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Camuel A, Gully D, Pervent M, Teulet A, Nouwen N, Arrighi JF, Giraud E. Genetic and transcriptomic analysis of the Bradyrhizobium T3SS-triggered nodulation in the legume Aeschynomene evenia. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 39300950 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Some Bradyrhizobium strains nodulate certain Aeschynomene species independently of Nod factors, but thanks to their type III secretion system (T3SS). While different T3 effectors triggering nodulation (ErnA and Sup3) have been identified, the plant signalling pathways they activate remain unknown. Here, we explored the intraspecies variability in T3SS-triggered nodulation within Aeschynomene evenia and investigated transcriptomic responses that occur during this symbiosis. Furthermore, Bradyrhizobium strains having different effector sets were tested on A. evenia mutants altered in various symbiotic signalling genes. We identified the A. evenia accession N21/PI 225551 as appropriate for deciphering the T3SS-dependent process. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of A. evenia N21 roots inoculated with ORS3257 strain and its ∆ernA mutant revealed genes differentially expressed, including some involved in plant defences and auxin signalling. In the other A. evenia accession N76, all tested strains nodulated the AeCRK mutant but not the AeNIN and AeNSP2 mutants, indicating a differential requirement of these genes for T3SS-dependent nodulation. Furthermore, the effects of AePOLLUX, AeCCaMK and AeCYCLOPS mutations differed between the strains. Notably, ORS86 nodulated these three mutant lines and required for this both ErnA and Sup3. Taken together, these results shed light on how the T3SS-dependent nodulation process is achieved in legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Camuel
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/Institut Agro Montpellier/INRAE/Université de Montpellier/CIRAD, TA-A82/J- Campus de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- PHIM Plant Health Institute of Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Djamel Gully
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/Institut Agro Montpellier/INRAE/Université de Montpellier/CIRAD, TA-A82/J- Campus de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- PHIM Plant Health Institute of Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Marjorie Pervent
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/Institut Agro Montpellier/INRAE/Université de Montpellier/CIRAD, TA-A82/J- Campus de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- PHIM Plant Health Institute of Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Albin Teulet
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/Institut Agro Montpellier/INRAE/Université de Montpellier/CIRAD, TA-A82/J- Campus de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- University of Cambridge, Sainsbury Laboratory (SLCU), Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Nico Nouwen
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/Institut Agro Montpellier/INRAE/Université de Montpellier/CIRAD, TA-A82/J- Campus de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- PHIM Plant Health Institute of Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-François Arrighi
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/Institut Agro Montpellier/INRAE/Université de Montpellier/CIRAD, TA-A82/J- Campus de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- PHIM Plant Health Institute of Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Eric Giraud
- IRD, Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (LSTM), UMR IRD/Institut Agro Montpellier/INRAE/Université de Montpellier/CIRAD, TA-A82/J- Campus de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- PHIM Plant Health Institute of Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Niu B, Bai N, Liu X, Ma L, Dai L, Mu X, Wu S, Ma J, Hao X, Wang L, Li P. The role of GmHSP23.9 in regulating soybean nodulation under elevated CO 2 condition. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133436. [PMID: 38936572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Legume-rhizobia symbiosis offers a unique approach to increase leguminous crop yields. Previous studies have indicated that the number of soybean nodules are increased under elevated CO2 concentration. However, the underlying mechanism behind this phenomenon remains elusive. In this study, transcriptome analysis was applied to identify candidate genes involved in regulating soybean nodulation mediated by elevated CO2 concentration. Among the different expression genes (DEGs), we identified a gene encoding small heat shock protein (sHSP) called GmHSP23.9, which mainly expressed in soybean roots and nodules, and its expression was significantly induced by rhizobium USDA110 infection at 14 days after inoculation (DAI) under elevated CO2 conditions. We further investigated the role of GmHSP23.9 by generating transgenic composite plants carrying GmHSP23.9 overexpression (GmHSP23.9-OE), RNA interference (GmHSP23.9-RNAi), and CRISPR-Cas9 (GmHSP23.9-KO), and these modifications resulted in notable changes in nodule number and the root hairs deformation and suggesting that GmHSP23.9 function as an important positive regulator in soybean. Moreover, we found that altering the expression of GmHSP23.9 influenced the expression of genes involved in the Nod factor signaling pathway and AON signaling pathway to modulate soybean nodulation. Interestingly, we found that knocking down of GmHSP23.9 prevented the increase in the nodule number of soybean in response to elevated CO2 concentration. This research has successfully identified a crucial regulator that influences soybean nodulation under elevated CO2 level and shedding new light on the role of sHSPs in legume nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Niu
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Nan Bai
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Longjing Ma
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Lijiao Dai
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Xiaoya Mu
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Shenjie Wu
- College of Life Sceinces, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Junkui Ma
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Xingyu Hao
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China.
| | - Ping Li
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China.
