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Gätjens-Boniche O, Jiménez-Madrigal JP, Whetten RW, Valenzuela-Diaz S, Alemán-Gutiérrez A, Hanson PE, Pinto-Tomás AA. Microbiome and plant cell transformation trigger insect gall induction in cassava. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1237966. [PMID: 38126017 PMCID: PMC10731979 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1237966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Several specialised insects can manipulate normal plant development to induce a highly organised structure known as a gall, which represents one of the most complex interactions between insects and plants. Thus far, the mechanism for insect-induced plant galls has remained elusive. To study the induction mechanism of insect galls, we selected the gall induced by Iatrophobia brasiliensis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in cassava (Euphorbiaceae: Manihot esculenta Crantz) as our model. PCR-based molecular markers and deep metagenomic sequencing data were employed to analyse the gall microbiome and to test the hypothesis that gall cells are genetically transformed by insect vectored bacteria. A shotgun sequencing discrimination approach was implemented to selectively discriminate between foreign DNA and the reference host plant genome. Several known candidate insertion sequences were identified, the most significant being DNA sequences found in bacterial genes related to the transcription regulatory factor CadR, cadmium-transporting ATPase encoded by the cadA gene, nitrate transport permease protein (nrtB gene), and arsenical pump ATPase (arsA gene). In addition, a DNA fragment associated with ubiquitin-like gene E2 was identified as a potential accessory genetic element involved in gall induction mechanism. Furthermore, our results suggest that the increased quality and rapid development of gall tissue are mostly driven by microbiome enrichment and the acquisition of critical endophytes. An initial gall-like structure was experimentally obtained in M. esculenta cultured tissues through inoculation assays using a Rhodococcus bacterial strain that originated from the inducing insect, which we related to the gall induction process. We provide evidence that the modification of the endophytic microbiome and the genetic transformation of plant cells in M. esculenta are two essential requirements for insect-induced gall formation. Based on these findings and having observed the same potential DNA marker in galls from other plant species (ubiquitin-like gene E2), we speculate that bacterially mediated genetic transformation of plant cells may represent a more widespread gall induction mechanism found in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Gätjens-Boniche
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Escuela de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Tecnológico Local San Carlos, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Alajuela, Costa Rica
| | - Jose Pablo Jiménez-Madrigal
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Escuela de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Tecnológico Local San Carlos, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Alajuela, Costa Rica
| | - Ross W. Whetten
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Sandro Valenzuela-Diaz
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, The Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alvaro Alemán-Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Escuela de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Tecnológico Local San Carlos, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Alajuela, Costa Rica
- Laboratorio de Genómica y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Paul E. Hanson
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Adrián A. Pinto-Tomás
- Center for Research in Microscopic Structures and Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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2
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Klein M, Stewart JD, Porter SS, Weedon JT, Kiers ET. Evolution of manipulative microbial behaviors in the rhizosphere. Evol Appl 2022; 15:1521-1536. [DOI: 10.1111/eva.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Malin Klein
- Department of Ecological Science Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Justin D. Stewart
- Department of Ecological Science Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie S. Porter
- School of Biological Sciences Washington State University Vancouver Washington USA
| | - James T. Weedon
- Department of Ecological Science Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - E. Toby Kiers
- Department of Ecological Science Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Nishizawa-Yokoi A, Saika H, Hara N, Lee LY, Toki S, Gelvin SB. Agrobacterium T-DNA integration in somatic cells does not require the activity of DNA polymerase θ. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2859-2872. [PMID: 33105034 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Integration of Agrobacterium tumefaciens transferred DNA (T-DNA) into the plant genome is the last step required for stable plant genetic transformation. The mechanism of T-DNA integration remains controversial, although scientists have proposed the participation of various nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathways. Recent evidence suggests that in Arabidopsis, DNA polymerase θ (PolQ) may be a crucial enzyme involved in T-DNA integration. We conducted quantitative transformation assays of wild-type and polQ mutant Arabidopsis and rice, analyzed T-DNA/plant DNA junction sequences, and (for Arabidopsis) measured the amount of integrated T-DNA in mutant and wild-type tissue. Unexpectedly, we were able to generate stable transformants of all tested lines, although the transformation frequency of polQ mutants was c. 20% that of wild-type plants. T-DNA/plant DNA junctions from these transformed rice and Arabidopsis polQ mutants closely resembled those from wild-type plants, indicating that loss of PolQ activity does not alter the characteristics of T-DNA integration events. polQ mutant plants show growth and developmental defects, perhaps explaining previous unsuccessful attempts at their stable transformation. We suggest that either multiple redundant pathways function in T-DNA integration, and/or that integration requires some yet unknown pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Nishizawa-Yokoi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, 305-8634, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Saika
