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Yang H, Guo J, Zhang L, Shen W, Xia Y, Chen X. Systematic metabolic engineering for improved synthesis of perillic acid in Candida tropicalis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:447. [PMID: 39190181 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13279-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Perillic acid has been studied as an anticancer and antimicrobial drug. Production of perillic acid has attracted considerable attention. Meanwhile, Candida tropicalis is an unconventional diploid yeast, most significantly characterized by its ability to metabolize alkanes or fatty acids for growth and proliferation. Therefore, perillic acid's precursor (L-limonene) in C. tropicalis was firstly synthesized by expressing a Mentha spicata L-limonene synthase gene, LS_Ms in this work. Expression of a gene which encoded for a truncated version of tLS_Ms increased the production of L-limonene with a 2.78-fold increase in the titer over C. tropicalis GJR-LS-01. Compartmentalized expression of the gene tLS_Ms inhibited the production of L-limonene in C. tropicalis compared to cytoplasmic expression. Cytoplasmic overexpression of seven precursor synthesis genes significantly enhanced the production of L-limonene in C. tropicalis compared to their compartmentalized expression (mitochondria or peroxisomes), which increased by 31.7-fold in C. tropicalis GJR-tLS-01. The L-limonene titer in C. tropicalis GJR-EW-tLS-04 overexpressing the mutant gene ERG20WW in the cytoplasm was significantly increased, 11.33-fold higher than the control. The titer of L-limonene for 60 g/L glucose was increased by 1.40-fold compared to the control. Finally, a Salvia miltiorrhiza cytochrome P450 enzyme gene CYP7176 and an Arabidopsis thaliana NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase gene CPR were heterologously expressed in C. tropicalis GJR-EW-tLS-04C for the synthesis of perillic acid, which reached a titer of 106.69 mg/L in a 5-L fermenter. This is the first report of de novo synthesis of perillic acid in engineered microorganisms. The results also showed that other chemicals may be efficiently produced in C. tropicalis. KEY POINTS: • Key genes cytoplasmic expression was conducive to L-limonene production in C. tropicalis. • Perillic acid was first synthesized de novo in engineered microorganisms. • The titer of perillic acid reached 106.69 mg/L in a 5-L fermenter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiquan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jinrong Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Wei Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Chen Q, Li L, Qi X, Fang H, Yu X, Bai Y, Chen Z, Liu Q, Liu D, Liang C. The non-specific lipid transfer protein McLTPII.9 of Mentha canadensis is involved in peltate glandular trichome density and volatile compound metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1188922. [PMID: 37324667 PMCID: PMC10264783 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1188922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mentha canadensis L. is an important spice crop and medicinal herb with high economic value. The plant is covered with peltate glandular trichomes, which are responsible for the biosynthesis and secretion of volatile oils. Plant non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) belong to a complex multigenic family involved in various plant physiological processes. Here, we cloned and identified a non-specific lipid transfer protein gene (McLTPII.9) from M. canadensis, which may positively regulate peltate glandular trichome density and monoterpene metabolism. McLTPII.9 was expressed in most M. canadensis tissues. The GUS signal driven by the McLTPII.9 promoter in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum was observed in stems, leaves, and roots; it was also expressed in trichomes. McLTPII.9 was associated with the plasma membrane. Overexpression of McLTPII.9 in peppermint (Mentha piperita. L) significantly increased the peltate glandular trichome density and total volatile compound content compared with wild-type peppermint; it also altered the volatile oil composition. In McLTPII.9-overexpressing (OE) peppermint, the expression levels of several monoterpenoid synthase genes and glandular trichome development-related transcription factors-such as limonene synthase (LS), limonene-3-hydroxylase (L3OH), geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS), HD-ZIP3, and MIXTA-exhibited varying degrees of alteration. McLTPII.9 overexpression resulted in both a change in expression of genes for terpenoid biosynthetic pathways which corresponded with an altered terpenoid profile in OE plants. In addition, peltate glandular trichome density was altered in the OE plants as well as the expression of genes for transcription factors that were shown to be involved in trichome development in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiutong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiwu Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hailing Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zequn Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qun Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongmei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Jiang H, Wang X. Biosynthesis of monoterpenoid and sesquiterpenoid as natural flavors and fragrances. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108151. [PMID: 37037288 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are a large class of plant-derived compounds, that constitute the main components of essential oils and are widely used as natural flavors and fragrances. The biosynthesis approach presents a promising alternative route in terpenoid production compared to plant extraction or chemical synthesis. In the past decade, the production of terpenoids using biotechnology has attracted broad attention from both academia and the industry. With the growing market of flavor and fragrance, the production of terpenoids directed by synthetic biology shows great potential in promoting future market prospects. Here, we reviewed the latest advances in terpenoid biosynthesis. The engineering strategies for biosynthetic terpenoids were systematically summarized from the enzyme, metabolic, and cellular dimensions. Additionally, we analyzed the key challenges from laboratory production to scalable production, such as key enzyme improvement, terpenoid toxicity, and volatility loss. To provide comprehensive technical guidance, we collected milestone examples of biosynthetic mono- and sesquiterpenoids, compared the current application status of chemical synthesis and biosynthesis in terpenoid production, and discussed the cost drivers based on the data of techno-economic assessment. It is expected to provide critical insights into developing translational research of terpenoid biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, PR China
| | - Xi Wang
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, PR China; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, PR China.
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Machado SR, de Deus Bento KB, Canaveze Y, Rodrigues TM. Peltate trichomes in the dormant shoot apex of Metrodorea nigra, a Rutaceae species with rhythmic growth. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2023; 25:161-175. [PMID: 36278887 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In Metrodorea nigra, a Rutaceae species with rhythmic growth, the shoot apex in the dormant stage is enclosed by modified stipules. The young organs are fully covered with peltate secretory trichomes, and these structures remain immersed in a hyaline exudate within a hood-shaped structure. Our study focused on the morpho-functional characterization of the peltate trichomes and cytological events associated with secretion. Shoot apices were collected during both dormant and active stages and processed for anatomical, cytochemical and ultrastructural studies. Trichomes initiate secretion early on, remain active throughout leaf development, but collapse as the leaves expand; at which time secretory cavities start differentiation in the mesophyll and secretion increases as the leaf reaches full expansion. The subcellular apparatus of the trichome head cells is consistent with hydrophilic and lipophilic secretion. Secretion involves two vesicle types: the smaller vesicles are PATAg-positive (periodic acid/thiocarbohydrazide/silver proteinate) for carbohydrates and the larger ones are PATAg-negative. In the first phase of secretory activity, the vesicles containing polysaccharides discharge their contents through exocytosis with the secretion accumulating beneath the cuticle, which detaches from the cell wall. Later, a massive discharge of lipophilic substances (lipids and terpenes/phenols) results in their accumulation between the wall and cuticle. Release of the secretions occurs throughout the cuticular microchannels. Continued protection of the leaves throughout shoot development is ensured by replacement of the collapsed secretory trichomes by oil-secreting cavities. Our findings provide new perspectives for understanding secretion regulation in shoot apices of woody species with rhythmic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Machado
- Center of Electron Microscopy (CME), Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu (IBB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu City, SP, Brazil
| | - K B de Deus Bento
- Postgraduate Program in Plant Biology Interunits, Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu City, SP, Brazil
| | - Y Canaveze
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro City, RJ, Brazil
| | - T M Rodrigues
- Department of Biostatistics, Plant Biology, Parasitology and Zoology, Institute of Biosciences - IBB, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu City, SP, Brazil
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Fuchs LK, Holland AH, Ludlow RA, Coates RJ, Armstrong H, Pickett JA, Harwood JL, Scofield S. Genetic Manipulation of Biosynthetic Pathways in Mint. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:928178. [PMID: 35774811 PMCID: PMC9237610 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.928178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the study of aromatic plants has seen an increase, with great interest from industrial, academic, and pharmaceutical industries. Among plants attracting increased attention are the Mentha spp. (mint), members of the Lamiaceae family. Mint essential oils comprise a diverse class of molecules known as terpenoids/isoprenoids, organic chemicals that are among the most diverse class of naturally plant derived compounds. The terpenoid profile of several Mentha spp. is dominated by menthol, a cyclic monoterpene with some remarkable biological properties that make it useful in the pharmaceutical, medical, cosmetic, and cleaning product industries. As the global market for Mentha essential oils increases, the desire to improve oil composition and yield follows. The monoterpenoid biosynthesis pathway is well characterised so metabolic engineering attempts have been made to facilitate this improvement. This review focuses on the Mentha spp. and attempts at altering the carbon flux through the biosynthetic pathways to increase the yield and enhance the composition of the essential oil. This includes manipulation of endogenous and heterologous biosynthetic enzymes through overexpression and RNAi suppression. Genes involved in the MEP pathway, the menthol and carvone biosynthetic pathways and transcription factors known to affect secondary metabolism will be discussed along with non-metabolic engineering approaches including environmental factors and the use of plant growth regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz K. Fuchs
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ryan J. Coates
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Harvey Armstrong
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Pickett
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - John L. Harwood
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Scofield
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Peters VCT, Dunkel A, Frank O, Rajmohan N, McCormack B, Dowd E, Didzbalis J, Gianfagna TJ, Dawid C, Hofmann T. High-Throughput Flavor Analysis and Mapping of Flavor Alterations Induced by Different Genotypes of Mentha by Means of UHPLC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:5668-5679. [PMID: 35475602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The demand for mint is increasing from year to year, and it is more important than ever to secure a sustainable and robust supply of such an important plant. The USDA mint core collection provides the basis for many researches worldwide regarding, e.g., sequencing, cytology, and disease resistances. A recently developed toolbox enables here for the first time the analysis of such a complex collection in terms of the aroma compound composition and the mapping of flavor alterations depending on taxonomy, environmental conditions, and growing stages by means of comprehensive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Therefore, in this study, not only the aroma compound composition of 153 genotypes was characterized but it was also demonstrated that the composition varies depending on taxonomy and changes during the growth of the plant. Furthermore, it could be shown that greenhouse conditions have an enormous influence on the concentrations of aroma compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Christina Tabea Peters