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Lin WY, Yang HN, Hsieh CY, Deng C. Differential Responses of Medicago truncatula NLA Homologs to Nutrient Deficiency and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4129. [PMID: 38140456 PMCID: PMC10748377 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
NITROGEN LIMITATION ADAPTATION (NLA), a plasma-membrane-associated ubiquitin E3 ligase, plays a negative role in the control of the phosphate transporter family 1 (PHT1) members in Arabidopsis and rice. There are three NLA homologs in the Medicago truncatula genome, but it has been unclear whether the function of these homologs is conserved in legumes. Here we investigated the subcellular localization and the responses of MtNLAs to external phosphate and nitrate status. Similar to AtNLA1, MtNLA1/MtNLA2 was localized in the plasma membrane and nucleus. MtNLA3 has three alternative splicing variants, and intriguingly, MtNLA3.1, the dominant variant, was not able to target the plasma membrane, whereas MtNLA3.2 and MtNLA3.3 were capable of associating with the plasma membrane. In contrast with AtNLA1, we found that MtNLAs were not affected or even upregulated by low-phosphate treatment. We also found that MtNLA3 was upregulated by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, and overexpressing MtNLA3.1 in Medicago roots resulted in a decrease in the transcription levels of STR, an essential gene for arbuscule development. Taken together, our results highlight the difference between MtNLA homologs and AtNLA1. Further characterization will be required to reveal the regulation of these genes and their roles in the responses to external nutrient status and AM symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yi Lin
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan; (H.-N.Y.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Hsin-Ni Yang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan; (H.-N.Y.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Chen-Yun Hsieh
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan; (H.-N.Y.); (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Chen Deng
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan;
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Zheng J, Sun L, Wang D, He L, Du W, Guo S, Wang L. Roles of a CCR4-NOT complex component GmNOT4-1 in regulating soybean nodulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1172354. [PMID: 37342147 PMCID: PMC10277652 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1172354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Legume-rhizobial symbiotic nitrogen fixation is the most efficient nitrogen assimilation system in the ecosystem. In the special interaction between organ-root nodules, legumes supply rhizobial carbohydrates for their proliferation, while rhizobials provide host plants with absorbable nitrogen. Nodule initiation and formation require a complex molecular dialogue between legumes and rhizobia, which involves the accurate regulation of a series of legume genes. The CCR4-NOT complex is a conserved multi-subunit complex with functions regulating gene expression in many cellular processes. However, the functions of the CCR4-NOT complex in rhizobia-host interactions remain unclear. In this study, we identified seven members of the NOT4 family in soybean and further classified them into three subgroups. Bioinformatic analysis showed that NOT4s shared relatively conserved motifs and gene structures in each subgroup, while there were significant differences between NOT4s in the different subgroups. Expression profile analysis indicated that NOT4s may be involved in nodulation in soybean, as most of them were induced by Rhizobium infection and highly expressed in nodules. We further selected GmNOT4-1 to clarify the biological function of these genes in soybean nodulation. Interestingly, we found that either GmNOT4-1 overexpression or down-regulation of GmNOT4-1 by RNAi or CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing would suppress the number of nodules in soybean. Intriguingly, alterations in the expression of GmNOT4-1 repressed the expression of genes in the Nod factor signaling pathway. This research provides new insight into the function of the CCR4-NOT family in legumes and reveals GmNOT4-1 to be a potent gene for regulating symbiotic nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Lili Sun
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Lin He
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Weijun Du
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Shujin Guo
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Fu B, Xu Z, Lei Y, Dong R, Wang Y, Guo X, Zhu H, Cao Y, Yan Z. A novel secreted protein, NISP1, is phosphorylated by soybean Nodulation Receptor Kinase to promote nodule symbiosis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:1297-1311. [PMID: 36534458 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nodulation Receptor Kinase (NORK) functions as a co-receptor of Nod factor receptors to mediate rhizobial symbiosis in legumes, but its direct phosphorylation substrates that positively mediate root nodulation remain to be fully identified. Here, we identified a GmNORK-Interacting Small Protein (GmNISP1) that functions as a phosphorylation target of GmNORK to promote soybean nodulation. GmNORKα directly interacted with and phosphorylated GmNISP1. Transcription of GmNISP1 was strongly induced after rhizobial infection in soybean roots and nodules. GmNISP1 encodes a peptide containing 90 amino acids with a "DY" consensus motif at its N-terminus. GmNISP1 protein was detected to be present in the apoplastic space. Phosphorylation of GmNISP1 by GmNORKα could enhance its secretion into the apoplast. Pretreatment with either purified GmNISP1 or phosphorylation-mimic GmNISP112D on the roots could significantly increase nodule numbers compared with the treatment with phosphorylation-inactive GmNISP112A . The data suggested a model that soybean GmNORK phosphorylates GmNISP1 to promote its secretion into the apoplast, which might function as a potential peptide hormone to promote root nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolan Fu
- State Key Lab of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- State Key Lab of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yutao Lei
- State Key Lab of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ru Dong
- State Key Lab of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Lab of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoli Guo
- State Key Lab of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- State Key Lab of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yangrong Cao
- State Key Lab of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhe Yan
- National Key Facility for Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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Fu H, Wei X, Chen Q, Yong S, Liu Q, Dang J, Wu D, Liang G, Guo Q. Comparative transcriptome analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying adventitious root developments in Huangshan Bitter tea ( Camellia gymnogyna Chang) under red light quality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1154169. [PMID: 37025148 PMCID: PMC10070859 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1154169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
As the formation of adventitious roots (AR) is an important component of in vitro regeneration of tea plants, the propagation and preservation of Huangshan Bitter tea (Camellia gymnogyna Chang) cuttings have been hindered due to its lower rooting rate. As light is a crucial environmental factor that affects AR formation, this study aimed to investigate the special role of red light (RL) in the formation of AR in Huangshan Bitter tea plants, which has not been well understood. Huangshan Bitter tea plants were induced with white light (control, WL) and red light (660 nm, RL) qualities 36 days after induced treatment (DAI) to investigate dynamic AR formation and development, anatomical observation, hormones content change, and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of the transcriptome. Results showed that RL promoted the rooting rate and root characteristics compared to WL. Anatomical observations demonstrated that root primordium was induced earlier by RL at the 4 DAI. RL positively affected IAA, ZT and GA3 content and negatively influenced ABA from the 4 to 16 DAI. RNA-seq and analysis of differential expression genes (DEGs) exhibited extensive variation in gene expression profiles between RL and WL. Meanwhile, the results of WGCNA and correlation analysis identified three highly correlated modules and hub genes mainly participated in 'response to hormone', 'cellular glucan metabolic progress', and 'response to auxin'. Furthermore, the proportion of transcription factors (TFs) such as ethylene response factor (ERF), myeloblastosis (MYB), basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), and WRKYGQK (WRKY) were the top four in DEGs. These results suggested that the AR-promoting potential of red light was due to complex hormone interactions in tea plants by regulating the expression of related genes. This study provided an important reference to shorten breeding cycles and accelerate superiority in tea plant propagation and preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu Wei
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, United States
| | - Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Chongqing, China
| | - Shunyuan Yong
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinjin Liu
- Chongqing Institute of Ancient Tea Plant and Product, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangbo Dang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute of Ancient Tea Plant and Product, Chongqing, China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute of Ancient Tea Plant and Product, Chongqing, China
| | - Guolu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute of Ancient Tea Plant and Product, Chongqing, China
| | - Qigao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land, Chongqing, China
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Yang H, Wang E. Dynamic regulation of symbiotic signal perception in legumes. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:670-673. [PMID: 36966114 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shenzhen 518054, China.
