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Riseh RS, Vazvani MG, Kennedy JF. The application of chitosan as a carrier for fertilizer: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 252:126483. [PMID: 37625747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The smart combination of agriculture and other sciences can greatly reduce the limits of fertilizer use. Chitosan is a linear amino polysaccharide with a rigid structure which has hydrophilic and crystal properties. The formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds the presence of reactive groups and cross-linking, the formation of salts with organic and inorganic acids with complexing and chelating properties ionic conductivity, film formation are the characteristics of chitosan. With the presence of amino groups, chitosan can form a complex with other compounds and also enter the vascular system of plants and lead to the activation of metabolic-physiological pathways of plants. This polymeric compound can bond with other natural polymers and in combination with fertilizers and nutritional elements, on the one hand, it can provide the nutritional needs of the plant and on the other hand, it also helps to improve the soil texture. Chitosan nanomaterials as a Next-generation fertilizers act as plant immune system enhancers through slow, controlled, and targeted delivery of nutrients to plants. Chitosan can assist agricultural researchers and has become an ideal and effective option with its many applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohallah Saberi Riseh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Mozhgan Gholizadeh Vazvani
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories Ltd, WR15 8FF Tenbury Wells, United Kingdom.
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2
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Montiel J, García-Soto I, James EK, Reid D, Cárdenas L, Napsucialy-Mendivil S, Ferguson S, Dubrovsky JG, Stougaard J. Aromatic amino acid biosynthesis impacts root hair development and symbiotic associations in Lotus japonicus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:1508-1526. [PMID: 37427869 PMCID: PMC10517252 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Legume roots can be symbiotically colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. In Lotus japonicus, the latter occurs intracellularly by the cognate rhizobial partner Mesorhizobium loti or intercellularly with the Agrobacterium pusense strain IRBG74. Although these symbiotic programs show distinctive cellular and transcriptome signatures, some molecular components are shared. In this study, we demonstrate that 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase 1 (DAHPS1), the first enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of aromatic amino acids (AAAs), plays a critical role in root hair development and for AM and rhizobial symbioses in Lotus. Two homozygous DAHPS1 mutants (dahps1-1 and dahps1-2) showed drastic alterations in root hair morphology, associated with alterations in cell wall dynamics and a progressive disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. The altered root hair structure was prevented by pharmacological and genetic complementation. dahps1-1 and dahps1-2 showed significant reductions in rhizobial infection (intracellular and intercellular) and nodule organogenesis and a delay in AM colonization. RNAseq analysis of dahps1-2 roots suggested that these phenotypes are associated with downregulation of several cell wall-related genes, and with an attenuated signaling response. Interestingly, the dahps1 mutants showed no detectable pleiotropic effects, suggesting a more selective recruitment of this gene in certain biological processes. This work provides robust evidence linking AAA metabolism to root hair development and successful symbiotic associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Montiel
- Departamento de Genómica Funcional de Eucariotas. Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Ivette García-Soto
- Departamento de Genómica Funcional de Eucariotas. Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
| | - Euan K James
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Dugald Reid
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
| | - Selene Napsucialy-Mendivil
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
| | - Shaun Ferguson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Joseph G Dubrovsky
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark
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3
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Matthus E, Ning Y, Shafiq F, Davies JM. Phosphate-deprivation and damage signalling by extracellular ATP. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1098146. [PMID: 36714742 PMCID: PMC9879614 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1098146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate deprivation compromises plant productivity and modulates immunity. DAMP signalling by extracellular ATP (eATP) could be compromised under phosphate deprivation by the lowered production of cytosolic ATP and the need to salvage eATP as a nutritional phosphate source. Phosphate-starved roots of Arabidopsis can still sense eATP, indicating robustness in receptor function. However, the resultant cytosolic free Ca2+ signature is impaired, indicating modulation of downstream components. This perspective on DAMP signalling by extracellular ATP (eATP) addresses the salvage of eATP under phosphate deprivation and its promotion of immunity, how Ca2+ signals are generated and how the Ca2+ signalling pathway could be overcome to allow beneficial fungal root colonization to fulfill phosphate demands. Safe passage for an endophytic fungus allowing root colonization could be achieved by its down-regulation of the Ca2+ channels that act downstream of the eATP receptors and by also preventing ROS accumulation, thus further impairing DAMP signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Matthus
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Youzheng Ning
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fahad Shafiq
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Julia M. Davies
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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4
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Ben-Laouane R, Baslam M, Ait-El-Mokhtar M, Anli M, Boutasknit A, Ait-Rahou Y, Toubali S, Mitsui T, Oufdou K, Wahbi S, Meddich A. Potential of Native Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Rhizobia, and/or Green Compost as Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa) Enhancers under Salinity. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1695. [PMID: 33143245 PMCID: PMC7693256 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity is one of the devastating abiotic stresses that cause reductions in agricultural production. The increased salinization affects alfalfa growth, metabolism, and rhizobium capacity for symbiotic N2 fixation negatively. This study was undertaken to investigate the efficiency of green compost (C; made from green waste), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (M; field-sourced native consortium), and/or rhizobium (R; a salt-tolerant rhizobium strain) individually or in combination as an effective strategy to improve alfalfa productivity under non-saline and high-saline (120 mM NaCl) conditions. In addition, we aimed to understand the agro-physiological and metabolic basis as well as glomalin content in the soil of biofertilizers-induced salt tolerance in alfalfa. Here, we show that mycorrhizal infection was enhanced after MR inoculation, while C application decreased it significantly. Salinity reduced growth, physiological functioning, and protein concentration, but the antioxidant system has been activated. Application of the selected biofertilizers, especially C alone or combined with M and/or R improved alfalfa tolerance. The tri-combination CMR mitigated the negative effects of high salinity by stimulating plant growth, roots and nodules dry matters, mineral uptake (P, N, and K), antioxidant system, synthesis of compatible solutes, and soil glomalin content, sustaining photosynthesis-related performance and decreasing Na+ and Cl- accumulation, lipid peroxidation, H2O2 content, and electrolyte leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Ben-Laouane
- Laboratory of Agro-Food, Biotechnologies and Valorization of Plant Bioresources, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science–Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, BP 2390, 40000 Marrakesh, Morocco; (R.B.-L.); (M.A.-E.-M.); (M.A.); (A.B.); (Y.A.-R.); (S.T.); (S.W.)