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular and Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Andreas Dunkel
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Oliver Frank
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular and Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Nimmi Rajmohan
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Brian McCormack
- Flavor/Mint Science, Mars Wrigley, 1132 W. Blackhawk Street, Chicago, Illinois 60642, United States
| | - Eric Dowd
- Flavor/Mint Science, Mars Wrigley, 1132 W. Blackhawk Street, Chicago, Illinois 60642, United States
| | - John Didzbalis
- Mars, Incorporated, Mars Advanced Research Institute, McLean, Virginia 22101, United States
| | - Thomas J Gianfagna
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular and Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular and Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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de Nicolai J, Rodrigues TM. Cell wall thickenings and tylosoid: developmental morphology reveals novelties for secretory canals in Protium ovatum (Burseraceae). JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2022; 135:247-257. [PMID: 34984559 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01365-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the structure, histochemistry, and ultrastructure of the secretory canals in the vegetative axis of Protium ovatum from a developmental perspective. Samples of roots, stems, and leaves were analyzed using light and transmission electron microscopy. Secretory canals composed of a uniseriate epithelium and a wide lumen occurred in the phloem of all analyzed organs. Schizogenesis and lysigenesis were merging processes involved in the origin, growth, ramification, and fusion of the secretory canals, forming an anastomosed secretory net. Essential oils, polysaccharides, and proteins were detected in the epithelial cells, as well as plastids with poorly developed thylakoids, dictyosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, polysomes, and oil drops, showing the mixed nature of the secretion. Epithelial cells exhibited pectin-cellulosic thickenings in the anticlinal and radial walls. These thickenings may act in directing the secretion flux toward the lumen, protecting the neighboring tissues from the toxicity of secreted metabolites. Structural irregularities observed in the mitochondria cristae in epithelial cells may be associated with processes induced by toxic substances. Epithelial cells protruded into the lumen and became lignified in the outer portion of the secondary phloem, obliterating the non-functional secretory canals. We propose that this phenomenon presents a physiological significance similar to that of tylose, preserving the secretion flow inside the active portions of the secretory system. To our knowledge, epithelial cells with wall thickenings, mitochondria with structural abnormalities, and obliteration of non-functional canals are features reported for the first time for Burseraceae. These features have important functional significance for Burseraceae secretory system and contribute to a deeper knowledge of P. ovatum, a medically and economically important plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan de Nicolai
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, PO Box 510, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil.
| | - Tatiane Maria Rodrigues
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, PO Box 510, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
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Ashaari NS, Ab Rahim MH, Sabri S, Lai KS, Song AAL, Abdul Rahim R, Ong Abdullah J. Kinetic studies and homology modeling of a dual-substrate linalool/nerolidol synthase from Plectranthus amboinicus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17094. [PMID: 34429465 PMCID: PMC8385045 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96524-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Linalool and nerolidol are terpene alcohols that occur naturally in many aromatic plants and are commonly used in food and cosmetic industries as flavors and fragrances. In plants, linalool and nerolidol are biosynthesized as a result of respective linalool synthase and nerolidol synthase, or a single linalool/nerolidol synthase. In our previous work, we have isolated a linalool/nerolidol synthase (designated as PamTps1) from a local herbal plant, Plectranthus amboinicus, and successfully demonstrated the production of linalool and nerolidol in an Escherichia coli system. In this work, the biochemical properties of PamTps1 were analyzed, and its 3D homology model with the docking positions of its substrates, geranyl pyrophosphate (C10) and farnesyl pyrophosphate (C15) in the active site were constructed. PamTps1 exhibited the highest enzymatic activity at an optimal pH and temperature of 6.5 and 30 °C, respectively, and in the presence of 20 mM magnesium as a cofactor. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) and catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) values of 16.72 ± 1.32 µM and 9.57 × 10-3 µM-1 s-1, respectively, showed that PamTps1 had a higher binding affinity and specificity for GPP instead of FPP as expected for a monoterpene synthase. The PamTps1 exhibits feature of a class I terpene synthase fold that made up of α-helices architecture with N-terminal domain and catalytic C-terminal domain. Nine aromatic residues (W268, Y272, Y299, F371, Y378, Y379, F447, Y517 and Y523) outlined the hydrophobic walls of the active site cavity, whilst residues from the RRx8W motif, RxR motif, H-α1 and J-K loops formed the active site lid that shielded the highly reactive carbocationic intermediates from the solvents. The dual substrates use by PamTps1 was hypothesized to be possible due to the architecture and residues lining the catalytic site that can accommodate larger substrate (FPP) as demonstrated by the protein modelling and docking analysis. This model serves as a first glimpse into the structural insights of the PamTps1 catalytic active site as a multi-substrate linalool/nerolidol synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Suhanawati Ashaari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hairul Ab Rahim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Suriana Sabri
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Song Lai
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women's College, Higher Colleges of Technology, 41012, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Adelene Ai-Lian Song
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Raha Abdul Rahim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Janna Ong Abdullah
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Poulopoulou I, Hadjigeorgiou I. Evaluation of Terpenes' Degradation Rates by Rumen Fluid of Adapted and Non-adapted Animals. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2021; 11:307-313. [PMID: 33226580 PMCID: PMC8141084 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-020-00289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate terpenes degradation rate in the rumen fluid from adapted and non-adapted animals. Four castrated healthy animals, two rams and two bucks, were used. Animals were daily orally dosed for 2 weeks with 1 g of each of the following terpenes, α-pinene, limonene and β-caryophyllene. At the end of each week, rumen fluid (RF) samples were assayed in vitro for their potential to degrade terpenes over time. For each animal, a 10 mL reaction medium (RM) at a ratio 1:9 (v/v) was prepared and a terpenes solution at a concentration of 100 μg/ml each, was added in each RM tube. Tubes were incubated at 39 °C under anaerobic conditions and their contents sampled at 0, 2, 4, 8, 21 and 24 h. RF could degrade terpenes as it was shown by the significantly (P < 0.05) higher overall degradation rates. Individual terpene degradation rates, were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in week 5 for limonene and marginally (P = 0.083) higher also in week 5 for α-pinene. In conclusion, the findings of the present preliminary study suggest that terpenes can be degraded in the rumen fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Poulopoulou
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Univeritätsplatz 5, 39100, Bozen - Bolzano, Italy.
| | - I Hadjigeorgiou
- Department of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855, Athens, Greece
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Mishra A, Gupta P, Lal RK, Dhawan SS. Assessing and integrating the transcriptome analysis with plant development, trichomes, and secondary metabolites yield potential in Mentha arvensisL. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 162:517-530. [PMID: 33773228 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mentha arvensisL. (corn mint) is well known for the production of menthol, a used commodity in flavouring industries, and provides natural fragrances. Glandular trichomes are responsible for producing specific secondary metabolites in vascular plants having species chemistry. Ten cultivars/varieties of M. arvensis, namely, Saksham, Kosi, Himalaya, Gomti, Sambhav, Kalka, Damroo, Kushal, and Shivalik, were used to study the developmental regulation of trichomes, essential oil yield, chemical constituents of essential oil and morphological parameters were estimated with gene expression using a randomized block design. Simultaneously, RNA sequence-based transcriptome analysis was done to reveal the transcription factors and differential gene analysis, which are responsible for the biosynthesis of essential oil as well as trichome development. Plant growth showed the maximum transition between 35 and 50 days stage, while essential oil and its metabolite bioconversion was observed in between 70 and 100 days stage. Glandular trichomes were maximally increased between 50, 70 days, and 100 days stage in var. Kosi followed by var. Saryu which has rapid growth in oil content. Menthol reductase activity was found to be a regulatory element during development, as it follows the inverse trend of menthol content and leads to menthol accumulation in subcuticular spaces. Transcriptional factors, cog, and nonredundant novel genes were identified. The composition of mintessential oils is regulated at multiple levels, including transcript abundance, catalytic properties of enzyme catalysts, and cell type-specific epigenetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Mishra
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, U P, 226016, India
| | - Pankhuri Gupta
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, U P, 226016, India
| | - R K Lal
- Genetics and Plant Breeding CSIR- Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, U P, 226016, India
| | - Sunita Singh Dhawan
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR- Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, U P, 226016, India.
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Computer-Aid Directed Evolution of GPPS and PS Enzymes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6653500. [PMID: 33791370 PMCID: PMC7994089 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6653500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pinene, a natural active monoterpene, is widely used as a flavoring agent, perfume, medicine, and biofuel. Although genetically engineered microorganisms have successfully produced pinene, to date, the biological yield of pinene is much lower than that of semiterpenes (isoprene) and sesquiterpenes (farnesene). In addition to the low heterologous expression of geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GPPS) and pinene synthase (PS), cytotoxicity due to accumulation of the monoterpene also limits the production of pinene in microorganisms. In this study, we attempted to use two strategies to increase the biological yield of pinene. By deleting the random coils of GPPS and PS alone or in combination, a strain with a 335% yield increase was obtained. Additionally, upon computer-guided molecular modeling and docking of GPPS with isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), its substrate, the key sites located within the catalytic pocket for substrate binding, was predicted. After screening, a strain harboring the T273R mutation of GPPS was selected among a batch of mutations of the key sites with a 154% increase in pinene yield.