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Volpe V, Chialva M, Mazzarella T, Crosino A, Capitanio S, Costamagna L, Kohlen W, Genre A. Long-lasting impact of chitooligosaccharide application on strigolactone biosynthesis and fungal accommodation promotes arbuscular mycorrhiza in Medicago truncatula. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:2316-2331. [PMID: 36564991 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) between plants and Glomeromycotina fungi is preceded by the exchange of chemical signals: fungal released Myc-factors, including chitooligosaccharides (CO) and lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCO), activate plant symbiotic responses, while root-exuded strigolactones stimulate hyphal branching and boost CO release. Furthermore, fungal signaling reinforcement through CO application was shown to promote AM development in Medicago truncatula, but the cellular and molecular bases of this effect remained unclear. Here, we focused on long-term M. truncatula responses to CO treatment, demonstrating its impact on the transcriptome of both mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal roots over several weeks and providing an insight into the mechanistic bases of the CO-dependent promotion of AM colonization. CO treatment caused the long-lasting regulation of strigolactone biosynthesis and fungal accommodation-related genes. This was mirrored by an increase in root didehydro-orobanchol content, and the promotion of accommodation responses to AM fungi in root epidermal cells. Lastly, an advanced downregulation of AM symbiosis marker genes was observed at the latest time point in CO-treated plants, in line with an increased number of senescent arbuscules. Overall, CO treatment triggered molecular, metabolic, and cellular responses underpinning a protracted acceleration of AM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Volpe
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Matteo Chialva
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Teresa Mazzarella
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Crosino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Serena Capitanio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Costamagna
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Wouter Kohlen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708, PB, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
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Singh J, Verma PK. Role of Nod factor receptors and its allies involved in nitrogen fixation. PLANTA 2023; 257:54. [PMID: 36780015 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lysin motif (LysM)-receptor-like kinase (RLK) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-RLK mediated signaling play important roles in the development and regulation of root nodule symbiosis in legumes. The availability of water and nutrients in the soil is a major limiting factor affecting crop productivity. Plants of the Leguminosae family form a symbiotic association with nitrogen-fixing Gram-negative soil bacteria, rhizobia for nitrogen fixation. This symbiotic relationship between legumes and rhizobia depends on the signal exchange between them. Plant receptor-like kinases (RLKs) containing lysin motif (LysM) and/or leucine-rich repeat (LRR) play an important role in the perception of chemical signals from rhizobia for initiation and establishment of root nodule symbiosis (RNS) that results in nitrogen fixation. This review highlights the diverse aspects of LysM-RLK and LRR receptors including their specificity, functions, interacting partners, regulation, and associated signaling in RNS. The activation of LysM-RLKs and LRR-RLKs is important for ensuring the successful interaction between legume roots and rhizobia. The intracellular regions of the receptors enable additional layers of signaling that help in the transduction of signals intracellularly. Additionally, symbiosis receptor-like kinase (SYMRK) containing the LRR motif acts as a co-receptor with Nod factors receptors (LysM-RLK). Cleavage of the malectin-like domain from the SYMRK ectodomain is a mechanism for controlling SYMRK stability. Overall, this review has discussed different aspects of legume receptors that are critical to the perception of signals from rhizobia and their subsequent role in creating the mutualistic relationship necessary for nitrogen fixation. Additionally, it has been discussed how crucial it is to extrapolate the knowledge gained from model legumes to crop legumes such as chickpea and common bean to better understand the mechanism underlying nodule formation in crop legumes. Future directions have also been proposed in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawahar Singh
- Plant-Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional de Leguminosas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 54090, Tlalnepantla, State of Mexico, Mexico.
| | - Praveen Kumar Verma
- Plant-Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
- Plant-Immunity Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 10067, India.
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Varshney V, Majee M. Emerging roles of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in enhancing crop yield by optimizing seed agronomic traits. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1805-1826. [PMID: 35678849 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has the potential to modulate crop productivity by influencing agronomic traits. Being sessile, the plant often uses the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway to maintain the stability of different regulatory proteins to survive in an ever-changing environment. The ubiquitin system influences plant reproduction, growth, development, responses to the environment, and processes that control critical agronomic traits. E3 ligases are the major players in this pathway, and they are responsible for recognizing and tagging the targets/substrates. Plants have a variety of E3 ubiquitin ligases, whose functions have been studied extensively, ranging from plant growth to defense strategies. Here we summarize three agronomic traits influenced by ubiquitination: seed size and weight, seed germination, and accessory plant agronomic traits particularly panicle architecture, tillering in rice, and tassels branch number in maize. This review article highlights some recent progress on how the ubiquitin system influences the stability/modification of proteins that determine seed agronomic properties like size, weight, germination and filling, and ultimately agricultural productivity and quality. Further research into the molecular basis of the aforementioned processes might lead to the identification of genes that could be modified or selected for crop development. Likewise, we also propose advances and future perspectives in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Varshney
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Manoj Majee
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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11
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Cope KR, Kafle A, Yakha JK, Pfeffer PE, Strahan GD, Garcia K, Subramanian S, Bücking H. Physiological and transcriptomic response of Medicago truncatula to colonization by high- or low-benefit arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. MYCORRHIZA 2022; 32:281-303. [PMID: 35511363 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-022-01077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form a root endosymbiosis with many agronomically important crop species. They enhance the ability of their host to obtain nutrients from the soil and increase the tolerance to biotic and abiotic stressors. However, AM fungal species can differ in the benefits they provide to their host plants. Here, we examined the putative molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of the physiological response of Medicago truncatula to colonization by Rhizophagus irregularis or Glomus aggregatum, which have previously been characterized as high- and low-benefit AM fungal species, respectively. Colonization with R. irregularis led to greater growth and nutrient uptake than colonization with G. aggregatum. These benefits were linked to an elevated expression in the roots of strigolactone biosynthesis genes (NSP1, NSP2, CCD7, and MAX1a), mycorrhiza-induced phosphate (PT8), ammonium (AMT2;3), and nitrate (NPF4.12) transporters and the putative ammonium transporter NIP1;5. R. irregularis also stimulated the expression of photosynthesis-related genes in the shoot and the upregulation of the sugar transporters SWEET1.2, SWEET3.3, and SWEET 12 and the lipid biosynthesis gene RAM2 in the roots. In contrast, G. aggregatum induced the expression of biotic stress defense response genes in the shoots, and several genes associated with abiotic stress in the roots. This suggests that either the host perceives colonization by G. aggregatum as pathogen attack or that G. aggregatum can prime host defense responses. Our findings highlight molecular mechanisms that host plants may use to regulate their association with high- and low-benefit arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Cope