| | - Marouane Baslam
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan;
| | - Mohamed Ait-El-Mokhtar
- Laboratory of Agro-Food, Biotechnologies and Valorization of Plant Bioresources, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science–Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, BP 2390, 40000 Marrakesh, Morocco; (R.B.-L.); (M.A.-E.-M.); (M.A.); (A.B.); (Y.A.-R.); (S.T.); (S.W.)
| | - Mohamed Anli
- Laboratory of Agro-Food, Biotechnologies and Valorization of Plant Bioresources, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science–Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, BP 2390, 40000 Marrakesh, Morocco; (R.B.-L.); (M.A.-E.-M.); (M.A.); (A.B.); (Y.A.-R.); (S.T.); (S.W.)
| | - Abderrahim Boutasknit
- Laboratory of Agro-Food, Biotechnologies and Valorization of Plant Bioresources, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science–Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, BP 2390, 40000 Marrakesh, Morocco; (R.B.-L.); (M.A.-E.-M.); (M.A.); (A.B.); (Y.A.-R.); (S.T.); (S.W.)
| | - Youssef Ait-Rahou
- Laboratory of Agro-Food, Biotechnologies and Valorization of Plant Bioresources, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science–Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, BP 2390, 40000 Marrakesh, Morocco; (R.B.-L.); (M.A.-E.-M.); (M.A.); (A.B.); (Y.A.-R.); (S.T.); (S.W.)
| | - Salma Toubali
- Laboratory of Agro-Food, Biotechnologies and Valorization of Plant Bioresources, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science–Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, BP 2390, 40000 Marrakesh, Morocco; (R.B.-L.); (M.A.-E.-M.); (M.A.); (A.B.); (Y.A.-R.); (S.T.); (S.W.)
| | - Toshiaki Mitsui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan;
| | - Khalid Oufdou
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences, and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, BP 2390, 40000 Marrakesh, Morocco;
| | - Said Wahbi
- Laboratory of Agro-Food, Biotechnologies and Valorization of Plant Bioresources, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science–Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, BP 2390, 40000 Marrakesh, Morocco; (R.B.-L.); (M.A.-E.-M.); (M.A.); (A.B.); (Y.A.-R.); (S.T.); (S.W.)
| | - Abdelilah Meddich
- Laboratory of Agro-Food, Biotechnologies and Valorization of Plant Bioresources, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science–Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, BP 2390, 40000 Marrakesh, Morocco; (R.B.-L.); (M.A.-E.-M.); (M.A.); (A.B.); (Y.A.-R.); (S.T.); (S.W.)
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Poehlman WL, Schnabel EL, Chavan SA, Frugoli JA, Feltus FA. Identifying Temporally Regulated Root Nodulation Biomarkers Using Time Series Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1409. [PMID: 31737022 PMCID: PMC6836625 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Root nodulation results from a symbiotic relationship between a plant host and Rhizobium bacteria. Synchronized gene expression patterns over the course of rhizobial infection result in activation of pathways that are unique but overlapping with the highly conserved pathways that enable mycorrhizal symbiosis. We performed RNA sequencing of 30 Medicago truncatula root maturation zone samples at five distinct time points. These samples included plants inoculated with Sinorhizobium medicae and control plants that did not receive any Rhizobium. Following gene expression quantification, we identified 1,758 differentially expressed genes at various time points. We constructed a gene co-expression network (GCN) from the same data and identified link community modules (LCMs) that were comprised entirely of differentially expressed genes at specific time points post-inoculation. One LCM included genes that were up-regulated at 24 h following inoculation, suggesting an activation of allergen family genes and carbohydrate-binding gene products in response to Rhizobium. We also identified two LCMs that were comprised entirely of genes that were down regulated at 24 and 48 h post-inoculation. The identity of the genes in these modules suggest that down-regulating specific genes at 24 h may result in decreased jasmonic acid production with an increase in cytokinin production. At 48 h, coordinated down-regulation of a specific set of genes involved in lipid biosynthesis may play a role in nodulation. We show that GCN-LCM analysis is an effective method to preliminarily identify polygenic candidate biomarkers of root nodulation and develop hypotheses for future discovery.
