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Karunarathne SD, Han Y, Zhang XQ, Dang VH, Angessa TT, Li C. Using chlorate as an analogue to nitrate to identify candidate genes for nitrogen use efficiency in barley. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2021; 41:47. [PMID: 37309383 PMCID: PMC10236044 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-021-01239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important macronutrients for crop growth and development. Large amounts of N fertilizers are applied exogenously to improve grain yield and quality, which has led to environmental pollution and high cost of production. Therefore, improvement of N use efficiency (NUE) is a very important aspect for sustainable agriculture. Here, a pilot experiment was firstly conducted with a set of barley genotypes with confirmed NUE to validate the fast NUE screening, using chlorate as an analogue to nitrate. High NUE genotypes were susceptible to chlorate-induced toxicity whereas the low NUE genotypes were tolerant. A total of 180 barley RILs derived from four parents (Compass, GrangeR, Lockyer and La Trobe) were further screened for NUE. Leaf chlorosis induced by chlorate toxicity was the key parameter observed which was later related to low-N tolerance of the RILs. There was a distinct variation in chlorate susceptibility of the RILs with leaf chlorosis in the oldest leaf ranging from 10 to 80%. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 9 significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) conferring high chlorate sensitivity on chromosomes 2H (2), 3H (1), 4H (4), 5H (1) and Un (1). Genes flanking with these markers were retrieved as potential targets for genetic improvement of NUE. Genes encoding Ferredoxin 3, leucine-rich receptor-like protein kinase family protein and receptor kinase are responsive to N stress. MTA4H5468 which exhibits concordance with high NUE phenotype can further be explored under different genetic backgrounds and successfully applied in marker-assisted selection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-021-01239-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura D. Karunarathne
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia
| | - Yong Han
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151 Australia
| | - Xiao-Qi Zhang
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia
| | - Viet Hoang Dang
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia
| | - Tefera Tolera Angessa
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia
| | - Chengdao Li
- Western Crop Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA 6151 Australia
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Akhtar N, Karabika E, Kinghorn JR, Glass AD, Unkles SE, Rouch DA. High-affinity nitrate/nitrite transporters NrtA and NrtB of Aspergillus nidulans exhibit high specificity and different inhibitor sensitivity. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2015; 161:1435-46. [PMID: 25855763 PMCID: PMC4635503 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The NrtA and NrtB nitrate transporters are paralogous members of the major facilitator superfamily in Aspergillus nidulans. The availability of loss-of-function mutations allowed individual investigation of the specificity and inhibitor sensitivity of both NrtA and NrtB. In this study, growth response tests were carried out at a growth-limiting concentration of nitrate (1 mM) as the sole nitrogen source, in the presence of a number of potential nitrate analogues at various concentrations, to evaluate their effect on nitrate transport. Both chlorate and chlorite inhibited fungal growth, with chlorite exerting the greater inhibition. The main transporter of nitrate, NrtA, proved to be more sensitive to chlorate than the minor transporter, NrtB. Similarly, the cation caesium was shown to exert differential effects, strongly inhibiting the activity of NrtB, but not NrtA. In contrast, no inhibition of nitrate uptake by NrtA or NrtB transporters was observed in either growth tests or uptake assays in the presence of bicarbonate, formate, malonate or oxalate (sulphite could not be tested in uptake assays owing to its reaction with nitrate), indicating significant specificity of nitrate transport. Kinetic analyses of nitrate uptake revealed that both chlorate and chlorite inhibited NrtA competitively, while these same inhibitors inhibited NrtB in a non-competitive fashion. The caesium ion appeared to inhibit NrtA in a non-competitive fashion, while NrtB was inhibited uncompetitively. The results provide further evidence of the distinctly different characteristics as well as the high specificity of nitrate uptake by these two transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naureen Akhtar
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TH, UK
| | - Eugenia Karabika
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - James R. Kinghorn
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TH, UK
| | - Anthony D.M. Glass
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Shiela E. Unkles
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TH, UK
- Shiela E. Unkles
| | - Duncan A. Rouch
- Biotechnology and Environmental Biology, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Correspondence Duncan A. Rouch
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Nitrogen-dependent calcineurin activation in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 53:34-41. [PMID: 23403359 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-preferred nitrogen sources, unlike preferred ones, raised total cell Ca(2+) content and expression of ENA1, a very well-known calcineurin-regulated gene. This indicates calcineurin activation is regulated by nitrogen source. Nitrogen catabolite repression (NCR) and nitrate induction mechanisms, both regulating nitrate assimilation in Hansenula polymorpha, are controlled by calcineurin. Concerning NCR, lack of calcineurin (cnb1 mutant) decreased nitrate-assimilation gene expression, levels of the transcription factor Gat1 and growth in several nitrogen sources. We found that the role of calcineurin in NCR was mediated by Crz1 via Gat1. Regarding nitrate induction, calcineurin also affects the levels of transcription factors Gat2 and Yna2 involved in this process. We conclude that Ca(2+) and calcineurin play a central role in nitrogen signalling and assimilation. Thus, the nitrogen source modulates Ca(2+) content and calcineurin activation. Calcineurin in turn regulates nitrogen assimilation genes.