- Biology and Microbiology Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Arjun Kafle
- Biology and Microbiology Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Jaya K Yakha
- Biology and Microbiology Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Philip E Pfeffer
- Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Gary D Strahan
- Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Kevin Garcia
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Senthil Subramanian
- Biology and Microbiology Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Heike Bücking
- Biology and Microbiology Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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12
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Roy Choudhury S, Pandey S. SymRK-dependent phosphorylation of Gα protein and its role in signaling during soybean (Glycine max) nodulation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:277-291. [PMID: 35048428 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins, comprised of Gα, Gβ and Gγ subunits, influence signaling in most eukaryotes. In metazoans, G proteins are activated by G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated GDP to GTP exchange on Gα; however, the role(s) of GPCRs in regulating plant G-protein signaling remains equivocal. Mounting evidence suggests the involvement of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) in regulating plant G-protein signaling, but their mechanistic details remain scarce. We have previously shown that during Glycine max (soybean) nodulation, the nod factor receptor 1 (NFR1) interacts with G-protein components and indirectly affects signaling. We explored the direct regulation of G-protein signaling by RLKs using protein-protein interactions, receptor-mediated in vitro phosphorylations and the effects of such phosphorylations on soybean nodule formation. Results presented in this study demonstrate a direct, phosphorylation-based regulation of Gα by symbiosis receptor kinase (SymRK). SymRKs interact with and phosphorylate Gα at multiple residues in vitro, including two in its active site, which abolishes GTP binding. Additionally, phospho-mimetic Gα fails to interact with Gβγ, potentially allowing for constitutive signaling by the freed Gβγ. These results uncover an unusual mechanism of G-protein cycle regulation in plants where the receptor-mediated phosphorylation of Gα not only affects its activity but also influences the availability of its signaling partners, thereby exerting a two-pronged check on signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Roy Choudhury
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N. Warson Road, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Sona Pandey
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 N. Warson Road, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
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13
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Dievart A, Gottin C, Périn C, Ranwez V, Chantret N. Origin and Diversity of Plant Receptor-Like Kinases. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 71:131-156. [PMID: 32186895 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-073019-025927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Because of their high level of diversity and complex evolutionary histories, most studies on plant receptor-like kinase subfamilies have focused on their kinase domains. With the large amount of genome sequence data available today, particularly on basal land plants and Charophyta, more attention should be paid to primary events that shaped the diversity of the RLK gene family. We thus focus on the motifs and domains found in association with kinase domains to illustrate their origin, organization, and evolutionary dynamics. We discuss when these different domain associations first occurred and how they evolved, based on a literature review complemented by some of our unpublished results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Dievart
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France;
- AGAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Gottin
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France;
- AGAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Périn
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France;
- AGAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Ranwez
- AGAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Chantret
- AGAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
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14
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Chiu CH, Paszkowski U. Receptor-Like Kinases Sustain Symbiotic Scrutiny. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:1597-1612. [PMID: 32054781 PMCID: PMC7140970 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant receptor-like kinases (RLKs) control the initiation, development, and maintenance of symbioses with beneficial mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Carbohydrate perception activates symbiosis signaling via Lysin-motif RLKs and subsequently the common symbiosis signaling pathway. As the receptors activated are often also immune receptors in multiple species, exactly how carbohydrate identities avoid immune activation and drive symbiotic outcome is still not fully understood. This may involve the coincident detection of additional signaling molecules that provide specificity. Because of the metabolic costs of supporting symbionts, the level of symbiosis development is fine-tuned by a range of local and mobile signals that are activated by various RLKs. Beyond early, precontact symbiotic signaling, signal exchanges ensue throughout infection, nutrient exchange, and turnover of symbiosis. Here, we review the latest understanding of plant symbiosis signaling from the perspective of RLK-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chai Hao Chiu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Uta Paszkowski
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
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15
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Zeng T, Rodriguez‐Moreno L, Mansurkhodzaev A, Wang P, van den Berg W, Gasciolli V, Cottaz S, Fort S, Thomma BPHJ, Bono J, Bisseling T, Limpens E. A lysin motif effector subverts chitin-triggered immunity to facilitate arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:448-460. [PMID: 31596956 PMCID: PMC6916333 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi greatly improve mineral uptake by host plants in nutrient-depleted soil and can intracellularly colonize root cortex cells in the vast majority of higher plants. However, AM fungi possess common fungal cell wall components such as chitin that can be recognized by plant chitin receptors to trigger immune responses, raising the question as to how AM fungi effectively evade chitin-triggered immune responses during symbiosis. In this study, we characterize a secreted lysin motif (LysM) effector identified from the model AM fungal species Rhizophagus irregularis, called RiSLM. RiSLM is one of the highest expressed effector proteins in intraradical mycelium during the symbiosis. In vitro binding assays show that RiSLM binds chitin-oligosaccharides and can protect fungal cell walls from chitinases. Moreover, RiSLM efficiently interferes with chitin-triggered immune responses, such as defence gene induction and reactive oxygen species production in Medicago truncatula. Although RiSLM also binds to symbiotic (lipo)chitooligosaccharides it does not interfere significantly with symbiotic signalling in Medicago. Host-induced gene silencing of RiSLM greatly reduces fungal colonization levels. Taken together, our results reveal a key role for AM fungal LysM effectors to subvert chitin-triggered immunity in symbiosis, pointing to a common role for LysM effectors in both symbiotic and pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zeng