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Wong JEMM, Nadzieja M, Madsen LH, Bücherl CA, Dam S, Sandal NN, Couto D, Derbyshire P, Uldum-Berentsen M, Schroeder S, Schwämmle V, Nogueira FCS, Asmussen MH, Thirup S, Radutoiu S, Blaise M, Andersen KR, Menke FLH, Zipfel C, Stougaard J. A Lotus japonicus cytoplasmic kinase connects Nod factor perception by the NFR5 LysM receptor to nodulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14339-14348. [PMID: 31239345 PMCID: PMC6628658 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815425116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of nitrogen-fixing root nodules in legume-rhizobia symbiosis requires an intricate communication between the host plant and its symbiont. We are, however, limited in our understanding of the symbiosis signaling process. In particular, how membrane-localized receptors of legumes activate signal transduction following perception of rhizobial signaling molecules has mostly remained elusive. To address this, we performed a coimmunoprecipitation-based proteomics screen to identify proteins associated with Nod factor receptor 5 (NFR5) in Lotus japonicus. Out of 51 NFR5-associated proteins, we focused on a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK), which we named NFR5-interacting cytoplasmic kinase 4 (NiCK4). NiCK4 associates with heterologously expressed NFR5 in Nicotiana benthamiana, and directly binds and phosphorylates the cytoplasmic domains of NFR5 and NFR1 in vitro. At the cellular level, Nick4 is coexpressed with Nfr5 in root hairs and nodule cells, and the NiCK4 protein relocates to the nucleus in an NFR5/NFR1-dependent manner upon Nod factor treatment. Phenotyping of retrotransposon insertion mutants revealed that NiCK4 promotes nodule organogenesis. Together, these results suggest that the identified RLCK, NiCK4, acts as a component of the Nod factor signaling pathway downstream of NFR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaslyn E M M Wong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marcin Nadzieja
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lene H Madsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christoph A Bücherl
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Svend Dam
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels N Sandal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daniel Couto
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Mette Uldum-Berentsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sina Schroeder
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Veit Schwämmle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Fábio C S Nogueira
- Proteomics Unit, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mette H Asmussen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Thirup
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simona Radutoiu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mickaël Blaise
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kasper R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
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Molecular Mechanism of Plant Recognition of Extracellular ATP. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1051:233-253. [PMID: 29064066 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), a ubiquitously dispersed biomolecule, is not only a major source of biochemical energy for living cells, but also acts as a critical signaling molecule through inter-cellular communication. Recent studies have clearly shown that extracellular ATP is involved in various physiological processes in plants, including root growth, stomata movement, pollen tube development, gravitropism, and abiotic/biotic stress responses. The first plant purinergic receptor for extracellular ATP, DORN1 (the founding member of the P2K family of purinergic receptors), was identified in Arabidopsis thaliana by a forward genetic screen. DORN1 consists of an extracellular lectin domain, transmembrane domain, and serine/threonine kinase, intracellular domain. The predicted structure of the DORN1 extracellular domain revealed putative key ATP binding residues but an apparent lack of sugar binding. In this chapter, we summarize recent studies on the molecular mechanism of plant recognition of extracellular ATP with specific reference to the role of DORN1.