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12
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Muravnik LE, Mosina AA, Zaporozhets NL, Bhattacharya R, Saha S, Ghissing U, Mitra A. Glandular trichomes of the flowers and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis (Bignoniaceae). PLANTA 2021; 253:13. [PMID: 33389109 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Three types of the glandular trichomes are developed on the flowers and leaves of Millingtonia hortensis. Morphology, cell ultrastructure and content of the volatile compounds are specific to each trichome type. The aim of this study was to characterize the structural and histochemical features of the glandular trichomes (GTs) of two types localized on the different flower parts and leaves in Millingtonia hortensis, as well as to identify the composition of the internal pool of metabolites. The peltate GTs are most common; they are founded on peduncle, calyx, ovary, and leaves. GTs consist of 12-24-cell disk-shaped head and a single-celled neck. The capitate GTs are located on corolla tube and have four to eight-cell head, single-celled neck and a wide multicellular stalk. A series of histochemical reactions and fluorescent microscopy revealed the various substances in the chemical composition of GTs. Acid polysaccharides are predominately identified in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx, terpenes present in larger quantity in the trichomes of the corolla tube and ovary, whilst phenolic substances prevail in the trichomes of the calyx and ovary. GTs of each type are characterized by specific ultrastructural traits. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and leucoplasts prevail in the peltate trichomes of peduncle, calyx and ovary; Golgi apparatus is the common organelle in the capitate trichomes of the corolla tube and peltate trichomes of calyx; the huge aggregates of the RER cisterns there are in cytoplasm of all leaf trichomes. Synthesized secretion accumulates in the subcuticular cavity of all GTs except the leaf peltate trichomes. In the trichomes of the leaves secretion is stored in the thick upper cell wall with the wide cutinized layer. For the first time content of the internal pool of metabolites from the flowers and leaves was identified by GC-MS. Seventeen compounds, including alcohols, fatty acid derivatives, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and benzenoids were identified. 1-octen 3-ol, 3-carene, methyl salicylate, p-hydroxybenzeneethanol and 1-hydroxy-2,4-di-tertbutyl-benzene were the main compounds of the flower scent. We consider GTs of the reproductive organs in M. hortensis synthesizing acid polysaccharides and volatile compounds as secretory structures attracting of pollinators, whereas the leaf peltate trichomes accumulating predominately non-volatile phenols, protect young vegetative shoots against small herbivorous insects and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila E Muravnik
- Laboratory of Plant Anatomy and Morphology, Komarov Botanical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Popov Street, 2, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Anna A Mosina
- Laboratory of Plant Anatomy and Morphology, Komarov Botanical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Popov Street, 2, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nikita L Zaporozhets
- Laboratory of Plant Anatomy and Morphology, Komarov Botanical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Popov Street, 2, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Raktim Bhattacharya
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721 302, India
| | - Sulagna Saha
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721 302, India
| | - Upashana Ghissing
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721 302, India
| | - Adinpunya Mitra
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721 302, India
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Jia H, Chen T, Qu J, Yao M, Xiao W, Wang Y, Li C, Yuan Y. Collaborative subcellular compartmentalization to improve GPP utilization and boost sabinene accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Metabolic Engineering of the Native Monoterpene Pathway in Spearmint for Production of Heterologous Monoterpenes Reveals Complex Metabolism and Pathway Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176164. [PMID: 32859057 PMCID: PMC7504178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spearmint produces and stores large amounts of monoterpenes, mainly limonene and carvone, in glandular trichomes and is the major natural source of these compounds. Towards producing heterologous monoterpenes in spearmint, we first reduced the flux into the native limonene pathway by knocking down the expression of limonene synthase (MsLS) by RNAi method. The MsLS RNAi lines exhibited a huge reduction in the synthesis of limonene and carvone. Detailed GC-MS and LC-MS analysis revealed that MsLS RNAi plants also showed an increase in sesquiterpene, phytosterols, fatty acids, flavonoids, and phenolic metabolites, suggesting an interaction between the MEP, MVA shikimate and fatty acid pathways in spearmint. Three different heterologous monoterpene synthases namely, linalool synthase and myrcene synthase from Picea abies and geraniol synthase from Cananga odorata were cloned and introduced independently into the MsLS RNAi mutant background. The expression of these heterologous terpene synthases resulted mainly in production of monoterpene derivatives. Of all the introduced monoterpenes geraniol showed the maximum number of derivatives. Our results provide new insights into MEP pathway interactions and regulation and reveals the existence of mechanisms for complex metabolism of monoterpenes in spearmint.
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Bergman ME, Chávez Á, Ferrer A, Phillips MA. Distinct metabolic pathways drive monoterpenoid biosynthesis in a natural population of Pelargonium graveolens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:258-271. [PMID: 31504760 PMCID: PMC6913739 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pelargonium graveolens is a wild predecessor to rose-scented geranium hybrids prized for their essential oils used as fragrances and flavorings. However, little is known about their biosynthesis. Here we present metabolic evidence that at least two distinct monoterpene biosynthetic pathways contribute to their volatile profiles, namely, cyclic p-menthanes such as (-)-isomenthone and acyclic monoterpene alcohols such as geraniol and (-)-citronellol and their derivatives (referred to here as citronelloid monoterpenes). We established their common origin via the 2C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway but found no indication these pathways share common intermediates beyond geranyl diphosphate. Untargeted volatile profiling of 22 seed-grown P. graveolens lines demonstrated distinct chemotypes that preferentially accumulate (-)-isomenthone, geraniol, or (-)-citronellol along with approximately 85 minor volatile products. Whole plant 13CO2 isotopic labeling performed under physiological conditions permitted us to measure the in vivo rates of monoterpenoid accumulation in these lines and quantify differences in metabolic modes between chemotypes. We further determined that p-menthane monoterpenoids in Pelargonium are likely synthesized from (+)-limonene via (+)-piperitone rather than (+)-pulegone. Exploitation of this natural population enabled a detailed dissection of the relative rates of competing p-menthane and citronelloid pathways in this species, providing real time rates of monoterpene accumulation in glandular trichomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Bergman
- Department of Cellular and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ángel Chávez
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics, (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics, (CRAG) (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael A Phillips
- Department of Cellular and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto – Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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Tohidi B, Rahimmalek M, Arzani A, Trindade H. Sequencing and variation of terpene synthase gene (TPS2) as the major gene in biosynthesis of thymol in different Thymus species. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 169:112126. [PMID: 31644985 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thyme (Thymus spp.) is a valuable genus of Lamiaceae family with different pharmaceutical and food properties. Thymol has also been considered as the major essential oil compound in most of the studied Thymus species. In this research, the gene encoding γ-terpinene synthase (Ttps2) was sequenced in T. vulgaris and in eight Iranian thymes including T. carmanicus, T. daenensis, T. fedtschenkoi, T. kotschyanus, T. migricus, T. pubescens, T. serpyllum, and T. trautvetteri. Genetic relationships based on terpene synthase genes were also determined among the studied species. Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE) PCR was done to complete the sequence of all species. The cDNA of the studied species possessed an open reading frame ranging from 1788 to 1794 bp that encode for a protein of 596-598 amino acids, presenting all the conserved motifs characteristics of monoterpene synthases. The taxonomic status of Thymus species was determined based on eight reported sections. The species were classified in three major groups. The first and second group comprised species of Micantes and Mastichina sections. The third cluster included the species belonging to Serpyllum and Pseudothymbra sections. Overall, phylogenetic analysis according to whole sequence of Ttps2 gene can help providing insights in respect to its evolutionary process. Finally, clustering based on the amount of main essential oils components (thymol and carvacrol) was compared with that based on Ttps2 gene classification in the studied Thymus species, showing that clustering is not always in accordance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Tohidi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156 83111, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rahimmalek
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156 83111, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Arzani
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156 83111, Iran
| | - Helena Trindade
- Centro de Estudos Do Ambiente e Do Mar Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, CBV, DBV, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
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Cappellari LDR, Santoro MV, Schmidt A, Gershenzon J, Banchio E. Improving Phenolic Total Content and Monoterpene in Mentha x piperita by Using Salicylic Acid or Methyl Jasmonate Combined with Rhizobacteria Inoculation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E50. [PMID: 31861733 PMCID: PMC6981552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of plant inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and those resulting from the exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) or methyl jasmonte (MeJA) on total phenolic content (TPC) and monoterpenes in Mentha x piperita plants were investigated. Although the PGPR inoculation response has been studied for many plant species, the combination of PGPR and exogenous phytohormones has not been investigated in aromatic plant species. The exogenous application of SA produced an increase in TPC that, in general, was of a similar level when applied alone as when combined with PGPR. This increase in TPC was correlated with an increase in the activity of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). Also, the application of MeJA at different concentrations in combination with inoculation with PGPR produced an increase in TPC, which was more relevant at 4 mM, with a synergism effect being observed. With respect to the main monoterpene concentrations present in peppermint essential oil (EO), it was observed that SA or MeJA application produced a significant increase similar to that of the combination with rhizobacteria. However, when plants were exposed to 2 mM MeJA and inoculated, an important increase was produced in the concentration on menthol, pulegone, linalool, limonene, and menthone concentrations. Rhizobacteria inoculation, the treatment with SA and MeJA, and the combination of both were found to affect the amount of the main monoterpenes present in the EO of M. piperita. For this reason, the expressions of genes related to the biosynthesis of monoterpene were evaluated, with this expression being positively affected by MeJA application and PGPR inoculation, but was not modified by SA application. Our results demonstrate that MeJA or SA application combined with inoculation with PGPR constitutes an advantageous management practice for improving the production of secondary metabolites from M. piperita.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maricel Valeria Santoro
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.V.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.V.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (M.V.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Erika Banchio
- INBIAS (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto), Campus Universitario, 5800 Río Cuarto, Argentina;