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Naho Hara
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Lan-Ying Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-1392, USA
| | - Seiichi Toki
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 1-2 Owashi, Tsukuba, 305-8634, Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12, Maioka-cho, Yokohama, 244-0813, Japan
| | - Stanton B Gelvin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-1392, USA
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4
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Agrobacterium-mediated horizontal gene transfer: Mechanism, biotechnological application, potential risk and forestalling strategy. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 37:259-270. [PMID: 30579929 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The extraordinary capacity of Agrobacterium to transfer its genetic material to host cell makes it evolve from phytopathogen to a powerful transgenic vector. Agrobacterium-mediated stable transformation is widely used as the preferred method to create transgenic plants for molecular plant biology research and crop breeding. Recent years, both mechanism and application of Agrobacterium-mediated horizontal gene transfer have made significant progresses, especially Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation was developed for plant biotechnology industry to produce recombinant proteins. Agrobacterium strains are almost used and saved not only by each of microbiology and molecular plant labs, but also by many of plant biotechnology manufacturers. Agrobacterium is able to transfer its genetic material to a broad range of hosts, including plant and non-plant hosts. As a consequence, the concern of environmental risk associated with the accidental release of genetically modified Agrobacterium arises. In this article, we outline the recent progress in the molecular mechanism of Agrobacterium-meditated gene transfer, focus on the application of Agrobacterium-mediated horizontal gene transfer, and review the potential risk associated with Agrobacterium-meditated gene transfer. Based on the comparison between the infecting process of Agrobacterium as a pathogen and the transgenic process of Agrobacterium as a transgenic vector, we realize that chemotaxis is the distinct difference between these two biological processes and thus discuss the possible role of chemotaxis in forestalling the potential risk of Agrobacterium-meditated horizontal gene transfer to non-target plant species.
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Wang Y, Zhang S, Huang F, Zhou X, Chen Z, Peng W, Luo M. VirD5 is required for efficient Agrobacterium infection and interacts with Arabidopsis VIP2. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:726-738. [PMID: 29084344 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
During Agrobacterium (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) infection, the translocated virulence proteins (VirD2, VirE2, VirE3, VirF and VirD5) play crucial roles. It is thought that, through protein-protein interactions, Agrobacterium uses and abuses host plant factors and systems to facilitate its infection. Although some molecular functions have been revealed, the roles of VirD5 still need to be further elucidated. Here, plant transformation and tumorigenesis mediated by genetically modified Agrobacterium strains were performed to examine VirD5 roles. In addition, protein-protein interaction-associated molecular and biochemistry technologies were used to reveal and elucidate VirD5 interaction with Arabidopsis VirE2 interacting protein 2 (VIP2). Our results showed that deleting virD5 from Agrobacterium reduced its tumor formation ability and stable transformation efficiency but did not affect the transient transformation efficiency. We also found that VirD5 can interact with Arabidopsis VIP2. Further experiments demonstrated that VirD5 can affect VIP2 binding to cap-binding proteins (CBP20 and CBP80). The tumorigenesis efficiency for cbp80 mutant was not significantly changed, but that for cbp20, cbp20cbp80 mutants were significantly increased. This work demonstrates experimentally that VirD5 is required for efficient Agrobacterium infection and may promote this process by competitive interaction with Arabidopsis VIP2. CBP20 is involved in the Agrobacterium infection process and its effect can be synergistically enhanced by CBP80.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shaojuan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fei Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wei Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Meizhong Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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6
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Abstract