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8
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Lace B, Ott T. Commonalities and Differences in Controlling Multipartite Intracellular Infections of Legume Roots by Symbiotic Microbes. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:661-672. [PMID: 29474692 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Legumes have the almost unique ability to establish symbiotic associations with rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Forward and reverse genetics have identified a large number of genes that are required for either or both interactions. However, and in sharp contrast to natural soils, these interactions have been almost exclusively investigated under laboratory conditions by using separate inoculation systems, whereas both symbionts are simultaneously present in the field. Considering our recent understanding of the individual symbioses, the community is now promisingly positioned to co-inoculate plants with two or more microbes in order to understand mechanistically how legumes efficiently balance, regulate and potentially separate these symbioses and other endophytic microbes within the same root. Here, we discuss a number of key control layers that should be considered when assessing tri- or multipartite beneficial interactions and that may contribute to colonization patterns in legume roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Lace
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, Schänzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ott
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, Schänzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Tsukaya H. How leaves of mycoheterotrophic plants evolved - from the view point of a developmental biologist. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1401-1406. [PMID: 29332309 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
How mycoheterotrophs have evolved and how they are sustained are enigmas. Structural analyses of the plastid genome and phylogenetic analyses of mycoheterotrophs have been used to identify mycorrhizal fungi. Molecular genetic studies have also revealed the mechanism for plant-fungi interactions. However, the evolution of the small, scale-like vegetative leaves of mycoheterotrophs is unknown. As almost all genes determining leaf size affect the floral organ sizes, it is highly implausible that loss-of-function mutations in leaf size regulators caused the evolution of smaller foliage leaves in mycoheterotrophs. In this Viewpoint, possible evolutionary scenarios of scale-like leaves in mycoheterotrophs are discussed from the perspective of developmental genetics of leaves in model plants, including: vegetative phase-specific changes in expression of leaf size regulator(s); the change from foliage leaves to scale-like lateral organs; and expression of suppressor(s) involved in organ development. These possibilities can be tested in future studies. This approach will provide a new research field in the developmental biology of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Bio-Next Project, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Yamate Build. #3, 5-1, Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
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10
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Summers EL, Cumming MH, Oulavallickal T, Roberts NJ, Arcus VL. Structures and kinetics for plant nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases support a domain motion catalytic mechanism. Protein Sci 2017; 26:1627-1638. [PMID: 28543850 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) are enzymes that hydrolyze extracellular nucleotides to the respective monophosphate nucleotides. In the past 20 years, NTPDases belonging to mammalian, parasitic and prokaryotic domains of life have been discovered, cloned and characterized. We reveal the first structures of NTPDases from the legume plant species Trifolium repens (7WC) and Vigna unguiculata subsp. cylindrica (DbLNP). Four crystal structures of 7WC and DbLNP were determined at resolutions between 1.9 and 2.6 Å. For 7WC, structures were determined for an -apo form (1.89 Å) and with the product AMP (2.15 Å) and adenine and phosphate (1.76 Å) bound. For DbLNP, a structure was solved with phosphate and manganese bound (2.60 Å). Thorough kinetic data and analysis is presented. The structure of 7WC and DbLNP reveals that these NTPDases can adopt two conformations depending on the molecule and co-factor bound in the active site. A central hinge region creates a "butterfly-like" motion of the domains that reduces the width of the inter-domain active site cleft upon molecule binding. This phenomenon has been previously described in Rattus norvegicus and Legionella pneumophila NTPDaseI and Toxoplasma gondii NTPDaseIII suggesting a common catalytic mechanism across the domains of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Summers
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Mathew H Cumming
- Seafood Research Unit, Plant and Food Research, PO Box 5114, Port Nelson, 7043, New Zealand
| | - Tifany Oulavallickal
- Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas J Roberts
- AgResearch Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Vickery L Arcus
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
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11
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Varki A. Biological roles of glycans. Glycobiology 2016; 27:3-49. [PMID: 27558841 PMCID: PMC5884436 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1458] [Impact Index Per Article: 182.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple and complex carbohydrates (glycans) have long been known to play major metabolic, structural and physical roles in biological systems. Targeted microbial binding to host glycans has also been studied for decades. But such biological roles can only explain some of the remarkable complexity and organismal diversity of glycans in nature. Reviewing the subject about two decades ago, one could find very few clear-cut instances of glycan-recognition-specific biological roles of glycans that were of intrinsic value to the organism expressing them. In striking contrast there is now a profusion of examples, such that this updated review cannot be comprehensive. Instead, a historical overview is presented, broad principles outlined and a few examples cited, representing diverse types of roles, mediated by various glycan classes, in different evolutionary lineages. What remains unchanged is the fact that while all theories regarding biological roles of glycans are supported by compelling evidence, exceptions to each can be found. In retrospect, this is not surprising. Complex and diverse glycans appear to be ubiquitous to all cells in nature, and essential to all life forms. Thus, >3 billion years of evolution consistently generated organisms that use these molecules for many key biological roles, even while sometimes coopting them for minor functions. In this respect, glycans are no different from other major macromolecular building blocks of life (nucleic acids, proteins and lipids), simply more rapidly evolving and complex. It is time for the diverse functional roles of glycans to be fully incorporated into the mainstream of biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Varki
- Departments of Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, USA
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12
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Saeed B, Baranwal VK, Khurana P. Identification and Expression Profiling of the Lectin Gene Superfamily in Mulberry. THE PLANT GENOME 2016; 9. [PMID: 27898803 DOI: 10.3835/plantgenome2015.10.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are a diverse group of ubiquitously present, highly specific sugar-binding proteins. Members of this large gene family have been assigned broad biological functions from defense to acting as storage proteins. Despite possessing several interesting characteristics, their functions remain essentially undefined. Mulberry ( spp.) known for its medicinal benefits is also a rich source of lectins. Using an exhaustive hidden Markov model (HMM)-based search, we identified the lectin gene complement in C.K. Schneid with around 197 members. These putative lectin genes were classified into 12 distinct gene families based on the presence of characteristic sugar-binding domains. Members of this superfamily were assigned varied gene ontologies (GOs) to identify putative functions and determine cellular localizations. Interestingly, characteristic expression patterns were observed across the lectin superfamily in response to a variety of environmental cues. This is suggestive of specialized functions under diverse conditions possibly by linking the specificity of sugar recognition with mediating precise stress responses in plants. The identification of putative gene family members from the genus developed in this study can find wide applicability in lectin gene identification and characterization. It can also contribute immensely in the understanding of lectins from mulberry with potential medicinal uses.