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Kanan GJM, Al-Najjar HE. Isolation and growth characterization of chlorate and/or bromate resistant mutants generated by spontaneous and induced foreword mutations at several gene loci in aspergillus niger. Braz J Microbiol 2010; 41:1099-111. [PMID: 24031593 PMCID: PMC3769762 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220100004000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed her mainly to evaluate the contribution of newly employed bromate selection system, in obtaining new Aspergillus niger nitrate/nitrite assimilation defective mutants, through Ultraviolet treatment (UV), 1, 2, 7, 8-Diepoxyoctane (DEO), phenols mixture (Phx)) and spontaneous treatments. The newly employed bromate selection system was able to specify only two putative novel mutant types designated brn (bromate resistant but chlorate sensitive (RS) strain, which may specify nitrite specific transporter) and cbrn mutants (bromate resistant and chlorate resistant strain, which may specify nitrate/nitrite bispecific system). The most relevant and innovative findings of this research work involve the isolation of the RR ( cbrn) mutants (a new type of nitrate assimilation defective mutants), that could be useful for studying the bispecific nitrate /nitrite transporter system. The majority of obtained bromate resistant mutants (93.3% of the total mutants obtained by all treatments) were of the brn type, whereas the remaining percentage (6.76%) was given to cbrn strains. The highest percentages of brn mutant strains (48% and 58.6% of the total RS strains) were obtained with UA after spontaneous and Phx treatment, whereas Trp has generated 29% and 42% of RS strains after UV and DEO treatments, respectively. The obtained ratios of cbrn mutants were higher (i.e. in the range of 8.4%-11.64% of the total bromate mutants) with chemical treatments, especially when U.A or Pro was serving as sole N-sources at 25ºC rather than 37ºC. A 69% mutants` yield of Aspergillus niger mutant strains representing nine gene loci ( niaD, cnx-6 loci , nrt and nirA) were selected on the bases of chlorate (600 mM) toxicity. All chlorate resistant mutants were completely sensitive to bromate (250 mM). The niaD mutants showed the highest percentage (73.97%) of chlorate resistant mutants obtained with all tested treatments. The UV treatment has generated the highest ratio (86.9%) of niaD mutants, whereas, the least (61%) was obtained with Phx treatment. The highest percentage of cnx mutants (32%) was obtained with Phx treatment. The DEO treatment as compared to other tested treatments was the best to use for obtaining the highest ratios of either nrt (13.8%) mutants or nirA (1.9%) mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan J. M. Kanan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mu’tah University, Karak – Jordan, P. O. Box f
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Kosola KR, Workmaster BAA, Spada PA. Inoculation of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) with the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Rhizoscyphus ericae increases nitrate influx. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 176:184-196. [PMID: 17803649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the ubiquitous presence of ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) fungi in cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon), no prior studies have examined the effect of ERM colonization on NO(3)(-) influx kinetics. Here, (15)NO(3)(-) influx was measured in nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal cranberry in hydroponics. Mycorrhizal cranberry were inoculated with the ERM fungus Rhizoscyphus (syn. Hymenoscyphus) ericae. (15)NO(3)(-) influx by R. ericae in solution culture was also measured. Rhizoscyphus ericae NO(3)(-) influx kinetics were linear when mycelium was exposed for 24 h to 3.8 mm NH(4)(+), and saturable when pretreated with 3.8 mm NO(3)(-), 50 microm NO(3)(-), or 50 microm NH(4)(+). Both low-N pretreatments induced greater NO(3)(-) influx than either of the high-N pretreatments. Nonmycorrhizal cranberry exhibited linear NO(3)(-) influx kinetics. By contrast, mycorrhizal cranberry had saturable NO(3)(-) influx kinetics, with c. eightfold greater NO(3)(-) influx than nonmycorrhizal cranberry at NO(3)(-) concentrations from 20 microm to 2 mm. There was no influence of pretreatments on cranberry NO(3)(-) influx kinetics, regardless of mycorrhizal status. Inoculation with R. ericae increased the capacity of cranberry to utilize NO(3)(-)-N. This finding is significant both for understanding the potential nutrient niche breadth of cranberry and for management of cultivated cranberry when irrigation water sources contain nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Kosola
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Beth Ann A Workmaster
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Piero A Spada