Agrobacterium strains transfer a single-strand form of T-DNA (T-strands) and Virulence (Vir) effector proteins to plant cells. Following transfer, T-strands likely form complexes with Vir and plant proteins that traffic through the cytoplasm and enter the nucleus. T-strands may subsequently randomly integrate into plant chromosomes and permanently express encoded transgenes, a process known as stable transformation. The molecular processes by which T-strands integrate into the host genome remain unknown. Although integration resembles DNA repair processes, the requirement of known DNA repair pathways for integration is controversial. The configuration and genomic position of integrated T-DNA molecules likely affect transgene expression, and control of integration is consequently important for basic research and agricultural biotechnology applications. This article reviews our current knowledge of the process of T-DNA integration and proposes ways in which this knowledge may be manipulated for genome editing and synthetic biology purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanton B Gelvin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1392, USA;
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7
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Hwang HH, Yu M, Lai EM. Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation: biology and applications. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2017; 15:e0186. [PMID: 31068763 PMCID: PMC6501860 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant genetic transformation heavily relies on the bacterial pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a powerful tool to deliver genes of interest into a host plant. Inside the plant nucleus, the transferred DNA is capable of integrating into the plant genome for inheritance to the next generation (i.e. stable transformation). Alternatively, the foreign DNA can transiently remain in the nucleus without integrating into the genome but still be transcribed to produce desirable gene products (i.e. transient transformation). From the discovery of A. tumefaciens to its wide application in plant biotechnology, numerous aspects of the interaction between A. tumefaciens and plants have been elucidated. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the biology and the applications of Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation, which may be useful for both microbiologists and plant biologists who desire a better understanding of plant transformation, protein expression in plants, and plant-microbe interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hau-Hsuan Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, 402
| | - Manda Yu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 115
| | - Erh-Min Lai
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 115
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8
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Altpeter F, Springer NM, Bartley LE, Blechl AE, Brutnell TP, Citovsky V, Conrad LJ, Gelvin SB, Jackson DP, Kausch AP, Lemaux PG, Medford JI, Orozco-Cárdenas ML, Tricoli DM, Van Eck J, Voytas DF, Walbot V, Wang K, Zhang ZJ, Stewart CN. Advancing Crop Transformation in the Era of Genome Editing. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:1510-20. [PMID: 27335450 PMCID: PMC4981132 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant transformation has enabled fundamental insights into plant biology and revolutionized commercial agriculture. Unfortunately, for most crops, transformation and regeneration remain arduous even after more than 30 years of technological advances. Genome editing provides novel opportunities to enhance crop productivity but relies on genetic transformation and plant regeneration, which are bottlenecks in the process. Here, we review the state of plant transformation and point to innovations needed to enable genome editing in crops. Plant tissue culture methods need optimization and simplification for efficiency and minimization of time in culture. Currently, specialized facilities exist for crop transformation. Single-cell and robotic techniques should be developed for high-throughput genomic screens. Plant genes involved in developmental reprogramming, wound response, and/or homologous recombination should be used to boost the recovery of transformed plants. Engineering universal Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains and recruiting other microbes, such as Ensifer or Rhizobium, could facilitate delivery of DNA and proteins into plant cells. Synthetic biology should be employed for de novo design of transformation systems. Genome editing is a potential game-changer in crop genetics when plant transformation systems are optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredy Altpeter
- Agronomy Department, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Nathan M Springer
- Department of Plant Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Laura E Bartley
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019
| | - Ann E Blechl
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California 94710
| | - Thomas P Brutnell
- Enterprise Institute for Renewable Fuels, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - Vitaly Citovsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Liza J Conrad
- Natural Sciences Collegium, Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, Florida 33711
| | - Stanton B Gelvin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - David P Jackson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724
| | - Albert P Kausch
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881
| | - Peggy G Lemaux
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - June I Medford
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | | | - David M Tricoli
- Plant Transformation Facility, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Joyce Van Eck
- The Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Daniel F Voytas
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development and Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Virginia Walbot
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Kan Wang