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13
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Fiorilli V, Vallino M, Biselli C, Faccio A, Bagnaresi P, Bonfante P. Host and non-host roots in rice: cellular and molecular approaches reveal differential responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:636. [PMID: 26322072 PMCID: PMC4534827 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Oryza sativa, a model plant for Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, has both host and non-host roots. Large lateral (LLR) and fine lateral (FLR) roots display opposite responses: LLR support AM colonization, but FLR do not. Our research aimed to study the molecular, morphological and physiological aspects related to the non-host behavior of FLR. RNA-seq analysis revealed that LLR and FLR displayed divergent expression profiles, including changes in many metabolic pathways. Compared with LLR, FLR showed down-regulation of genes instrumental for AM establishment and gibberellin signaling, and a higher expression of nutrient transporters. Consistent with the transcriptomic data, FLR had higher phosphorus content. Light and electron microscopy demonstrated that, surprisingly, in the Selenio cultivar, FLR have a two-layered cortex, which is theoretically compatible with AM colonization. According to RNA-seq, a gibberellin inhibitor treatment increased anticlinal divisions leading to a higher number of cortex cells in FLR. We propose that some of the differentially regulated genes that lead to the anatomical and physiological properties of the two root types also function as genetic factors regulating fungal colonization. The rice root apparatus offers a unique tool to study AM symbiosis, allowing direct comparisons of host and non-host roots in the same individual plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Fiorilli
- Department of Life Sciences and System Biology, University of TurinTurin, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection–National Research CouncilTurin, Italy
| | - Marta Vallino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection–National Research CouncilTurin, Italy
| | - Chiara Biselli
- Genomics Research Centre - Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in AgricolturaFiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy
| | - Antonella Faccio
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection–National Research CouncilTurin, Italy
| | - Paolo Bagnaresi
- Genomics Research Centre - Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in AgricolturaFiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and System Biology, University of TurinTurin, Italy
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Fliegmann J, Bono JJ. Lipo-chitooligosaccharidic nodulation factors and their perception by plant receptors. Glycoconj J 2015; 32:455-64. [PMID: 26233756 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9609-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Lipo-chitooligosaccharides produced by nitrogen-fixing rhizobia are signaling molecules involved in the establishment of an important agronomical and ecological symbiosis with plants. These compounds, known as Nod factors, are biologically active on plant roots at very low concentrations indicating that they are perceived by specific receptors. This article summarizes the main strategies developed for the syntheses of bioactive Nod factors and their derivatives in order to better understand their mode of perception. Different Nod factor receptors and LCO-binding proteins identified by genetic or biochemical approaches are also presented, indicating perception mechanisms that seem to be more complicated than expected, probably involving multi-component receptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Fliegmann
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.,CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Bono
- INRA, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR441, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France. .,CNRS, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), UMR2594, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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15
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Abstract
Rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi produce signals that are perceived by host legume receptors at the plasma membrane and trigger sustained oscillations of the nuclear and perinuclear Ca(2+) concentration (Ca(2+) spiking), which in turn leads to gene expression and downstream symbiotic responses. The activation of Ca(2+) spiking requires the plasma membrane-localized receptor-like kinase Does not Make Infections 2 (DMI2) as well as the nuclear cation channel DMI1. A key enzyme regulating the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl CoA Reductase 1 (HMGR1), interacts with DMI2 and is required for the legume-rhizobium symbiosis. Here, we show that HMGR1 is required to initiate Ca(2+) spiking and symbiotic gene expression in Medicago truncatula roots in response to rhizobial and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal signals. Furthermore, MVA, the direct product of HMGR1 activity, is sufficient to induce nuclear-associated Ca(2+) spiking and symbiotic gene expression in both wild-type plants and dmi2 mutants, but interestingly not in dmi1 mutants. Finally, MVA induced Ca(2+) spiking in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 cells expressing DMI1. This demonstrates that the nuclear cation channel DMI1 is sufficient to support MVA-induced Ca(2+) spiking in this heterologous system.