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Luis Rodriguez‐Moreno
- Department of Plant SciencesLaboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Artem Mansurkhodzaev
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Peng Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Willy van den Berg
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen University & Research6708 WEWageningenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Sylvain Cottaz
- CNRSCERMAVUniversity Grenoble AlpesUPR 530138041GrenobleFrance
| | - Sébastien Fort
- CNRSCERMAVUniversity Grenoble AlpesUPR 530138041GrenobleFrance
| | - Bart P. H. J. Thomma
- Department of Plant SciencesLaboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Ton Bisseling
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Erik Limpens
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyWageningen University & Research6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
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16
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Feng Y, Wu P, Fu W, Peng L, Zhu H, Cao Y, Zhou X, Hong Z, Zhang Z, Yuan S. The Lotus japonicus Ubiquitin Ligase SIE3 Interacts With the Transcription Factor SIP1 and Forms a Homodimer. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:795. [PMID: 32595680 PMCID: PMC7303358 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The symbiosis receptor kinase SymRK plays an essential role in symbiotic signal transduction and nodule organogenesis. Several proteins bind to SymRK, but how the symbiosis signals are transduced from SymRK to downstream components remains elusive. We previously demonstrated that both SymRK interacting protein 1 (SIP1, an ARID-type DNA-binding protein) and SymRK interacting E3 ligase [SIE3, a RING (Really Interesting New Gene)-containing E3 ligase] interact with SymRK to regulate downstream cellular responses in Lotus japonicus during the legume-rhizobia symbiosis. Here, we show that SIE3 interacts with SIP1 in both yeast cells and Nicotiana benthamiana. SIE3 associated with itself and formed a homodimer. The cysteine 266 residue was found to be essential for SIE3 dimerization and for promoting nodulation in transgenic hairy roots of L. japonicus. Our findings provide a foundation for further investigating the regulatory mechanisms of the SymRK-mediated signaling pathway, as well as the biological function of E3 ligase dimerization in nodule organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiwei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liwei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yangrong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of People’s Republic of China, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zonglie Hong
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences and Program of Microbiology, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Zhongming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongming Zhang,
| | - Songli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of People’s Republic of China, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Songli Yuan,
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17
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Roy S, Liu W, Nandety RS, Crook A, Mysore KS, Pislariu CI, Frugoli J, Dickstein R, Udvardi MK. Celebrating 20 Years of Genetic Discoveries in Legume Nodulation and Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:15-41. [PMID: 31649123 PMCID: PMC6961631 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Since 1999, various forward- and reverse-genetic approaches have uncovered nearly 200 genes required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in legumes. These discoveries advanced our understanding of the evolution of SNF in plants and its relationship to other beneficial endosymbioses, signaling between plants and microbes, the control of microbial infection of plant cells, the control of plant cell division leading to nodule development, autoregulation of nodulation, intracellular accommodation of bacteria, nodule oxygen homeostasis, the control of bacteroid differentiation, metabolism and transport supporting symbiosis, and the control of nodule senescence. This review catalogs and contextualizes all of the plant genes currently known to be required for SNF in two model legume species, Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus, and two crop species, Glycine max (soybean) and Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean). We also briefly consider the future of SNF genetics in the era of pan-genomics and genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Roy
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Wei Liu
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | | | - Ashley Crook
- College of Science, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | | | | | - Julia Frugoli
- College of Science, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Rebecca Dickstein
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton Texas 76203
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18
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Feng F, Sun J, Radhakrishnan GV, Lee T, Bozsóki Z, Fort S, Gavrin A, Gysel K, Thygesen MB, Andersen KR, Radutoiu S, Stougaard J, Oldroyd GED. A combination of chitooligosaccharide and lipochitooligosaccharide recognition promotes arbuscular mycorrhizal associations in Medicago truncatula. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5047. [PMID: 31695035 PMCID: PMC6834629 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12999-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants associate with beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi facilitating nutrient acquisition. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi produce chitooligosaccharides (COs) and lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs), that promote symbiosis signalling with resultant oscillations in nuclear-associated calcium. The activation of symbiosis signalling must be balanced with activation of immunity signalling, which in fungal interactions is promoted by COs resulting from the chitinaceous fungal cell wall. Here we demonstrate that COs ranging from CO4-CO8 can induce symbiosis signalling in Medicago truncatula. CO perception is a function of the receptor-like kinases MtCERK1 and LYR4, that activate both immunity and symbiosis signalling. A combination of LCOs and COs act synergistically to enhance symbiosis signalling and suppress immunity signalling and receptors involved in both CO and LCO perception are necessary for mycorrhizal establishment. We conclude that LCOs, when present in a mix with COs, drive a symbiotic outcome and this mix of signals is essential for arbuscular mycorrhizal establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Feng
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Jongho Sun
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Guru V Radhakrishnan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Tak Lee
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Zoltán Bozsóki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000 C, Denmark
| | - Sébastien Fort
- Université de Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Aleksander Gavrin
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Kira Gysel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000 C, Denmark
| | - Mikkel B Thygesen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871 C, Denmark
| | | | - Simona Radutoiu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000 C, Denmark
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000 C, Denmark
| | - Giles E D Oldroyd
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK.