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Kučera I. Interference of chlorate and chlorite with nitrate reduction in resting cells of Paracoccus denitrificans. Microbiology (Reading) 2006; 152:3529-3534. [PMID: 17159204 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.29276-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When grown anaerobically on a succinate+nitrate (SN) medium,Paracoccus denitrificansforms the membrane-bound, cytoplasmically oriented, chlorate-reducing nitrate reductase Nar, while the periplasmic enzyme Nap is expressed during aerobic growth on butyrate+oxygen (BO) medium. Preincubation of SN cells with chlorate produced a concentration-dependent decrease in nitrate utilization, which could be ascribed to Nar inactivation. Toluenization rendered Nar less sensitive to chlorate, but more sensitive to chlorite, suggesting that the latter compound may be the true inactivator. The Nap enzyme of BO cells was inactivated by both chlorate and chlorite at concentrations that were at least two orders of magnitude lower than those shown to affect Nar. Partial purification of Nap resulted in insensitivity to chlorate and diminished sensitivity to chlorite. Azide was specific for SN cells in protecting nitrate reductase against chlorate attack, the protective effect of nitrate being more pronounced in BO cells. The results are discussed in terms of different metabolic activation of chlorine oxoanions in both types of cells, and limited permeation of chlorite across the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Kučera
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
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Fang Z, Kamasani U, Berkowitz GA. Molecular cloning and expression characterization of a rice K+ channel beta subunit. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 37:597-606. [PMID: 9687064 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005913629485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
K+ channel proteins native to animal membranes have been shown to be composed of two different types of polypeptides: the pore-forming alpha subunit and the beta subunit which may be involved in either modulation of conductance through the channel, or stabilization and surface expression of the channel complex. Several cDNAs encoding animal K+ channel beta subunits have been recently cloned and sequenced. We report the molecular cloning of a rice plant homolog of these animal beta subunits. The rice cDNA (KOB1) described in this report encodes a 36 kDa polypeptide which shares 45% sequence identity with these animal K+ channel beta subunits. and 72% identity with the only other cloned plant (Arabidopsis thaliana) K+ channel beta subunit (KAB1). The KOB1 translation product was demonstrated to form a tight physical association with a plant K+ channel alpha subunit. These results are consistent with the conclusion that the KOB1 cDNA encodes a K+ channel beta subunit. Expression studies indicated that KOB1 protein is more abundant in leaves than in either reproductive structures or roots. Later-developing leaves on a rice plant were found to contain increasing levels of the protein with the flag leaf having the highest titer of KOB1. Leaf sheaths are known to accumulate excess K+ and act as reserve sources of this cation when new growth requires remobilization of K+. Leaf sheaths were found to contain higher levels of KOB1 protein than the blade portions of leaves. It was further determined that when K+ was lost from older leaves of plants grown on K+-deficient fertilizer, the loss of cellular K+ was associated with a decline in both KOB1 mRNA and protein. This finding represents the first demonstration (in either plants or animals) that changes in cellular K+ status may specifically alter expression of a gene encoding a K+ channel subunit.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA Primers/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oryza/genetics
- Oryza/metabolism
- Potassium Channels/chemistry
- Potassium Channels/genetics
- Potassium Channels/metabolism
- Protein Conformation
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Fang
- Plant Science Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269-4067, USA
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Touraine B, Glass AD. NO3- and ClO3- fluxes in the chl1-5 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana. Does the CHL1-5 gene encode a low-affinity NO3- transporter? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 114:137-44. [PMID: 9159946 PMCID: PMC158287 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.1.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The CHL1 gene is considered to encode a low-affinity transport system (LATS) for NO3- in Arabidopsis thaliana (Y.-F. Tsay, J.I. Schroeder, K.A. Feldmann, N.M. Crawford [1993] Cell 72: 705-713). However, the anticipated reduced NO3- uptake by the LATS associated with loss of CHL1 gene activity in chl1-5 deletion mutants was evident only when plants were grown on NH4NO3. When KNO3 was the sole N source, NO3- accumulation and short-term tracer influx (using 13NO3- and 15NO3-) in leaves and roots of wild-type and mutant plants were essentially identical. Nevertheless, root uptake of 36CIO3- by the LATS and CIO3- accumulation in roots and shoots of mutant plants were significantly lower than in wild-type plants when grown on KNO3. One explanation for these results is that a second LATS is able to compensate for the chl1-5 deficiency in KNO3-grown plants. Growth on NH4NO3 may down-regulate the second LATS enough that the anticipated difference in NO3- uptake becomes apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Touraine
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Montpellier (ENSAM) Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France
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