- Department of Agronomy and Center for Plant Transformation, Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Zhanyuan J Zhang
- Plant Transformation Core Facility, Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - C Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
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9
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Krenek P, Samajova O, Luptovciak I, Doskocilova A, Komis G, Samaj J. Transient plant transformation mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens: Principles, methods and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1024-42. [PMID: 25819757 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is widely used as a versatile tool for development of stably transformed model plants and crops. However, the development of Agrobacterium based transient plant transformation methods attracted substantial attention in recent years. Transient transformation methods offer several applications advancing stable transformations such as rapid and scalable recombinant protein production and in planta functional genomics studies. Herein, we highlight Agrobacterium and plant genetics factors affecting transfer of T-DNA from Agrobacterium into the plant cell nucleus and subsequent transient transgene expression. We also review recent methods concerning Agrobacterium mediated transient transformation of model plants and crops and outline key physical, physiological and genetic factors leading to their successful establishment. Of interest are especially Agrobacterium based reverse genetics studies in economically important crops relying on use of RNA interference (RNAi) or virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology. The applications of Agrobacterium based transient plant transformation technology in biotech industry are presented in thorough detail. These involve production of recombinant proteins (plantibodies, vaccines and therapeutics) and effectoromics-assisted breeding of late blight resistance in potato. In addition, we also discuss biotechnological potential of recombinant GFP technology and present own examples of successful Agrobacterium mediated transient plant transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Krenek
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Olga Samajova
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivan Luptovciak
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Anna Doskocilova
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - George Komis
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jozef Samaj
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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10
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Brunkard JO, Burch-Smith TM, Runkel AM, Zambryski P. Investigating plasmodesmata genetics with virus-induced gene silencing and an agrobacterium-mediated GFP movement assay. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1217:185-98. [PMID: 25287205 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1523-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, permitting intercellular transport and communication. PD function and formation are essential to plant growth and development, but we still know very little about the genetic pathways regulating PD transport. Here, we present a method for assaying changes in the rate of PD transport following genetic manipulation. Gene expression in leaves is modified by virus-induced gene silencing. Seven to ten days after infection with Tobacco rattle virus carrying a silencing trigger, the gene(s) of interest is silenced in newly arising leaves. In these new leaves, individual cells are then transformed with Agrobacterium to express GFP, and the rate of GFP diffusion via PD is measured. By measuring GFP diffusion both within the epidermis and between the epidermis and mesophyll, the assay can be used to study the effects of silencing a gene(s) on PD transport in general, or transport through secondary PD specifically. Plant biologists working in several fields will find this assay useful, since PD transport impacts plant physiology, development, and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob O Brunkard
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 281A Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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11
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Shi Y, Lee LY, Gelvin SB. Is VIP1 important for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation? THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:848-60. [PMID: 24953893 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium genetically transforms plants by transferring and integrating T-(transferred) DNA into the host genome. This process requires both Agrobacterium and host proteins. VirE2 interacting protein 1 (VIP1), an Arabidopsis bZIP protein, has been suggested to mediate transformation through interaction with and targeting of VirE2 to nuclei. We examined the susceptibility of Arabidopsis vip1 mutant and VIP1 overexpressing plants to transformation by numerous Agrobacterium strains. In no instance could we detect altered transformation susceptibility. We also used confocal microscopy to examine the subcellular localization of Venus-tagged VirE2 or Venus-tagged VIP1, in the presence or absence of the other untagged protein, in different plant cell systems. We found that VIP1-Venus localized in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of Arabidopsis roots, agroinfiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts and tobacco BY-2 protoplasts, regardless of whether VirE2 was co-expressed. VirE2 localized exclusively to the cytoplasm of tobacco and Arabidopsis protoplasts, whether in the absence or presence of VIP1 overexpression. In transgenic Arabidopsis plants and agroinfiltrated N. benthamina leaves we could occasionally detect small aggregates of the Venus signal in nuclei, but these were likely to be imagining artifacts. The vast majority of VirE2 remained in the cytoplasm. We conclude that VIP1 is not important for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation or VirE2 subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Shi