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Du F, Wang T, Fan JM, Liu ZZ, Zong JX, Fan WX, Han YH, Grierson D. Volatile composition and classification of Lilium flower aroma types and identification, polymorphisms, and alternative splicing of their monoterpene synthase genes. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:110. [PMID: 31645964 PMCID: PMC6804824 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Lily is a well-known ornamental plant with a diversity of fragrant types. Basic information on lily floral scent compounds has been obtained for only a few accessions, and little is known about Lilium aroma types, the terpene synthase genes that may play roles in the production of key volatiles, or the range of monoterpenes that these genes produce. In this study, 41 cultivars were analyzed for volatile emissions, and a total of 46 individual volatile compounds were identified, 16 for the first time in lilies. Lily accessions were classified into six groups according to the composition of major scent components: faint-scented, cool, fruity, musky, fruity-honey, and lily. Monoterpenes were one of the main groups of volatiles identified, and attention was focused on terpene synthase (TPS) genes, which encode enzymes that catalyze the last steps in monoterpene synthesis. Thirty-two candidate monoterpene synthase cDNAs were obtained from 66 lily cultivars, and 64 SNPs were identified. Two InDels were also shown to result from variable splicing, and sequence analysis suggested that different transcripts arose from the same gene. All identified nucleotide substitution sites were highly correlated with the amounts of myrcene emitted, and InDel site 230 was highly correlated with the emission of all major monoterpenoid components, especially (E)-β-ocimene. Heterologous expression of five cDNAs cloned from faint-scented and strong-scented lilies showed that their corresponding enzymes could convert geranyl diphosphate to (E)-β-ocimene, α-pinene, and limonene. The findings from this study provide a major resource for the assessment of lily scent volatiles and will be helpful in breeding of improved volatile components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Du
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, 030801 Taigu, Shanxi China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, 030801 Taigu, Shanxi China
| | - Jun-miao Fan
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, 030801 Taigu, Shanxi China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nangjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Zhi-zhi Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, 030801 Taigu, Shanxi China
| | - Jia-xin Zong
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, 030801 Taigu, Shanxi China
| | - Wei-xin Fan
- Experimental Teaching Center, Shanxi Agricultural University, 030801 Taigu, Shanxi China
| | - Yuan-huai Han
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, 030801 Taigu, Shanxi China
| | - Donald Grierson
- Plant & Crop Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
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Secretory Structures of Pogostemon auricularius: Morphology, Development, and Histochemistry. Symmetry (Basel) 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pogostemon auricularius, an aromatic plant in Lamiaceae, has wide application in pharmaceutical preparations. However, little is known about the secretory structures that contain the medicinal compounds. In this study, two kinds of glandular trichome types, including peltate glandular trichomes and short-stalked capitate trichomes, were identified in the leaves and stems by cryo-scanning electron microscope. Oil secretion from the glands contained lipids, flavones, and terpenes, and the progresses of secretion were different in the two glands types. The investigation by transmission electron microscope indicated that the endoplasmic reticulum system and plastids were involved in the biosynthesis of oils in the two glandular trichomes. The vacuoles showed a new role in the oil preparations and storage. The synthesized oil could be transported from the head cell to the sub-cuticular space by different way in the two glands. Comparative analysis of the development, distribution, histochemistry and ultrastructures of the secretory structures in Pogostemon auricularius led us to propose that the two glands may make different contribution to the collection of medicinal compounds. Furthermore, the characteristics of two glands in the secretory stage probably indicated the synthesizing site of metabolite.
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Guimarães E, Tunes P, de Almeida Junior LD, Di Stasi LC, Dötterl S, Machado SR. Nectar Replaced by Volatile Secretion: A Potential New Role for Nectarless Flowers in a Bee-Pollinated Plant Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1243. [PMID: 30233609 PMCID: PMC6134477 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The presence of nectarless flowers in nectariferous plants is a widespread phenomenon in angiosperms. However, the frequency and distribution of nectarless flowers in natural populations, and the transition from nectariferous to nectarless flowers are poorly known. Variation in nectar production may affect mutualism stability, since energetic resource availability influences pollinators' foraging behavior. Here, we described the spatial and temporal nectar production patterns of Jacaranda oxyphylla, a bee-pollinated species that naturally presents nectarless flowers. Additionally, we compared nectariferous and nectarless floral disks in order to identify histological, subcellular and chemical changes that accompanied the loss of nectar production ability. For that we used standard methods for light and transmission electron microscopy, and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for chemical analyses. We verified that 47% of flowers did not produce nectar during the whole flower lifespan (nectarless flowers). We also observed remarkable inter-plant variation, with individuals having only nectarless flowers, others only nectariferous ones and most of them showing different proportions of both flower types, with variable nectar volumes (3-21 μl). Additionally, among nectariferous flowers, we registered two distinct rhythms of nectar production. 'Early' flowers produced nectar from 0 to 24 h, and 'late' flowers produced nectar from 24 to 48 h of anthesis. Although disks from nectariferous and nectarless flowers displayed similar histological organization, they differed strongly at subcellular level. Nectariferous ('early' and 'late') flowers exhibited a cellular apparatus typical of nectar secretion, while nectarless flowers exhibited osmophoric features. We found three aliphatic and one aromatic compound(s) that were detected in both the headspace of flowers and the disks of nectarless flowers, but not the disks of nectariferous flowers Although the remarkable variation in nectar availability may discourage pollinator visits, nectarless flowers might compensate it by producing volatile compounds that can be part of floral scent, acting as chemical attractants. Thus, nectarless flowers may be helping to maintain pollination in this scenario of trophic resource supply scarcity. We suggest that J. oxyphylla can be transitioning from a nectar-based pollination system to another resource-based or even to a deceit mechanism of pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elza Guimarães
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plant-Animal Interactions, Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Priscila Tunes
- Graduation Program in Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Ecology and Evolution of Plant-Animal Interactions, Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luiz D. de Almeida Junior
- Laboratory of Phytomedicine, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacology, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luiz C. Di Stasi
- Laboratory of Phytomedicine, Pharmacology and Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacology, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Silvia R. Machado
- Laboratory of Research in Plant Anatomy and Ultrastructure, Department of Botany and Centre of Electron Microscopy, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
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Palermo FH, Rodrigues MIDA, de Nicolai J, Machado SR, Rodrigues TM. Resin secretory canals in Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand. (Burseraceae): a tridimensional branched and anastomosed system. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:899-910. [PMID: 29264702 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Protium heptaphyllum is a Burseraceae species known by the production of aromatic resin with medicinal, economic, and ecological values. Information on the development, architecture, and lifetime of the secretory system are crucial to understand the resin production and contribute to a more sustainable tapping regime. We investigated the histology and ultrastructure of the secretory canals under a developmental point of view. Stem samples were analyzed under light and transmission electron microscopy by conventional and cytochemical methods. Secretory canals, originated from procambium and cambium, occurred immersed in the primary and secondary phloem. Mature canals have a secretory epithelium and a wide lumen where the exudate is accumulated. A sheath of parenchyma cells with meristematic features surrounds the epithelium. The canals originate by schizogenesis and develop by schyzolysigenesis. Canals active in secretion occurred since the shoot apex and near the cambium. In the dilation zone of the secondary phloem, secretory canals exhibit sclerified epithelial and sheath cells and are inactive in secretion. Secreting epithelial cells have subcellular apparatus consistent with oleoresin, polysaccharides, and enzymes secretion. Pectinase and cellulase were cytochemically detected in developing canals and are involved in cell wall changes associated to canal growth and release of exudate. In P. heptaphyllum, the secretory system has a complex structure resultant from longitudinal growth, lateral ramification, and fusion of the adjacent canals, in addition to intrusive growth of both epithelial and sheath cells. Although some anatomical results are already known, ultrastructural data represent the novelty of this work. Our findings can contribute to the establishment of more efficient and sustainable techniques for resin extraction in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Helena Palermo
- Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu (IBB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Juan de Nicolai
- Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu (IBB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Rodrigues Machado
- Department of Botany, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu (IBB), PO Box: 510, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Maria Rodrigues
- Department of Botany, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu (IBB), PO Box: 510, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
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23
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Machado SR, Canaveze Y, Rodrigues TM. Structure and functioning of oil cavities in the shoot apex of Metrodorea nigra A. St.-Hil. (Rutaceae). PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1661-1674. [PMID: 27957603 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-1056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the histology and subcellular features of secretory cavities during the development of the shoot apex of Metrodorea nigra A. St.-Hil. in order to better understand the functioning of these glands. This Rutaceae species is a very suitable model for studying secretory cavity life span, since the shoot apex exhibits both dormant and growth stages during its annual cycle. Shoot apices were collected during the dormant and growth stages from populations of M. nigra growing under natural conditions. Materials were processed using standard techniques for light and electron microscopy. The secretory cavities originate under the protodermis, and their initiation is restricted to the early developmental stage of shoot organs, which are protected by a hood-shaped structure. Secretory cavities have a multi-seriate epithelium surrounding a lumen that expands schizolysigenously. Oil production begins before lumen formation. When the shoot apex resumes development after the dormant stage, the glands remain active in oil secretion in the developing shoot apex and fully expanded leaves. The mature epithelial cells are flattened and exhibit very thin walls, large oil bodies, leucoplasts surrounded by endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria with unusual morphology. The tangential walls of the epithelial cells facing the lumen undergo continuous peeling. The vacuole extrusion appears to be the primary mode of release oil into the lumen, in an exocytotic way. The continuity of oil secretion is ensured by the replacement of the damaged inner epithelial cells by divisions in the parenchyma layer that surround the oil gland, likely a meristematic sheath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rodrigues Machado
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, University Estadual Paulista UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil.