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16
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Xue L, Cui H, Buer B, Vijayakumar V, Delaux PM, Junkermann S, Bucher M. Network of GRAS transcription factors involved in the control of arbuscule development in Lotus japonicus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:854-71. [PMID: 25560877 PMCID: PMC4348782 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.255430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, in symbiosis with plants, facilitate acquisition of nutrients from the soil to their host. After penetration, intracellular hyphae form fine-branched structures in cortical cells termed arbuscules, representing the major site where bidirectional nutrient exchange takes place between the host plant and fungus. Transcriptional mechanisms underlying this cellular reprogramming are still poorly understood. GRAS proteins are an important family of transcriptional regulators in plants, named after the first three members: GIBBERELLIC ACID-INSENSITIVE, REPRESSOR of GAI, and SCARECROW. Here, we show that among 45 transcription factors up-regulated in mycorrhizal roots of the legume Lotus japonicus, expression of a unique GRAS protein particularly increases in arbuscule-containing cells under low phosphate conditions and displays a phylogenetic pattern characteristic of symbiotic genes. Allelic rad1 mutants display a strongly reduced number of arbuscules, which undergo accelerated degeneration. In further studies, two RAD1-interacting proteins were identified. One of them is the closest homolog of Medicago truncatula, REDUCED ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZATION1 (RAM1), which was reported to regulate a glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase that promotes cutin biosynthesis to enhance hyphopodia formation. As in M. truncatula, the L. japonicus ram1 mutant lines show compromised AM colonization and stunted arbuscules. Our findings provide, to our knowledge, new insight into the transcriptional program underlying the host's response to AM colonization and propose a function of GRAS transcription factors including RAD1 and RAM1 during arbuscule development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xue
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.)
| | - Haitao Cui
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.)
| | - Benjamin Buer
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.)
| | - Vinod Vijayakumar
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.)
| | - Pierre-Marc Delaux
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.)
| | - Stefanie Junkermann
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.)
| | - Marcel Bucher
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.)
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Yamazaki A, Hayashi M. Building the interaction interfaces: host responses upon infection with microorganisms. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 23:132-9. [PMID: 25621846 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Research fields of plant symbiosis and plant immunity were relatively ignorant with each other until a little while ago. Recently, however, increasing intercommunications between those two fields have begun to provide novel aspects and knowledge for understanding relationships between plants and microorganisms. Here, we review recent reports on plant-microbe interactions, focusing on the infection processes, in order to elucidate plant cellular responses that are triggered by both symbionts and pathogens. Highlighting the core elements of host responses over biotic interactions will provide insights into general mechanisms of plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Yamazaki
- Plant Symbiosis Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science Tsurumi, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Plant Symbiosis Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science Tsurumi, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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18
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Jayaraman D, Gilroy S, Ané JM. Staying in touch: mechanical signals in plant-microbe interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 20:104-9. [PMID: 24875767 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stimulations play a significant role in the day to day existence of plants. Plants exhibit varied responses depending on the nature and intensity of these stimuli. In this review, we present recent literature on the responses of plants to mechanical stimuli, focusing primarily on those exerted during plant-microbe interactions. We discuss how microbes are able to apply mechanical stimuli on plants and how some plant responses to pathogenic and symbiotic microbes present striking similarities with responses to mechanical stimuli applied, for instance, using micro-needles. We hypothesize that appropriate responses of plants to pathogenic and symbiotic microbes may require a tight integration of both chemical and mechanical stimulations exerted by these microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Gilroy
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
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19
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Clark GB, Morgan RO, Fernandez MP, Salmi ML, Roux SJ. Breakthroughs spotlighting roles for extracellular nucleotides and apyrases in stress responses and growth and development. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 225:107-116. [PMID: 25017166 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Animal and plant cells release nucleotides into their extracellular matrix when touched, wounded, and when their plasma membranes are stretched during delivery of secretory vesicles and growth. These released nucleotides then function as signaling agents that induce rapid increases in the concentration of cytosolic calcium, nitric oxide and superoxide. These, in turn, are transduced into downstream physiological changes. These changes in plants include changes in the growth of diverse tissues, in gravitropism, and in the opening and closing of stomates. The concentration of extracellular nucleotides is controlled by various phosphatases, prominent among which are apyrases EC 3.6.1.5 (nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases, NTPDases). This review provides phylogenetic and pHMM analyses of plant apyrases as well as analysis of predicted post-translational modifications for Arabidopsis apyrases. This review also summarizes and discusses recent advances in research on the roles of apyrases and extracellular nucleotides in controlling plant growth and development. These include new findings that document how apyrases and extracellular nucleotides control auxin transport, modulate stomatal aperture, and mediate biotic and abiotic stress responses, and on how apyrase suppression leads to growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg B Clark
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78713, USA
| | - Reginald O Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Maria-Pilar Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Mari L Salmi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78713, USA
| | - Stanley J Roux
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78713, USA.