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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12
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Wang Y, Peng W, Zhou X, Huang F, Shao L, Luo M. The putative Agrobacterium transcriptional activator-like virulence protein VirD5 may target T-complex to prevent the degradation of coat proteins in the plant cell nucleus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:1266-1281. [PMID: 24865527 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium exports at least five virulence proteins (VirE2, VirE3, VirF, VirD2, VirD5) into host cells and hijacks some host plant factors to facilitate its transformation process. Random DNA binding selection assays (RDSAs), electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) and yeast one-hybrid systems were used to identify protein-bound DNA elements. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation, glutathione S-transferase pull-down and yeast two-hybrid assays were used to detect protein interactions. Protoplast transformation, coprecipitation, competitive binding and cell-free degradation assays were used to analyze the relationships among proteins. We found that Agrobacterium VirD5 exhibits transcriptional activation activity in yeast, is located in the plant cell nucleus, and forms homodimers. A specific VirD5-bound DNA element designated D5RE (VirD5 response element) was identified. VirD5 interacted directly with Arabidopsis VirE2 Interacting Protein 1 (AtVIP1). However, the ternary complex of VirD5-AtVIP1-VirE2 could be detected, whereas that of VirD5-AtVIP1-VBF (AtVIP1 Binding F-box protein) could not. We demonstrated that VirD5 competes with VBF for binding to AtVIP1 and stabilizes AtVIP1 and VirE2 in the cell-free degradation system. Our results indicated that VirD5 may act as both a transcriptional activator-like effector to regulate host gene expression and a protector preventing the coat proteins of the T-complex from being quickly degraded by the host's ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wei Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fei Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lingyun Shao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Meizhong Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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13
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Gohlke J, Deeken R. Plant responses to Agrobacterium tumefaciens and crown gall development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:155. [PMID: 24795740 PMCID: PMC4006022 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown gall disease on various plant species by introducing its T-DNA into the genome. Therefore, Agrobacterium has been extensively studied both as a pathogen and an important biotechnological tool. The infection process involves the transfer of T-DNA and virulence proteins into the plant cell. At that time the gene expression patterns of host plants differ depending on the Agrobacterium strain, plant species and cell-type used. Later on, integration of the T-DNA into the plant host genome, expression of the encoded oncogenes, and increase in phytohormone levels induce a fundamental reprogramming of the transformed cells. This results in their proliferation and finally formation of plant tumors. The process of reprogramming is accompanied by altered gene expression, morphology and metabolism. In addition to changes in the transcriptome and metabolome, further genome-wide ("omic") approaches have recently deepened our understanding of the genetic and epigenetic basis of crown gall tumor formation. This review summarizes the current knowledge about plant responses in the course of tumor development. Special emphasis is placed on the connection between epigenetic, transcriptomic, metabolomic, and morphological changes in the developing tumor. These changes not only result in abnormally proliferating host cells with a heterotrophic and transport-dependent metabolism, but also cause differentiation and serve as mechanisms to balance pathogen defense and adapt to abiotic stress conditions, thereby allowing the coexistence of the crown gall and host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Gohlke
- School of Plant Sciences, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
| | - Rosalia Deeken
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of WuerzburgWuerzburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Rosalia Deeken, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany e-mail:
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Anand A, Mysore KS. The role of RAR1 in Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:doi: 10.4161/psb.26784. [PMID: 24494233 PMCID: PMC4091118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
RAR 1 is identified as a critical protein involved in plant innate immunity. We investigated the role of RAR 1 in Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation based on the previous findings that accessory proteins associated with the E3 ligase complex such as SGT1, which tightly interacts with RAR 1, play a role in the transformation process. RAR1 gene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis rar1 mutant analyses suggested that RAR1 is required for early stages of Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. This finding further illustrates that RAR 1, along with SGT1, that serve as a HSP90 co-chaperone is important for Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation.
