MYB transcription factor genes. CONCLUSIONS The data indicated that the enzymic products of genes involved in cell wall synthesis and modification remain active right along the maturation zone of elongating maize internodes, despite the fact that corresponding transcript levels peak earlier, near or in the transition zone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qisen Zhang
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, 5064 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Roshan Cheetamun
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, 3010 Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kanwarpal S Dhugga
- Genetic Discovery Group, Crop Genetics Research and Development, Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc. 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, 50131-1004 Johnston, IA, USA
| | - J Antoni Rafalski
- Genetic Discovery Group, DuPont Crop Genetics Research, DuPont Experimental Station, Building E353, 198803 Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Scott V Tingey
- Genetic Discovery Group, DuPont Crop Genetics Research, DuPont Experimental Station, Building E353, 198803 Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Neil J Shirley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, 5064 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jillian Taylor
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, 5064 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin Hayes
- Genetic Discovery Group, Crop Genetics Research and Development, Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc. 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, 50131-1004 Johnston, IA, USA
| | - Mary Beatty
- Genetic Discovery Group, Crop Genetics Research and Development, Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc. 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, 50131-1004 Johnston, IA, USA
| | - Antony Bacic
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, 3010 Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, 5064 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, 5064 Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
The composition of cell walls in cereal grains and other grass species differs markedly from walls in seeds of other plants. In the maternal tissues that surround the embryo and endosperm of the grain, walls contain higher levels of cellulose and in many cases are heavily lignified. This may be contrasted with walls of the endosperm, where the amount of cellulose is relatively low, and the walls are generally not lignified. The low cellulose and lignin contents are possible because the walls of the endosperm perform no load-bearing function in the mature grain and indeed the low levels of these relatively intractable wall components are necessary because they allow rapid degradation of the walls following germination of the grain. The major non-cellulosic components of endosperm walls are usually heteroxylans and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans, with lower levels of xyloglucans, glucomannans, and pectic polysaccharides. Pectic polysaccharides and xyloglucans are the major non-cellulosic wall constituents in most dicot species, in which (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans are usually absent and heteroxylans are found at relatively low levels. Thus, the "core" non-cellulosic wall polysaccharides in grain of the cereals and other grasses are the heteroxylans and, more specifically, arabinoxylans. The (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans appear in the endosperm of some grass species but are essentially absent from others; they may constitute from zero to more than 45% of the cell walls of the endosperm, depending on the species. It is clear that in some cases these (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans function as a major store of metabolizable glucose in the grain. Cereal grains and their constituent cell wall polysaccharides are centrally important as a source of dietary fiber in human societies and breeders have started to select for high levels of non-cellulosic wall polysaccharides in grain. To meet end-user requirements, it is important that we understand cell wall biology in the grain both during development and following germination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Geoffrey B. Fincher
- *Correspondence: Geoffrey B. Fincher, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls – School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Burton RA, Fincher GB. Plant cell wall engineering: applications in biofuel production and improved human health. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 26:79-84. [PMID: 24679262 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls consist largely of cellulose, non-cellulosic polysaccharides and lignin. Concerted attempts are underway to convert wall polysaccharides from crop plant residues into renewable transport fuels and other valuable products, and to exploit the dietary benefits of cereal grain wall polysaccharides in human health. Attempts to improve plant performance for these applications have involved the manipulation of the levels and structures of wall components. Some successes in altering non-cellulosic polysaccharides has been achieved, but it would appear that drastic changes in cellulose are more difficult to engineer. Nevertheless, future prospects for both genetically modified (GM) and non-GM technologies to modify plant cell wall composition and structure remain bright, and will undoubtedly find applications beyond the current focus on human health and biofuel production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Trafford K, Haleux P, Henderson M, Parker M, Shirley NJ, Tucker MR, Fincher GB, Burton RA. Grain development in Brachypodium and other grasses: possible interactions between cell expansion, starch deposition, and cell-wall synthesis. J Exp Bot 2013; 64:5033-5047. [PMID: 24052531 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To explain the low levels of starch, high levels of (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, and thick cell walls in grains of Brachypodium distachyon L. relative to those in other Pooideae, aspects of grain development were compared between B. distachyon and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Cell proliferation, cell expansion, and endoreduplication were reduced in B. distachyon relative to barley and, consistent with these changes, transcriptional downregulation of the cell-cycle genes CDKB1 and cyclin A3 was observed. Similarly, reduced transcription of starch synthase I and starch-branching enzyme I was observed as well as reduced activity of starch synthase and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, which are consistent with the lowered starch content in B. distachyon grains. No change was detected in transcription of the major gene involved in (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan synthesis, cellulose synthase-like F6. These results suggest that, while low starch content results from a reduced capacity for starch synthesis, the unusually thick cell walls in B. distachyon endosperm probably result from continuing (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan deposition in endosperm cells that fail to expand. This raises the possibility that endosperm expansion is linked to starch deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kay Trafford