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20
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Valadares RBS, Perotto S, Santos EC, Lambais MR. Proteome changes in Oncidium sphacelatum (Orchidaceae) at different trophic stages of symbiotic germination. MYCORRHIZA 2014; 24:349-60. [PMID: 24310930 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Mutualistic symbioses between plants and fungi are a widespread phenomenon in nature. Particularly in orchids, association with symbiotic fungi is required for seed germination and seedling development. During the initial stages of symbiotic germination, before the onset of photosynthesis, orchid protocorms are fully mycoheterotrophic. The molecular mechanisms involved in orchid symbiotic germination and development are largely unknown, but it is likely that changes in plant energy metabolism and defense-related responses play a central role in these processes. We have used 2D-LC-MS/MS coupled to isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantification to identify proteins with differential accumulation in Oncidium sphacelatum at different stages of mycorrhizal protocorm development (achlorophyllous and green protocorms) after seed inoculation with a Ceratobasidium sp. isolate. We identified and quantified 88 proteins, including proteins putatively involved in energy metabolism, cell rescue and defense, molecular signaling, and secondary metabolism. Quantitative analysis showed that the expected changes in carbon metabolism in green protocorms were accompanied by enhanced accumulation of proteins involved in the modulation of reactive oxygen species homeostasis, defense-related responses, and phytoalexins and carotenoid biosynthesis. Our results suggest profound metabolic changes in orchid protocorms during the switch from the fully mycoheterotrophic to the photosynthetic stage. Part of these changes may be also related to the obligatory nature of the interaction with the endomycorrhizal fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B S Valadares
- Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, 13418-900, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Bhardwaj D, Ansari MW, Sahoo RK, Tuteja N. Biofertilizers function as key player in sustainable agriculture by improving soil fertility, plant tolerance and crop productivity. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:66. [PMID: 24885352 PMCID: PMC4022417 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Current soil management strategies are mainly dependent on inorganic chemical-based fertilizers, which caused a serious threat to human health and environment. The exploitation of beneficial microbes as a biofertilizer has become paramount importance in agriculture sector for their potential role in food safety and sustainable crop production. The eco-friendly approaches inspire a wide range of application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs), endo- and ectomycorrhizal fungi, cyanobacteria and many other useful microscopic organisms led to improved nutrient uptake, plant growth and plant tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress. The present review highlighted biofertilizers mediated crops functional traits such as plant growth and productivity, nutrient profile, plant defense and protection with special emphasis to its function to trigger various growth- and defense-related genes in signaling network of cellular pathways to cause cellular response and thereby crop improvement. The knowledge gained from the literature appraised herein will help us to understand the physiological bases of biofertlizers towards sustainable agriculture in reducing problems associated with the use of chemicals fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Bhardwaj
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Mohammad Wahid Ansari
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ranjan Kumar Sahoo
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Narendra Tuteja
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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22
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23
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Tanaka K, Choi J, Cao Y, Stacey G. Extracellular ATP acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signal in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:446. [PMID: 25232361 PMCID: PMC4153020 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have evolved effective mechanisms to protect themselves from environmental stresses. Damaged (i.e., wounded) plants recognize a variety of endogenous molecules as danger signals, referred to as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). ATP is among the molecules that are released by cell damage, and recent evidence suggests that ATP can serve as a DAMP. Although little studied in plants, extracellular ATP is well known for its signaling roles in animals, including acting as a DAMP during the inflammatory response and wound healing. If ATP acts outside the cell, then it is reasonable to expect that it is recognized by a plasma membrane-localized receptor. Recently, DORN1, a lectin receptor kinase, was shown to recognize extracellular ATP in Arabidopsis. DORN1 is the founding member of a new purinoceptor subfamily, P2K (P2 receptor kinase), which is plant-specific. P2K1 (DORN1) is required for ATP-induced cellular responses (e.g., cytosolic Ca(2+) elevation, MAPK phosphorylation, and gene expression). Genetic analysis of loss-of-function mutants and overexpression lines showed that P2K1 participates in the plant wound response, consistent with the role of ATP as a DAMP. In this review, we summarize past research on the roles and mechanisms of extracellular ATP signaling in plants, and discuss the direction of future research on extracellular ATP as a DAMP signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State UniversityPullman, WA, USA
- *Correspondence: Kiwamu Tanaka, Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. BOX 646430, Pullman, WA 99164, USA e-mail:
| | - Jeongmin Choi
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Yangrong Cao
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