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Abstract
AbstractThe grapevine (Vitis vinifera) genome was analyzed in silico for homologues of plant genes involved in Agrobacterium transformation in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana spp. Grapevine homologues of the glucomannan 4-betamannosyltransferase 9 gene CslA-09 involved in bacterial attachment to the cell wall, homologues of reticulon-like proteins BTI1, 2, 3 and RAB8 GTPases, both involved in T-DNA transfer to the host cell, homologues of VirE2 interacting protein VIP1 that contributes to the targeting of T-DNA into the nucleus and to its integration, and homologues of the histone protein H2A, which promotes the expression of T-DNA encoded genes, were selected. Sequences homologous to the arabinogalactan-protein AtAGP17 were not found in the grape genome. Seventeen selected candidates were tested by semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis for changes in their expression levels upon inoculation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58. Of the tested homologues, the expression of VvRab8a, VvVip1a and two histone genes (VvHta2 and VvHta10) increased significantly, therefore we hypothesize that these might be involved in Agrobacterium transformation of V. vinifera.
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Anand A, Mysore KS. The role of RAR1 in Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013. [PMID: 24494233 DOI: 10.4161/psb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
RAR 1 is identified as a critical protein involved in plant innate immunity. We investigated the role of RAR 1 in Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation based on the previous findings that accessory proteins associated with the E3 ligase complex such as SGT1, which tightly interacts with RAR 1, play a role in the transformation process. RAR1 gene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis rar1 mutant analyses suggested that RAR1 is required for early stages of Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. This finding further illustrates that RAR 1, along with SGT1, that serve as a HSP90 co-chaperone is important for Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation.
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Anand A, Mysore KS. The role of RAR1 in Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013. [PMID: 24494233 PMCID: PMC4091118 DOI: 10.4161/psb.26784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
RAR 1 is identified as a critical protein involved in plant innate immunity. We investigated the role of RAR 1 in Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation based on the previous findings that accessory proteins associated with the E3 ligase complex such as SGT1, which tightly interacts with RAR 1, play a role in the transformation process. RAR1 gene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis rar1 mutant analyses suggested that RAR1 is required for early stages of Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. This finding further illustrates that RAR 1, along with SGT1, that serve as a HSP90 co-chaperone is important for Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation.
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Dudler R. Manipulation of host proteasomes as a virulence mechanism of plant pathogens. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 51:521-42. [PMID: 23725468 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-26S proteasome degradation system (UPS) in plants is involved in the signal transduction of many cellular processes, including host immune responses triggered by pathogen attack. Attacking pathogens produce effectors that are translocated into host cells, where they interfere with the host's defense signaling in very specific ways. Perhaps not surprising in view of the broad involvement of the host proteasome in plant immunity, certain bacterial effectors exploit or require the host UPS for their action, as currently best studied in Pseudomonas syringae. Intriguingly, some P. syringae strains also secrete the virulence factor syringolin A, which irreversibly inhibits the proteasome by a novel mechanism. Here, the role of the UPS in plant defense and its exploitation by effectors are summarized, and the biology, taxonomic distribution, and emerging implications for virulence strategies of syringolin A and similar compounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dudler
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
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