| | - Yve Canaveze
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, University Estadual Paulista UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Maria Rodrigues
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, University Estadual Paulista UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
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Jiang GZ, Yao MD, Wang Y, Zhou L, Song TQ, Liu H, Xiao WH, Yuan YJ. Manipulation of GES and ERG20 for geraniol overproduction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng 2017; 41:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Colleters in Rubiaceae from forest and savanna: the link between secretion and environment. Naturwissenschaften 2017; 104:17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-017-1444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Piechulla B, Bartelt R, Brosemann A, Effmert U, Bouwmeester H, Hippauf F, Brandt W. The α-Terpineol to 1,8-Cineole Cyclization Reaction of Tobacco Terpene Synthases. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:2120-2131. [PMID: 27729471 PMCID: PMC5129724 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Flowers of Nicotiana species emit a characteristic blend including the cineole cassette monoterpenes. This set of terpenes is synthesized by multiproduct enzymes, with either 1,8-cineole or α-terpineol contributing most to the volatile spectrum, thus referring to cineole or terpineol synthase, respectively. To understand the molecular and structural requirements of the enzymes that favor the biochemical formation of α-terpineol and 1,8-cineole, site-directed mutagenesis, in silico modeling, and semiempiric calculations were performed. Our results indicate the formation of α-terpineol by a nucleophilic attack of water. During this attack, the α-terpinyl cation is stabilized by π-stacking with a tryptophan side chain (tryptophan-253). The hypothesized catalytic mechanism of α-terpineol-to-1,8-cineole conversion is initiated by a catalytic dyad (histidine-502 and glutamate-249), acting as a base, and a threonine (threonine-278) providing the subsequent rearrangement from terpineol to cineol by catalyzing the autoprotonation of (S)-(-)-α-terpineol, which is the favored enantiomer product of the recombinant enzymes. Furthermore, by site-directed mutagenesis, we were able to identify amino acids at positions 147, 148, and 266 that determine the different terpineol-cineole ratios in Nicotiana suaveolens cineole synthase and Nicotiana langsdorffii terpineol synthase. Since amino acid 266 is more than 10 Å away from the active site, an indirect effect of this amino acid exchange on the catalysis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Piechulla
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany (B.P., A.B., U.E., F.H.);
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (R.B., W.B.); and
- Plant Sciences, University of Wageningen, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (H.B.)
| | - Richard Bartelt
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany (B.P., A.B., U.E., F.H.)
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (R.B., W.B.); and
- Plant Sciences, University of Wageningen, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (H.B.)
| | - Anne Brosemann
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany (B.P., A.B., U.E., F.H.)
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (R.B., W.B.); and
- Plant Sciences, University of Wageningen, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (H.B.)
| | - Uta Effmert
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany (B.P., A.B., U.E., F.H.)
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (R.B., W.B.); and
- Plant Sciences, University of Wageningen, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (H.B.)
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany (B.P., A.B., U.E., F.H.)
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (R.B., W.B.); and
- Plant Sciences, University of Wageningen, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (H.B.)
| | - Frank Hippauf
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany (B.P., A.B., U.E., F.H.)
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (R.B., W.B.); and
- Plant Sciences, University of Wageningen, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (H.B.)
| | - Wolfgang Brandt
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany (B.P., A.B., U.E., F.H.)
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (R.B., W.B.); and
- Plant Sciences, University of Wageningen, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands (H.B.)
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27
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Lindquist E, Solymosi K, Aronsson H. Vesicles Are Persistent Features of Different Plastids. Traffic 2016; 17:1125-38. [PMID: 27405297 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral vesicles in plastids have been observed repeatedly, primarily in proplastids and developing chloroplasts, in which they are suggested to function in thylakoid biogenesis. Previous observations of vesicles in mature chloroplasts have mainly concerned low temperature pretreated plants occasionally treated with inhibitors blocking vesicle fusion. Here, we show that such vesicle-like structures occur not only in chloroplasts and proplastids, but also in etioplasts, etio-chloroplasts, leucoplasts, chromoplasts and even transforming desiccoplasts without any specific pretreatment. Observations are made both in C3 and C4 species, in different cell types (meristematic, epidermis, mesophyll, bundle sheath and secretory cells) and different organs (roots, stems, leaves, floral parts and fruits). Until recently not much focus has been given to the idea that vesicle transport in chloroplasts could be mediated by proteins, but recent data suggest that the vesicle system of chloroplasts has similarities with the cytosolic coat protein complex II system. All current data taken together support the idea of an ongoing, active and protein-mediated vesicle transport not only in chloroplasts but also in other plastids, obviously occurring regardless of chemical modifications, temperature and plastid developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Lindquist
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. s. 1/c, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Henrik Aronsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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28
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Amrehn E, Aschenbrenner AK, Heller A, Spring O. Localization of sesquiterpene lactone biosynthesis in cells of capitate glandular trichomes of Helianthus annuus (Asteraceae). PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:447-455. [PMID: 25956500 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0823-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Capitate glandular trichomes (CGT) of sunflower, Helianthus annuus, synthesize bioactive sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) within a short period of only a few days during trichome development. In the current project, the subcellular localization of H. annuus germacrene A monooxygenase (HaGAO), a key enzyme of the STL biosynthesis in sunflower CGT, was investigated. A polyclonal antibody raised against this enzyme was used for immunolabelling. HaGAO was found in secretory and stalk cells of CGT. This correlated with the appearance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in both cell types. Stalk cells and secretory cells differed in form, size and types of plastids, but both had structures necessary for secretion. No HaGAO-specific immunoreaction was found in sunflower leaf tissue outside of CGT or in developing CGT before the secretory phase had started. Our results indicated that not only secretory cells but also nearly all cells of the CGT were involved in the biosynthesis of STL and that this process was not linked to the presence or absence of a specific type of plastid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Amrehn
- Institute of Botany, University Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Annerose Heller
- Institute of Botany, University Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Otmar Spring
- Institute of Botany, University Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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29
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Jongedijk E, Cankar K, Buchhaupt M, Schrader J, Bouwmeester H, Beekwilder J. Biotechnological production of limonene in microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:2927-38. [PMID: 26915992 PMCID: PMC4786606 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7337-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This mini review describes novel, biotechnology-based, ways of producing the monoterpene limonene. Limonene is applied in relatively highly priced products, such as fragrances, and also has applications with lower value but large production volume, such as biomaterials. Limonene is currently produced as a side product from the citrus juice industry, but the availability and quality are fluctuating and may be insufficient for novel bulk applications. Therefore, complementary microbial production of limonene would be interesting. Since limonene can be derivatized to high-value compounds, microbial platforms also have a great potential beyond just producing limonene. In this review, we discuss the ins and outs of microbial limonene production in comparison with plant-based and chemical production. Achievements and specific challenges for microbial production of limonene are discussed, especially in the light of bulk applications such as biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmer Jongedijk
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708, PB, The Netherlands
| | - Katarina Cankar
- Plant Research International, PO Box 16, 6700, AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Buchhaupt
- DECHEMA Research Institute, Biochemical Engineering, Theodor Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jens Schrader
- DECHEMA Research Institute, Biochemical Engineering, Theodor Heuss-Allee 25, 60486, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708, PB, The Netherlands
| | - Jules Beekwilder
- Plant Research International, PO Box 16, 6700, AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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30
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Borghi M, Xie DY. Tissue-specific production of limonene in Camelina sativa with the Arabidopsis promoters of genes BANYULS and FRUITFULL. PLANTA 2016; 243:549-61. [PMID: 26530959 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2425-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis promoters of genes BANYULS and FRUITFULL are transcribed in Camelina. They triggered the transcription of limonene synthase and induced higher limonene production in seeds and fruits than CaMV 35S promoter. Camelina sativa (Camelina) is an oilseed crop of relevance for the production of biofuels and the plant has been target of a recent and intense program of genetic manipulation aimed to increase performance, seed yield and to modify the fatty acid composition of the oil. Here, we have explored the performance of two Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) promoters in triggering transgene expression in Camelina. The promoters of two genes BANYULS (AtBAN pro ) and FRUITFULL (AtFUL pro ), which are expressed in seed coat and valves of Arabidopsis, respectively, have been chosen to induce the expression of limonene synthase (LS) from Citrus limon. In addition, the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter was utilized to overexpress LS in Camelina . The results of experiments revealed that AtBAN pro and AtFUL pro are actively transcribed in Camelina where they also retain specificity of expression in seeds and valves as previously observed in Arabidopsis. LS induced by AtBAN pro and AtFUL pro leads to higher limonene production in seeds and fruits than when the CaMV 35S was used to trigger the expression. In conclusion, the results of experiments indicate that AtBAN pro and AtFUL pro can be successfully utilized to induce the expression of the transgenes of interest in seeds and fruits of Camelina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Borghi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Center, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - De-Yu Xie