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19
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Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Improves Rhizobium–Glycyrrhiza Seedling Symbiosis under Drought Stress. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9100572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can potentially alleviate the abiotic stress on the legume Glycyrrhiza (licorice), while the potential benefits these symbiotic microbes offer to their host plant are strongly influenced by environmental factors. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of single and combined inoculation with a rhizobium Mesorhizobium tianshanense Chen and an AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis Walker & Schuessler on Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. seedling performance under different water regimes. Drought stress inhibited rhizobium nodulation but increased mycorrhizal colonization. Furthermore, co-inoculation of rhizobium and AM fungus favored nodulation under both well-watered and drought stress conditions. Glycyrrhiza seedling growth showed a high mycorrhizal dependency. The seedlings showed a negative growth dependency to rhizobium under well-watered conditions but showed a positive response under drought stress. R. irregularis-inoculated plants showed a much higher stress tolerance index (STI) value than M. tianshanense-inoculated plants. STI value was more pronounced when plants were co-inoculated with R. irregularis and M. tianshanense compared with single-inoculated plants. Plant nitrogen concentration and contents were significantly influenced by inoculation treatments and water regimes. R. irregularis inoculation significantly increased plant shoot and root phosphorus contents. AM fungus inoculation could improve Glycyrrhiza plant–rhizobium symbiosis under drought stress, thereby suggesting that tripartite symbiotic relationships were more effective for promoting plant growth and enhancing drought tolerance.
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20
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Carotenuto G, Volpe V, Russo G, Politi M, Sciascia I, de Almeida-Engler J, Genre A. Local endoreduplication as a feature of intracellular fungal accommodation in arbuscular mycorrhizas. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:430-446. [PMID: 11386364 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular accommodation of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is a paradigmatic feature of this plant symbiosis that depends on the activation of a dedicated signaling pathway and the extensive reprogramming of host cells, including striking changes in nuclear size and transcriptional activity. By combining targeted sampling of early root colonization sites, detailed confocal imaging, flow cytometry and gene expression analyses, we demonstrate that local, recursive events of endoreduplication are triggered in the Medicago truncatula root cortex during AM colonization. AM colonization induces an increase in ploidy levels and the activation of endocycle specific markers. This response anticipates the progression of fungal colonization and is limited to arbusculated and neighboring cells in the cortical tissue. Furthermore, endoreduplication is not induced in M. truncatula mutants for symbiotic signaling pathway genes. On this basis, we propose endoreduplication as part of the host cell prepenetration responses that anticipate AM fungal accommodation in the root cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Carotenuto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Veronica Volpe
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Russo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Mara Politi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Ivan Sciascia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10125, Torino, Italy
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21
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Tsikou D, Ramirez EE, Psarrakou IS, Wong JE, Jensen DB, Isono E, Radutoiu S, Papadopoulou KK. A Lotus japonicus E3 ligase interacts with the Nod Factor Receptor 5 and positively regulates nodulation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:217. [PMID: 30285618 PMCID: PMC6171183 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1425-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-translational modification of receptor proteins is involved in activation and de-activation of signalling systems in plants. Both ubiquitination and deubiquitination have been implicated in plant interactions with pathogens and symbionts. RESULTS Here we present LjPUB13, a PUB-ARMADILLO repeat E3 ligase that specifically ubiquitinates the kinase domain of the Nod Factor receptor NFR5 and has a direct role in nodule organogenesis events in Lotus japonicus. Phenotypic analyses of three LORE1 retroelement insertion plant lines revealed that pub13 plants display delayed and reduced nodulation capacity and retarded growth. LjPUB13 expression is spatially regulated during symbiosis with Mesorhizobium loti, with increased levels in young developing nodules. CONCLUSION LjPUB13 is an E3 ligase with a positive regulatory role during the initial stages of nodulation in L. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Tsikou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larisa, Greece
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej, 8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Estrella E Ramirez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej, 8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ioanna S Psarrakou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larisa, Greece
| | - Jaslyn E Wong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej, 8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dorthe B Jensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej, 8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erika Isono
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Strabe 4, Freising, Germany
| | - Simona Radutoiu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej, 8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Kalliope K Papadopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500, Larisa, Greece.
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22
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Choi J, Summers W, Paszkowski U. Mechanisms Underlying Establishment of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbioses. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 56:135-160. [PMID: 29856935 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Most land plants engage in mutually beneficial interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, the fungus providing phosphate and nitrogen in exchange for fixed carbon. During presymbiosis, both organisms communicate via oligosaccharides and butenolides. The requirement for a rice chitin receptor in symbiosis-induced lateral root development suggests that cell division programs operate in inner root tissues during both AM and nodule symbioses. Furthermore, the identification of transcription factors underpinning arbuscule development and degeneration reemphasized the plant's regulatory dominance in AM symbiosis. Finally, the finding that AM fungi, as lipid auxotrophs, depend on plant fatty acids (FAs) to complete their asexual life cycle revealed the basis for fungal biotrophy. Intriguingly, lipid metabolism is also central for asexual reproduction and interaction of the fungal sister clade, the Mucoromycotina, with endobacteria, indicative of an evolutionarily ancient role for lipids in fungal mutualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Choi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom;
| | - William Summers
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom;
| | - Uta Paszkowski
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom;
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23
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Lace B, Ott T. Commonalities and Differences in Controlling Multipartite Intracellular Infections of Legume Roots by Symbiotic Microbes. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:661-672. [PMID: 29474692 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Legumes have the almost unique ability to establish symbiotic associations with rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Forward and reverse genetics have identified a large number of genes that are required for either or both interactions. However, and in sharp contrast to natural soils, these interactions have been almost exclusively investigated under laboratory conditions by using separate inoculation systems, whereas both symbionts are simultaneously present in the field. Considering our recent understanding of the individual symbioses, the community is now promisingly positioned to co-inoculate plants with two or more microbes in order to understand mechanistically how legumes efficiently balance, regulate and potentially separate these symbioses and other endophytic microbes within the same root. Here, we discuss a number of key control layers that should be considered when assessing tri- or multipartite beneficial interactions and that may contribute to colonization patterns in legume roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Lace
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, Schänzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ott
- University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, Schänzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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24