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Buchanan M, Burton RA, Dhugga KS, Rafalski AJ, Tingey SV, Shirley NJ, Fincher GB. Endo-(1,4)-β-glucanase gene families in the grasses: temporal and spatial co-transcription of orthologous genes. BMC Plant Biol 2012; 12:235. [PMID: 23231659 PMCID: PMC3557191 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endo-(1,4)-β-glucanase (cellulase) glycosyl hydrolase GH9 enzymes have been implicated in several aspects of cell wall metabolism in higher plants, including cellulose biosynthesis and degradation, modification of other wall polysaccharides that contain contiguous (1,4)-β-glucosyl residues, and wall loosening during cell elongation. RESULTS The endo-(1,4)-β-glucanase gene families from barley (Hordeum vulgare), maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), rice (Oryza sativa) and Brachypodium (Brachypodium distachyon) range in size from 23 to 29 members. Phylogenetic analyses show variations in clade structure between the grasses and Arabidopsis, and indicate differential gene loss and gain during evolution. Map positions and comparative studies of gene structures allow orthologous genes in the five species to be identified and synteny between the grasses is found to be high. It is also possible to differentiate between homoeologues resulting from ancient polyploidizations of the maize genome. Transcript analyses using microarray, massively parallel signature sequencing and quantitative PCR data for barley, rice and maize indicate that certain members of the endo-(1,4)-β-glucanase gene family are transcribed across a wide range of tissues, while others are specifically transcribed in particular tissues. There are strong correlations between transcript levels of several members of the endo-(1,4)-β-glucanase family and the data suggest that evolutionary conservation of transcription exists between orthologues across the grass family. There are also strong correlations between certain members of the endo-(1,4)-β-glucanase family and other genes known to be involved in cell wall loosening and cell expansion, such as expansins and xyloglucan endotransglycosylases. CONCLUSIONS The identification of these groups of genes will now allow us to test hypotheses regarding their functions and joint participation in wall synthesis, re-modelling and degradation, together with their potential role in lignocellulose conversion during biofuel production from grasses and cereal crop residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Buchanan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, and the Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel A Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, and the Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Kanwarpal S Dhugga
- Genetic Discovery Group, Crop Genetics Research and Development, Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc, 7300 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131-1004, USA
| | - Antoni J Rafalski
- Genetic Discovery Group, DuPont Crop Genetics Research DuPont Experimental Station, Building E353, Wilmington, DE, 198803, USA
| | - Scott V Tingey
- Genetic Discovery Group, DuPont Crop Genetics Research DuPont Experimental Station, Building E353, Wilmington, DE, 198803, USA
| | - Neil J Shirley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, and the Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Geoffrey B Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, and the Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wilson SM, Burton RA, Collins HM, Doblin MS, Pettolino FA, Shirley N, Fincher GB, Bacic A. Pattern of deposition of cell wall polysaccharides and transcript abundance of related cell wall synthesis genes during differentiation in barley endosperm. Plant Physiol 2012; 159:655-70. [PMID: 22510768 PMCID: PMC3375932 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.192682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunolabeling, combined with chemical analyses and transcript profiling, have provided a comprehensive temporal and spatial picture of the deposition and modification of cell wall polysaccharides during barley (Hordeum vulgare) grain development, from endosperm cellularization at 3 d after pollination (DAP) through differentiation to the mature grain at 38 DAP. (1→3)-β-D-Glucan appears transiently during cellularization but reappears in patches in the subaleurone cell walls around 20 DAP. (1→3, 1→4)-β-Glucan, the most abundant polysaccharide of the mature barley grain, accumulates throughout development. Arabino-(1-4)-β-D-xylan is deposited significantly earlier than we previously reported. This was attributable to the initial deposition of the polysaccharide in a highly substituted form that was not recognized by antibodies commonly used to detect arabino-(1-4)-β-D-xylans in sections of plant material. The epitopes needed for antibody recognition were exposed by pretreatment of sections with α-L-arabinofuranosidase; this procedure showed that arabino-(1-4)-β-D-xylans were deposited as early as 5 DAP and highlighted their changing structures during endosperm development. By 28 DAP labeling of hetero-(1→4)-β-D-mannan is observed in the walls of the starchy endosperm but not in the aleurone walls. Although absent in mature endosperm cell walls we now show that xyloglucan is present transiently from 3 until about 6 DAP and disappears by 8 DAP. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of transcripts for GLUCAN SYNTHASE-LIKE, Cellulose Synthase, and CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-LIKE genes were consistent with the patterns of polysaccharide deposition. Transcript profiling of some members from the Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes database glycosyl transferase families GT61, GT47, and GT43, previously implicated in arabino-(1-4)-β-d-xylan biosynthesis, confirms their presence during grain development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Wilson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|