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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31
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Joch M, Cermak L, Hakl J, Hucko B, Duskova D, Marounek M. In vitro Screening of Essential Oil Active Compounds for Manipulation of Rumen Fermentation and Methane Mitigation. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 29:952-9. [PMID: 26954157 PMCID: PMC4932589 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of 11 active compounds of essential oils (ACEO) on rumen fermentation characteristics and methane production. Two trials were conducted. In trial 1, ACEO (eugenol, carvacrol, citral, limonene, 1,4-cineole, p-cymene, linalool, bornyl acetate, α-pinene, and β-pinene) at a dose of 1,000 μL/L were incubated for 24 h in diluted rumen fluid with a 70:30 forage:concentrate substrate (16.2% crude protein; 36.6% neutral detergent fiber). Three fistulated Holstein cows were used as donors of rumen fluid. The reduction in methane production was observed with nine ACEO (up to 86% reduction) compared with the control (p<0.05). Among these, only limonene, 1,4-cineole, bornyl acetate, and α-pinene did not inhibit volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, and only bornyl acetate produced less methane per mol of VFA compared with the control (p<0.05). In a subsequent trial, the effects on rumen fermentation and methane production of two concentrations (500 and 2,000 μL/L) of bornyl acetate, the most promising ACEO from the first trial, were evaluated using the same in vitro incubation method that was used in the first trial. In trial 2, monensin was used as a positive control. Both doses of bornyl acetate decreased (p<0.05) methane production and did not inhibit VFA production. Positive effects of bornyl acetate on methane and VFA production were more pronounced than the effects of monensin. These results confirm the ability of bornyl acetate to decrease methane production, which may help to improve the efficiency of energy use in the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Joch
- Institute of Animal Science, Prague Uhrineves 10400, Czech Republic
| | - L Cermak
- Institute of Animal Science, Prague Uhrineves 10400, Czech Republic
| | - J Hakl
- Department of Forage Crops and Grassland Management, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 16521, Czech Republic
| | - B Hucko
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague 16521, Czech Republic
| | - D Duskova
- Institute of Animal Science, Prague Uhrineves 10400, Czech Republic
| | - M Marounek
- Institute of Animal Science, Prague Uhrineves 10400, Czech Republic
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32
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Singh B, Sharma RA. Plant terpenes: defense responses, phylogenetic analysis, regulation and clinical applications. 3 Biotech 2015; 5:129-151. [PMID: 28324581 PMCID: PMC4362742 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-014-0220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The terpenoids constitute the largest class of natural products and many interesting products are extensively applied in the industrial sector as flavors, fragrances, spices and are also used in perfumery and cosmetics. Many terpenoids have biological activities and also used for medical purposes. In higher plants, the conventional acetate-mevalonic acid pathway operates mainly in the cytosol and mitochondria and synthesizes sterols, sesquiterpenes and ubiquinones mainly. In the plastid, the non-mevalonic acid pathway takes place and synthesizes hemi-, mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes along with carotenoids and phytol tail of chlorophyll. In this review paper, recent developments in the biosynthesis of terpenoids, indepth description of terpene synthases and their phylogenetic analysis, regulation of terpene biosynthesis as well as updates of terpenes which have entered in the clinical studies are reviewed thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Singh
- AIB, Amity University Rajasthan, NH-11C, Kant Kalwar, Jaipur, 303 002, India.
| | - Ram A Sharma
- Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302 055, India
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33
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Lange BM. Biosynthesis and Biotechnology of High-Value p-Menthane Monoterpenes, Including Menthol, Carvone, and Limonene. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 148:319-53. [PMID: 25618831 DOI: 10.1007/10_2014_289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monoterpenes of the p-menthane group are volatile secondary (or specialized) metabolites found across the plant kingdom. They are dominant constituents of commercially important essential oils obtained from members of the genera Mentha (Lamiaceae), Carum (Apiaceae), Citrus (Rutaceae), and Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae). p-Menthane monoterpenes have also attracted interest as chiral specialty chemicals, and the harvest from natural sources is therefore supplemented by chemical synthesis. More recently, microbial and plant-based platforms for the high-level accumulation of specific target monoterpenes have been developed. In this review chapter, I discuss the properties of the genes and enzymes involved in p-menthane biosynthesis and provide a critical assessment of biotechnological production approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA,
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34
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Mendes MD, Barroso JG, Oliveira MM, Trindade H. Identification and characterization of a second isogene encoding γ-terpinene synthase in Thymus caespititius. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:1017-1027. [PMID: 24974328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Thymus caespititius Brot. is an Iberian endemic species, whose essential oils possess high polymorphism. They consist mostly of mono- and sesquiterpene, some of them with interest for the pharmaceutical and food industries. The search for terpene synthase genes was performed in three in vitro T. caespititius genotypes. For these plants, the expression of a previously described γ-terpinene synthase gene, Tctps2, was confirmed, occurring concomitantly with a new gene encoding an enzyme with similar activity, named Thymus caespititius terpene synthase 4 (Tctps4). The two isogenes were isolated and functionally characterized in the three plant genotypes. Alignment of the two Tctps revealed a transit peptide much shorter in Tctps4 than in Tctps2 (3-4 amino acids instead of 47). The Tctps4 open reading frame is shorter than Tctps2 (1665 bp versus 1794 bp). The amino acid sequence of both γ-terpinene synthases shared an 88% pairwise identity. The fact that T. caespititius carries two isogenes for γ-terpinene synthases, suggests gene duplication along the evolutionary process, followed by mutations leading to the differentiation of both genes. These mutations didn't compromise protein activity. A high accumulation of transcripts from both genes was found in shoots of in vitro plantlets, while in roots they could not be detected. Still, γ-terpinene levels in aerial parts were reduced, probably due to fast conversion into carvacrol and thymol, the main components from T. caespititius essential oils. This study is a contribution to the identification of terpene synthase genes in Lamiaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta D Mendes
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, C2, Piso 1, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José G Barroso
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, C2, Piso 1, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Margarida Oliveira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica (ITQB-UNL), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Helena Trindade
- Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, C2, Piso 1, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
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35
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Lange BM, Rios-Estepa R. Kinetic modeling of plant metabolism and its predictive power: peppermint essential oil biosynthesis as an example. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1083:287-311. [PMID: 24218222 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-661-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The integration of mathematical modeling with analytical experimentation in an iterative fashion is a powerful approach to advance our understanding of the architecture and regulation of metabolic networks. Ultimately, such knowledge is highly valuable to support efforts aimed at modulating flux through target pathways by molecular breeding and/or metabolic engineering. In this article we describe a kinetic mathematical model of peppermint essential oil biosynthesis, a pathway that has been studied extensively for more than two decades. Modeling assumptions and approximations are described in detail. We provide step-by-step instructions on how to run simulations of dynamic changes in pathway metabolites concentrations.
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36
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Dong L, Miettinen K, Goedbloed M, Verstappen FWA, Voster A, Jongsma MA, Memelink J, van der Krol S, Bouwmeester HJ. Characterization of two geraniol synthases from Valeriana officinalis and Lippia dulcis: similar activity but difference in subcellular localization. Metab Eng 2013; 20:198-211. [PMID: 24060453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Two geraniol synthases (GES), from Valeriana officinalis (VoGES) and Lippia dulcis (LdGES), were isolated and were shown to have geraniol biosynthetic activity with Km values of 32 µM and 51 µM for GPP, respectively, upon expression in Escherichia coli. The in planta enzymatic activity and sub-cellular localization of VoGES and LdGES were characterized in stable transformed tobacco and using transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. Transgenic tobacco expressing VoGES or LdGES accumulate geraniol, oxidized geraniol compounds like geranial, geranic acid and hexose conjugates of these compounds to similar levels. Geraniol emission of leaves was lower than that of flowers, which could be related to higher levels of competing geraniol-conjugating activities in leaves. GFP-fusions of the two GES proteins show that VoGES resides (as expected) predominantly in the plastids, while LdGES import into to the plastid is clearly impaired compared to that of VoGES, resulting in both cytosolic and plastidic localization. Geraniol production by VoGES and LdGES in N. benthamiana was nonetheless very similar. Expression of a truncated version of VoGES or LdGES (cytosolic targeting) resulted in the accumulation of 30% less geraniol glycosides than with the plastid targeted VoGES and LdGES, suggesting that the substrate geranyl diphosphate is readily available, both in the plastids as well as in the cytosol. The potential role of GES in the engineering of the TIA pathway in heterologous hosts is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemeng Dong