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Liu J, Deng J, Zhu F, Li Y, Lu Z, Qin P, Wang T, Dong J. The MtDMI2-MtPUB2 Negative Feedback Loop Plays a Role in Nodulation Homeostasis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:3003-3026. [PMID: 29440269 PMCID: PMC5884597 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
DOES NOT MAKE INFECTION 2 (MtDMI2) is a Leu rich repeat-type receptor kinase required for signal transduction in the Medicago truncatula/Sinorhizobium meliloti symbiosis pathway. However, the mechanisms through which MtDMI2 participates in nodulation homeostasis are poorly understood. In this study, we identified MtPUB2-a novel plant U-box (PUB)-type E3 ligase-and showed that it interacts with MtDMI2. MtDMI2 and MtPUB2 accumulation were shown to be similar in various tissues. Roots of plants in which MtPUB2 was silenced by RNAi (MtPUB2-RNAi plants) exhibited impaired infection threads, fewer nodules, and shorter primary root lengths compared to those of control plants transformed with empty vector. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we showed that MtDMI2 phosphorylates MtPUB2 at Ser-316, Ser-421, and Thr-488 residues. When MtPUB2-RNAi plants were transformed with MtPUB2S421D , which mimics the phosphorylated state, MtDMI2 was persistently ubiquitinated and degraded by MtPUB2S421D, resulting in fewer nodules than observed in MtPUB2/MtPUB2-RNAi-complemented plants. However, MtPUB2S421A /MtPUB2-RNAi-complemented plants showed no MtPUB2 ubiquitination activity, and their nodulation phenotype was similar to that of MtPUB2-RNAi plants transformed with empty vector. Further studies demonstrated that these proteins form a negative feedback loop of the prey (MtDMI2)-predator (MtPUB2) type. Our results suggest that the MtDMI2-MtPUB2 negative feedback loop, which displays crosstalk with the long-distance autoregulation of nodulation via MtNIN, plays an important role in nodulation homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fugui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zheng Lu
- University of Wyoming, Department of Atmospheric Science, Laramie, Wyoming
| | - Peibin Qin
- Shanghai AB Sciex Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Ltd., Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiangli Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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25
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Tsukaya H. How leaves of mycoheterotrophic plants evolved - from the view point of a developmental biologist. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1401-1406. [PMID: 29332309 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
How mycoheterotrophs have evolved and how they are sustained are enigmas. Structural analyses of the plastid genome and phylogenetic analyses of mycoheterotrophs have been used to identify mycorrhizal fungi. Molecular genetic studies have also revealed the mechanism for plant-fungi interactions. However, the evolution of the small, scale-like vegetative leaves of mycoheterotrophs is unknown. As almost all genes determining leaf size affect the floral organ sizes, it is highly implausible that loss-of-function mutations in leaf size regulators caused the evolution of smaller foliage leaves in mycoheterotrophs. In this Viewpoint, possible evolutionary scenarios of scale-like leaves in mycoheterotrophs are discussed from the perspective of developmental genetics of leaves in model plants, including: vegetative phase-specific changes in expression of leaf size regulator(s); the change from foliage leaves to scale-like lateral organs; and expression of suppressor(s) involved in organ development. These possibilities can be tested in future studies. This approach will provide a new research field in the developmental biology of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Bio-Next Project, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Yamate Build. #3, 5-1, Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
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26
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Santi C, Molesini B, Guzzo F, Pii Y, Vitulo N, Pandolfini T. Genome-Wide Transcriptional Changes and Lipid Profile Modifications Induced by Medicago truncatula N5 Overexpression at an Early Stage of the Symbiotic Interaction with Sinorhizobium meliloti. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:E396. [PMID: 29257077 PMCID: PMC5748714 DOI: 10.3390/genes8120396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant lipid-transfer proteins (LTPs) are small basic secreted proteins, which are characterized by lipid-binding capacity and are putatively involved in lipid trafficking. LTPs play a role in several biological processes, including the root nodule symbiosis. In this regard, the Medicago truncatula nodulin 5 (MtN5) LTP has been proved to positively regulate the nodulation capacity, controlling rhizobial infection and nodule primordia invasion. To better define the lipid transfer protein MtN5 function during the symbiosis, we produced MtN5-downregulated and -overexpressing plants, and we analysed the transcriptomic changes occurring in the roots at an early stage of Sinorhizobium meliloti infection. We also carried out the lipid profile analysis of wild type (WT) and MtN5-overexpressing roots after rhizobia infection. The downregulation of MtN5 increased the root hair curling, an early event of rhizobia infection, and concomitantly induced changes in the expression of defence-related genes. On the other hand, MtN5 overexpression favoured the invasion of the nodules by rhizobia and determined in the roots the modulation of genes that are involved in lipid transport and metabolism as well as an increased content of lipids, especially galactolipids that characterize the symbiosome membranes. Our findings suggest the potential participation of LTPs in the synthesis and rearrangement of membranes occurring during the formation of the infection threads and the symbiosome membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Santi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Barbara Molesini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Flavia Guzzo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Youry Pii
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano BZ, Italy.
| | - Nicola Vitulo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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27
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Kelly S, Radutoiu S, Stougaard J. Legume LysM receptors mediate symbiotic and pathogenic signalling. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 39:152-158. [PMID: 28787662 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Legume-rhizobia symbiosis is coordinated through the production and perception of signal molecules by both partners with legume LysM receptor kinases performing a central role in this process. Receptor complex formation and signalling outputs derived from these are regulated through ligand binding and further modulated by a diverse variety of interactors. The challenge now is to understand the molecular mechanisms of these reported interactors. Recently attributed roles of LysM receptors in the perception of rhizobial exopolysaccharide, distinguishing between pathogens and symbionts, and assembly of root and rhizosphere communities expand on the importance of these receptors. These studies also highlight challenges, such as identification of cognate ligands, formation of responsive receptor complexes and separation of downstream signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kelly
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK - 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simona Radutoiu
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK - 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK - 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
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28
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MacLean AM, Bravo A, Harrison MJ. Plant Signaling and Metabolic Pathways Enabling Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:2319-2335. [PMID: 28855333 PMCID: PMC5940448 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have lived in close association with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi for over 400 million years. Today, this endosymbiosis occurs broadly in the plant kingdom where it has a pronounced impact on plant mineral nutrition. The symbiosis develops deep within the root cortex with minimal alterations in the external appearance of the colonized root; however, the absence of macroscopic alterations belies the extensive signaling, cellular remodeling, and metabolic alterations that occur to enable accommodation of the fungal endosymbiont. Recent research has revealed the involvement of a novel N-acetyl glucosamine transporter and an alpha/beta-fold hydrolase receptor at the earliest stages of AM symbiosis. Calcium channels required for symbiosis signaling have been identified, and connections between the symbiosis signaling pathway and key transcriptional regulators that direct AM-specific gene expression have been established. Phylogenomics has revealed the existence of genes conserved for AM symbiosis, providing clues as to how plant cells fine-tune their biology to enable symbiosis, and an exciting coalescence of genome mining, lipid profiling, and tracer studies collectively has led to the conclusion that AM fungi are fatty acid auxotrophs and that plants provide their fungal endosymbionts with fatty acids. Here, we provide an overview of the molecular program for AM symbiosis and discuss these recent advances.