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Tanaka K, Choi J, Cao Y, Stacey G. Extracellular ATP acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signal in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014. [PMID: 25232361 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00446.ecollection] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have evolved effective mechanisms to protect themselves from environmental stresses. Damaged (i.e., wounded) plants recognize a variety of endogenous molecules as danger signals, referred to as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). ATP is among the molecules that are released by cell damage, and recent evidence suggests that ATP can serve as a DAMP. Although little studied in plants, extracellular ATP is well known for its signaling roles in animals, including acting as a DAMP during the inflammatory response and wound healing. If ATP acts outside the cell, then it is reasonable to expect that it is recognized by a plasma membrane-localized receptor. Recently, DORN1, a lectin receptor kinase, was shown to recognize extracellular ATP in Arabidopsis. DORN1 is the founding member of a new purinoceptor subfamily, P2K (P2 receptor kinase), which is plant-specific. P2K1 (DORN1) is required for ATP-induced cellular responses (e.g., cytosolic Ca(2+) elevation, MAPK phosphorylation, and gene expression). Genetic analysis of loss-of-function mutants and overexpression lines showed that P2K1 participates in the plant wound response, consistent with the role of ATP as a DAMP. In this review, we summarize past research on the roles and mechanisms of extracellular ATP signaling in plants, and discuss the direction of future research on extracellular ATP as a DAMP signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jeongmin Choi
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Yangrong Cao
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
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25
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Abstract
The default mineral nutrient acquisition strategy of land plants is the symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi. Research into the cell and developmental biology of AM revealed fascinating insights into the plasticity of plant cell development and of interorganismic communication. It is driven by the prospect of increased exploitation of AM benefits for sustainable agriculture. The plant cell developmental program for intracellular accommodation of AM fungi is activated by a genetically defined signaling pathway involving calcium spiking in the nucleus as second messenger. Calcium spiking is triggered by chitooligosaccharides released by AM fungi that are probably perceived via LysM domain receptor kinases. Fungal infection and calcium spiking are spatiotemporally coordinated, and only cells committed to accommodating the fungus undergo high-frequency spiking. Delivery of mineral nutrients by AM fungi occurs at tree-shaped hyphal structures, the arbuscules, in plant cortical cells. Nutrients are taken up at a plant-derived periarbuscular membrane, which surrounds fungal hyphae and carries a specific transporter composition that is of direct importance for symbiotic efficiency. An elegant study has unveiled a new and unexpected mechanism for specific protein localization to the periarbuscular membrane, which relies on the timing of gene expression to synchronize protein biosynthesis with a redirection of secretion. The control of AM development by phytohormones is currently subject to active investigation and has led to the rediscovery of strigolactones. Nearly all tested phytohormones regulate AM development, and major insights into the mechanisms of this regulation are expected in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gutjahr
- Institute of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; ,
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26
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de Vasconcelos MA, Cunha CO, Arruda FVS, Carneiro VA, Bastos RM, Mercante FM, do Nascimento KS, Cavada BS, dos Santos RP, Teixeira EH. Effect of leguminous lectins on the growth of Rhizobium tropici CIAT899. Molecules 2013; 18:5792-803. [PMID: 23685936 PMCID: PMC6269896 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18055792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizobium tropici is a Gram-negative bacterium that induces nodules and fixed atmospheric nitrogen in symbiotic association with Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) and some other leguminous species. Lectins are proteins that specifically bind to carbohydrates and, consequently, modulate different biological functions. In this study, the d-glucose/d-mannose-binding lectins (from seeds of Dioclea megacarpa, D. rostrata and D. violacea) and d-galactose-binding lectins (from seeds of Bauhinia variegata, Erythina velutina and Vatairea macrocarpa) were purified using chromatographic techniques and evaluated for their effect on the growth of R. tropici CIAT899. All lectins were assayed with a satisfactory degree of purity according to SDS-PAGE analysis, and stimulated bacterial growth; in particular, the Dioclea rostrata lectin was the most active among all tested proteins. As confirmed in the present study, both d-galactose- and d-glucose/d-mannose-binding lectins purified from the seeds of leguminous plants may be powerful biotechnological tools to stimulate the growth of R. tropici CIAT99, thus improving symbiotic interaction between rhizobia and common bean and, hence, the production of this field crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayron Alves de Vasconcelos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60440-970, Brazil; E-Mails: (M.A.V.); (C.O.C.); (K.S.N.); (B.S.C.)
| | - Cláudio Oliveira Cunha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60440-970, Brazil; E-Mails: (M.A.V.); (C.O.C.); (K.S.N.); (B.S.C.)
| | - Francisco Vassiliepe Sousa Arruda
- Integrated Laboratory of Biomolecules (LIBS), Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-160, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.V.S.A.); (V.A.C.); (R.M.B.)
| | - Victor Alves Carneiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60440-970, Brazil; E-Mails: (M.A.V.); (C.O.C.); (K.S.N.); (B.S.C.)
| | - Rafaela Mesquita Bastos
- Integrated Laboratory of Biomolecules (LIBS), Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-160, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.V.S.A.); (V.A.C.); (R.M.B.)
| | | | - Kyria Santiago do Nascimento
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60440-970, Brazil; E-Mails: (M.A.V.); (C.O.C.); (K.S.N.); (B.S.C.)
| | - Benildo Sousa Cavada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60440-970, Brazil; E-Mails: (M.A.V.); (C.O.C.); (K.S.N.); (B.S.C.)
| | - Ricardo Pires dos Santos
- Laboratory of Materials Engineering and Computation of Sobral (LEMCS), Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Derby, Sobral, CE, 62042-280, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Edson Holanda Teixeira
- Integrated Laboratory of Biomolecules (LIBS), Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-160, Brazil; E-Mails: (F.V.S.A.); (V.A.C.); (R.M.B.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +55-85-3366-8300
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