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 658, 6700 AR Wageningen, The Netherlands
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37
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Lima AS, Schimmel J, Lukas B, Novak J, Barroso JG, Figueiredo AC, Pedro LG, Degenhardt J, Trindade H. Genomic characterization, molecular cloning and expression analysis of two terpene synthases from Thymus caespititius (Lamiaceae). PLANTA 2013; 238:191-204. [PMID: 23624978 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1884-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The identification, isolation and functional characterization of two genes encoding two monoterpene synthases-γ-terpinene synthase (Tctps2) and α-terpineol synthase (Tctps5)-from three chemically distinct Thymus caespititius (Lamiaceae) genotypes were performed. Genomic exon-intron structure was also determined for both terpene synthase genes, revealing an organization with seven exons and six introns. The cDNA of Tctps2 was 2,308 bp long and had an open reading frame of 1,794 bp encoding for a protein with 598 amino acids. Tctps5 was longer, mainly due to intron sequences, and presented high intraspecific variability on the plants analyzed. It encoded for a protein of 602 amino acids from an open reading frame of 1,806 bp comprising a total of 2,507 bp genomic sequence. The amino acid sequence of these two active Tctps genes shared 74 % pairwise identity, ranging between 42 and 94 % similarity with about 50 known terpene synthases of other Lamiaceae species. Gene expression revealed a multi-product Tctps2 and Tctps5 enzymes, producing γ-terpinene and α-terpineol as major components, respectively. These enzymatic results were consistent with the monoterpene profile present in T. caespititius field plants, suggesting a transcriptional regulation in leaves. Herewith reported for the first time for this species, these two newly characterized Tctps genes improve the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of reaction responsible for terpene biosynthesis and chemical diversity found in T. caespititius.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sofia Lima
- Departmento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia, Universidade de Lisboa, C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
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Bose SK, Yadav RK, Mishra S, Sangwan RS, Singh AK, Mishra B, Srivastava AK, Sangwan NS. Effect of gibberellic acid and calliterpenone on plant growth attributes, trichomes, essential oil biosynthesis and pathway gene expression in differential manner in Mentha arvensis L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 66:150-8. [PMID: 23514759 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Extensive research is going on throughout the world to find out new molecules from natural sources to be used as plant growth promoter. Mentha arvensis L. is the main source of menthol rich essential oil used commercially in various food, pharmaceutical and other preparations. Experiments were conducted on field grown plants for understanding the effect of calliterpenone (CA), a stereo-isomer of abbeokutone, in comparison to gibberellic acid (GA3) on growth attributes, trichomes, essential oil biosynthesis and expression of some oil biosynthetic pathway genes. The exogenous application of CA (1 μM, 10 μM and 100 μM) was found to be better in improving plant biomass and stolon yield, leaf area, branching and leaf stem ratio than with counterpart GA3 at the same concentrations. CA treated plants showed higher glandular trichome number, density and diameter and also correlated with enhanced oil biogenetic capacity as revealed by feeding labeled (14)C-sucrose for 72 h to excised shoots. Semi-quantitative PCR analysis of key pathway genes revealed differential up regulation under CA treatments. Transcript level of menthol dehydrogenase/menthone reductase was found highly up regulated in CA treated plants with increased content of menthone and menthol in oil. These findings demonstrate that CA positively regulated the yields by enhanced branching and higher density of trichomes resulting into higher accumulation of essential oil. The results suggest CA as a novel plant derived diterpenoid with growth promoting action and opens up new possibilities for improving the crop yields and essential oil biosynthesis in qualitative and quantitative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir K Bose
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Department, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, India
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Sun Y, Long R, Kang J, Zhang T, Zhang Z, Zhou H, Yang Q. Molecular cloning and characterization of three isoprenyl diphosphate synthase genes from alfalfa. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:2035-44. [PMID: 23238915 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoid is the precursor for the biosynthesis of saponins, abscisic acid, gibberellins, chlorophylls and many other products in plants. Saponins are an important group of bioactive plant natural products. The alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) saponins are glycosides of different triterpene aglycones and possess many biological activities. We isolated three genes (MsFPPS, MsGPPS and MsGGPPS) encoding isoprenyl diphosphate synthases (IDS) from alfalfa via a homology-based PCR approach. The enzyme activity assay of purified recombined MsFPPS and MsGGPPS expressed in Escherichia coli indicated that they all had IDS activity. Expression analysis of the three genes in different alfalfa tissues using real time PCR displayed that they were expressed in all tissues although they had a different expression patterns. MsFPPS and MsGPS displayed a significant increase in transcript level in response to methyl jasmonate, but the transcript level of MsGGPPS decreased obviously. To elucidate the functions of the three IDSs, their overexpression driven by a constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus-35S promoter in tobacco plants was applied and analyzed. The T(0) transgenic plants of MsFPPS showed high levels of squalene content when compared with control. However, no differences were detected in T(0) transgenic plants of MsGPPS and MsGGPPS. In addition, the overexpression of MsFPPS induced senescence response in transgenic plant leaves. This result may indicate that MsFPPS performs a role not only in phytosterol and triterpene biosynthesis, but also in growth regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agriculture University, Beijing, 100193, China
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40
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Simkin AJ, Miettinen K, Claudel P, Burlat V, Guirimand G, Courdavault V, Papon N, Meyer S, Godet S, St-Pierre B, Giglioli-Guivarc'h N, Fischer MJC, Memelink J, Clastre M. Characterization of the plastidial geraniol synthase from Madagascar periwinkle which initiates the monoterpenoid branch of the alkaloid pathway in internal phloem associated parenchyma. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 85:36-43. [PMID: 23102596 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus [L.] G. Don, Apocynaceae) produces monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs), secondary metabolites of high interest due to their therapeutic value. A key step in the biosynthesis is the generation of geraniol from geranyl diphosphate (GPP) in the monoterpenoid branch of the MIA pathway. Here we report on the cloning and functional characterization of C. roseus geraniol synthase (CrGES). The full-length CrGES was over-expressed in Escherichia coli and the purified recombinant protein catalyzed the conversion of GPP into geraniol with a K(m) value of 58.5 μM for GPP. In vivo CrGES activity was evaluated by heterologous expression in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain mutated in the farnesyl diphosphate synthase gene. Analysis of culture extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry confirmed the excretion of geraniol into the growth medium. Transient transformation of C. roseus cells with a Yellow Fluorescent Protein-fusion construct revealed that CrGES is localized in plastid stroma and stromules. In aerial plant organs, RNA in situ hybridization showed specific labeling of CrGES transcripts in the internal phloem associated parenchyma as observed for other characterized genes involved in the early steps of MIA biosynthesis. Finally, when cultures of Catharanthus cells were treated with the alkaloid-inducing hormone methyl jasmonate, an increase in CrGES transcript levels was observed. This observation coupled with the tissue-specific expression and the subcellular compartmentalization support the idea that CrGES initiates the monoterpenoid branch of the MIA biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Simkin
- Université François-Rabelais, EA2106, Biomolécules et Biotechnologies Végétales, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
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Lange BM, Turner GW. Terpenoid biosynthesis in trichomes--current status and future opportunities. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:2-22. [PMID: 22979959 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Glandular trichomes are anatomical structures specialized for the synthesis of secreted natural products. In this review we focus on the description of glands that accumulate terpenoid essential oils and oleoresins. We also provide an in-depth account of the current knowledge about the biosynthesis of terpenoids and secretion mechanisms in the highly specialized secretory cells of glandular trichomes, and highlight the implications for metabolic engineering efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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Caissard JC, Olivier T, Delbecque C, Palle S, Garry PP, Audran A, Valot N, Moja S, Nicolé F, Magnard JL, Legrand S, Baudino S, Jullien F. Extracellular localization of the diterpene sclareol in clary sage (Salvia sclarea L., Lamiaceae). PLoS One 2012; 7:e48253. [PMID: 23133579 PMCID: PMC3484996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclareol is a high-value natural product obtained by solid/liquid extraction of clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.) inflorescences. Because processes of excretion and accumulation of this labdane diterpene are unknown, the aim of this work was to gain knowledge on its sites of accumulation in planta. Samples were collected in natura or during different steps of the industrial process of extraction (steam distillation and solid/liquid extraction). Samples were then analysed with a combination of complementary analytical techniques (gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer, polarized light microscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy, two-photon fluorescence microscopy, second harmonic generation microscopy). According to the literature, it is hypothesized that sclareol is localized in oil pockets of secretory trichomes. This study demonstrates that this is not the case and that sclareol accumulates in a crystalline epicuticular form, mostly on calyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Caissard
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies Végétales Appliquées aux Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales, Université Jean Monnet, Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France.
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Gonzales-Vigil E, Hufnagel DE, Kim J, Last RL, Barry CS. Evolution of TPS20-related terpene synthases influences chemical diversity in the glandular trichomes of the wild tomato relative Solanum habrochaites. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 71:921-35. [PMID: 22563774 PMCID: PMC3466413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A systematic screen of volatile terpene production in the glandular trichomes of 79 accessions of Solanum habrochaites was conducted and revealed the presence of 21 mono- and sesquiterpenes that exhibit a range of qualitative and quantitative variation. Hierarchical clustering identified distinct terpene phenotypic modules with shared patterns of terpene accumulation across accessions. Several terpene modules could be assigned to previously identified terpene synthase (TPS) activities that included members of the TPS-e/f subfamily that utilize the unusual cis-prenyl diphosphate substrates neryl diphosphate and 2z,6z-farnesyl diphosphate. DNA sequencing and in vitro enzyme activity analysis of TPS-e/f members from S. habrochaites identified three previously unassigned enzyme activities that utilize these cisoid substrates. These produce either the monoterpenes α-pinene and limonene, or the sesquiterpene 7-epizingiberene, with the in vitro analyses that recapitulated the trichome chemistry found in planta. Comparison of the distribution of S. habrochaites accessions with terpene content revealed a strong preference for the presence of particular TPS20 alleles at distinct geographic locations. This study reveals that the unusually high intra-specific variation of volatile terpene synthesis in glandular trichomes of S. habrochaites is due at least in part to evolution at the TPS20 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David E Hufnagel
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jeongwoon Kim
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Cornelius S Barry
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- *For correspondence (e-mail )
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Demissie ZA, Cella MA, Sarker LS, Thompson TJ, Rheault MR, Mahmoud SS. Cloning, functional characterization and genomic organization of 1,8-cineole synthases from Lavandula. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 79:393-411. [PMID: 22592779 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9920-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Several members of the genus Lavandula produce valuable essential oils (EOs) that are primarily constituted of the low molecular weight isoprenoids, particularly monoterpenes. We isolated over 8,000 ESTs from the glandular trichomes of L. x intermedia flowers (where bulk of the EO is synthesized) to facilitate the discovery of genes that control the biosynthesis of EO constituents. The expression profile of these ESTs in L. x intermedia and its parents L. angustifolia and L. latifolia was established using microarrays. The resulting data highlighted a differentially expressed, previously uncharacterized cDNA with strong homology to known 1,8-cineole synthase (CINS) genes. The ORF, excluding the transit peptide, of this cDNA was expressed in E. coli, purified by Ni-NTA agarose affinity chromatography and functionally characterized in vitro. The ca. 63 kDa bacterially produced recombinant protein, designated L. x intermedia CINS (LiCINS), converted geranyl diphosphate (the linear monoterpene precursor) primarily to 1,8-cineole with K ( m ) and k ( cat ) values of 5.75 μM and 8.8 × 10(-3) s(-1), respectively. The genomic DNA of CINS in the studied Lavandula species had identical exon-intron architecture and coding sequences, except for a single polymorphic nucleotide in the L. angustifolia ortholog which did not alter protein function. Additional nucleotide variations restricted to L. angustifolia introns were also observed, suggesting that LiCINS was most likely inherited from L. latifolia. The LiCINS mRNA levels paralleled the 1,8-cineole content in mature flowers of the three lavender species, and in developmental stages of L. x intermedia inflorescence indicating that the production of 1,8 cineole in Lavandula is most likely controlled through transcriptional regulation of LiCINS.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Carbon-Carbon Lyases/chemistry
- Carbon-Carbon Lyases/genetics
- Carbon-Carbon Lyases/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cyclohexanols/metabolism
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Eucalyptol
- Expressed Sequence Tags
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Gene Library
- Genome, Plant
- Lavandula/enzymology
- Lavandula/genetics
- Lavandula/growth & development
- Metabolic Networks and Pathways
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Monoterpenes/metabolism
- Oils, Volatile/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Plant Proteins/chemistry
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerihun A Demissie
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, 1177 Research Road, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
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Turner GW, Davis EM, Croteau RB. Immunocytochemical localization of short-chain family reductases involved in menthol biosynthesis in peppermint. PLANTA 2012; 235:1185-95. [PMID: 22170164 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of the p-menthane monoterpenes in peppermint occurs in the secretory cells of the peltate glandular trichomes and results in the accumulation of primarily menthone and menthol. cDNAs and recombinant enzymes are well characterized for eight of the nine enzymatic steps leading from the 5-carbon precursors to menthol, and subcellular localization of several key enzymes suggests a complex network of substrate and product movement is required during oil biosynthesis. In addition, studies concerning the regulation of oil biosynthesis have demonstrated a temporal partition of the pathway into an early, biosynthetic program that results in the accumulation of menthone and a later, oil maturation program that leads to menthone reduction and concomitant menthol accumulation. The menthone reductase responsible for the ultimate pathway reduction step, menthone-menthol reductase (MMR), has been characterized and found to share significant sequence similarity with its counterpart reductase, a menthone-neomenthol reductase, which catalyzes a minor enzymatic reaction associated with oil maturation. Further, the menthone reductases share significant sequence similarity with the temporally separate and mechanistically different isopiperitenone reductase (IPR). Here we present immunocytochemical localizations for these reductases using a polyclonal antibody raised against menthone-menthol reductase. The polyclonal antibody used for this study showed little specificity between these three reductases, but by using it for immunostaining of tissues of different ages we were able to provisionally separate staining of an early biosynthetic enzyme, IPR, found in young, immature leaves from that of the oil maturation enzyme, MMR, found in older, mature leaves. Both reductases were localized to the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of the secretory cells of peltate glandular trichomes, and were absent from all other cell types examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn W Turner
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6340, USA.
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Tissier A. Glandular trichomes: what comes after expressed sequence tags? THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 70:51-68. [PMID: 22449043 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.04913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glandular trichomes cover the surface of many plant species. They exhibit tremendous diversity, be it in their shape or the compounds they secrete. This diversity is expressed between species but also within species or even individual plants. The industrial uses of some trichome secretions and their potential as a defense barrier, for example against arthropod pests, has spurred research into the biosynthesis pathways that lead to these specialized metabolites. Because complete biosynthesis pathways take place in the secretory cells, the establishment of trichome-specific expressed sequence tag libraries has greatly accelerated their elucidation. Glandular trichomes also have an important metabolic capacity and may be considered as true cell factories. To fully exploit the potential of glandular trichomes as breeding or engineering objects, several research areas will have to be further investigated, such as development, patterning, metabolic fluxes and transcription regulation. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the methods and technologies which have been used to investigate glandular trichomes and to propose new avenues of research to deepen our understanding of these specialized structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Tissier
- Department of Metabolic and Cell Biology, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Russo EB. Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 163:1344-64. [PMID: 21749363 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 865] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has been the primary focus of cannabis research since 1964, when Raphael Mechoulam isolated and synthesized it. More recently, the synergistic contributions of cannabidiol to cannabis pharmacology and analgesia have been scientifically demonstrated. Other phytocannabinoids, including tetrahydrocannabivarin, cannabigerol and cannabichromene, exert additional effects of therapeutic interest. Innovative conventional plant breeding has yielded cannabis chemotypes expressing high titres of each component for future study. This review will explore another echelon of phytotherapeutic agents, the cannabis terpenoids: limonene, myrcene, α-pinene, linalool, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, nerolidol and phytol. Terpenoids share a precursor with phytocannabinoids, and are all flavour and fragrance components common to human diets that have been designated Generally Recognized as Safe by the US Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory agencies. Terpenoids are quite potent, and affect animal and even human behaviour when inhaled from ambient air at serum levels in the single digits ng·mL(-1) . They display unique therapeutic effects that may contribute meaningfully to the entourage effects of cannabis-based medicinal extracts. Particular focus will be placed on phytocannabinoid-terpenoid interactions that could produce synergy with respect to treatment of pain, inflammation, depression, anxiety, addiction, epilepsy, cancer, fungal and bacterial infections (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Scientific evidence is presented for non-cannabinoid plant components as putative antidotes to intoxicating effects of THC that could increase its therapeutic index. Methods for investigating entourage effects in future experiments will be proposed. Phytocannabinoid-terpenoid synergy, if proven, increases the likelihood that an extensive pipeline of new therapeutic products is possible from this venerable plant. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue-7.
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48
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Galata M, Mahmoud S. Bioactive Plant Isoprenoids. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY VOLUME 37 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59514-0.00005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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49
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Russo EB. Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. Br J Pharmacol 2011. [PMID: 21749363 DOI: 10.1111/bph.2011.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has been the primary focus of cannabis research since 1964, when Raphael Mechoulam isolated and synthesized it. More recently, the synergistic contributions of cannabidiol to cannabis pharmacology and analgesia have been scientifically demonstrated. Other phytocannabinoids, including tetrahydrocannabivarin, cannabigerol and cannabichromene, exert additional effects of therapeutic interest. Innovative conventional plant breeding has yielded cannabis chemotypes expressing high titres of each component for future study. This review will explore another echelon of phytotherapeutic agents, the cannabis terpenoids: limonene, myrcene, α-pinene, linalool, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, nerolidol and phytol. Terpenoids share a precursor with phytocannabinoids, and are all flavour and fragrance components common to human diets that have been designated Generally Recognized as Safe by the US Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory agencies. Terpenoids are quite potent, and affect animal and even human behaviour when inhaled from ambient air at serum levels in the single digits ng·mL(-1) . They display unique therapeutic effects that may contribute meaningfully to the entourage effects of cannabis-based medicinal extracts. Particular focus will be placed on phytocannabinoid-terpenoid interactions that could produce synergy with respect to treatment of pain, inflammation, depression, anxiety, addiction, epilepsy, cancer, fungal and bacterial infections (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Scientific evidence is presented for non-cannabinoid plant components as putative antidotes to intoxicating effects of THC that could increase its therapeutic index. Methods for investigating entourage effects in future experiments will be proposed. Phytocannabinoid-terpenoid synergy, if proven, increases the likelihood that an extensive pipeline of new therapeutic products is possible from this venerable plant. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue-7.
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50
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Russo EB. Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. Br J Pharmacol 2011. [PMID: 21749363 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has been the primary focus of cannabis research since 1964, when Raphael Mechoulam isolated and synthesized it. More recently, the synergistic contributions of cannabidiol to cannabis pharmacology and analgesia have been scientifically demonstrated. Other phytocannabinoids, including tetrahydrocannabivarin, cannabigerol and cannabichromene, exert additional effects of therapeutic interest. Innovative conventional plant breeding has yielded cannabis chemotypes expressing high titres of each component for future study. This review will explore another echelon of phytotherapeutic agents, the cannabis terpenoids: limonene, myrcene, α-pinene, linalool, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, nerolidol and phytol. Terpenoids share a precursor with phytocannabinoids, and are all flavour and fragrance components common to human diets that have been designated Generally Recognized as Safe by the US Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory agencies. Terpenoids are quite potent, and affect animal and even human behaviour when inhaled from ambient air at serum levels in the single digits ng·mL(-1) . They display unique therapeutic effects that may contribute meaningfully to the entourage effects of cannabis-based medicinal extracts. Particular focus will be placed on phytocannabinoid-terpenoid interactions that could produce synergy with respect to treatment of pain, inflammation, depression, anxiety, addiction, epilepsy, cancer, fungal and bacterial infections (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Scientific evidence is presented for non-cannabinoid plant components as putative antidotes to intoxicating effects of THC that could increase its therapeutic index. Methods for investigating entourage effects in future experiments will be proposed. Phytocannabinoid-terpenoid synergy, if proven, increases the likelihood that an extensive pipeline of new therapeutic products is possible from this venerable plant. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue-7.
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