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29
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Shu K, Yang W. E3 Ubiquitin Ligases: Ubiquitous Actors in Plant Development and Abiotic Stress Responses. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1461-1476. [PMID: 28541504 PMCID: PMC5914405 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the precise regulatory mechanisms of plant development and stress responses at the post-translational level is currently a topic of intensive research. Protein ubiquitination, including the sequential performances of ubiquitin-activating (E1), ubiquitin-conjugating (E2) and ubiquitin ligase (E3) enzymes, is a refined post-translational modification ubiquitous in all eukaryotes. Plants are an integral part of our ecosystem and, as sessile organisms, the ability to perceive internal and external signals and to adapt well to various environmental challenges is crucial for their survival. Over recent decades, extensive studies have demonstrated that protein ubiquitination plays key roles in multiple plant developmental stages (e.g. seed dormancy and germination, root growth, flowering time control, self-incompatibility and chloroplast development) and several abiotic stress responses (e.g. drought and high salinity), by regulating the abundance, activities or subcellular localizations of a variety of regulatory polypeptides and enzymes. Importantly, diverse E3 ligases are involved in these regulatory pathways by mediating phytohormone and light signaling or other pathways. In this updated review, we mainly summarize recent advances in our understanding of the regulatory roles of protein ubiquitination in plant development and plant-environment interactions, and primarily focus on different types of E3 ligases because they play critical roles in determining substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Shu
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Corresponding authors: Kai Shu, E-mail, ; Wenyu Yang, E-mail,
| | - Wenyu Yang
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Corresponding authors: Kai Shu, E-mail, ; Wenyu Yang, E-mail,
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30
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Liao D, Cao Y, Sun X, Espinoza C, Nguyen CT, Liang Y, Stacey G. Arabidopsis E3 ubiquitin ligase PLANT U-BOX13 (PUB13) regulates chitin receptor LYSIN MOTIF RECEPTOR KINASE5 (LYK5) protein abundance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:1646-1656. [PMID: 28195333 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain chitooligosaccharides are fungal microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) that are recognized by LYSIN MOTIF RECEPTOR KINASE5 (LYK5), inducing the formation of a complex with CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE1 (CERK1). Formation of this complex leads to activation of the CERK1 intracellular kinase domain and induction of plant innate immunity in Arabidopsis. We found that addition of chitooctaose induced LYK5 protein accumulation as a result of de novo gene expression and the inhibition of LYK5 protein degradation. Screening the putative E3 ligases for interaction with LYK5 identified PLANT U-BOX13 (PUB13), which complexed with LYK5, but this complex dissociated upon addition of chitooctaose. Consistent with these results, LYK5 protein abundance was higher in pub13 mutants compared with the wild type without chitooctaose treatment, while similar abundance was detected with the addition of chitooctaose. The pub13 mutants showed hypersensitivity to chitooctaose-induced rapid responses, such as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphorylation, but exhibited normal responses to subsequent long-term chitooctaose treatment, such as gene expression and callose deposition. In addition, PUB13 could ubiquitinate the LYK5 kinase domain in vitro. Taken together, our results suggest an important regulatory function for the turnover of LYK5 mediated by the E3 ligase PUB13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Liao
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yangrong Cao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Catherine Espinoza
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Cuong T Nguyen
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Yan Liang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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31
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Jayaraman D, Richards AL, Westphall MS, Coon JJ, Ané JM. Identification of the phosphorylation targets of symbiotic receptor-like kinases using a high-throughput multiplexed assay for kinase specificity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:1196-1207. [PMID: 28267253 PMCID: PMC5461195 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Detecting the phosphorylation substrates of multiple kinases in a single experiment is a challenge, and new techniques are being developed to overcome this challenge. Here, we used a multiplexed assay for kinase specificity (MAKS) to identify the substrates directly and to map the phosphorylation site(s) of plant symbiotic receptor-like kinases. The symbiotic receptor-like kinases nodulation receptor-like kinase (NORK) and lysin motif domain-containing receptor-like kinase 3 (LYK3) are indispensable for the establishment of root nodule symbiosis. Although some interacting proteins have been identified for these symbiotic receptor-like kinases, very little is known about their phosphorylation substrates. Using this high-throughput approach, we identified several other potential phosphorylation targets for both these symbiotic receptor-like kinases. In particular, we also discovered the phosphorylation of LYK3 by NORK itself, which was also confirmed by pairwise kinase assays. Motif analysis of potential targets for these kinases revealed that the acidic motif xxxsDxxx was common to both of them. In summary, this high-throughput technique catalogs the potential phosphorylation substrates of multiple kinases in a single efficient experiment, the biological characterization of which should provide a better understanding of phosphorylation signaling cascade in symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhileepkumar Jayaraman
- Department of Agronomy, 1575 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Alicia L. Richards
- Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 425 Henry Mall, WI 53706, USA
| | - Michael S. Westphall
- Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 425 Henry Mall, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 420 Henry Mall, WI 53706, USA
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- Department of Chemistry, 1101 University Avenue, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 425 Henry Mall, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 420 Henry Mall, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Agronomy, 1575 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, 1550 Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI 53706, USA
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32
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Kang Y, Li M, Sinharoy S, Verdier J. A Snapshot of Functional Genetic Studies in Medicago truncatula. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1175. [PMID: 27555857 PMCID: PMC4977297 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the current context of food security, increase of plant protein production in a sustainable manner represents one of the major challenges of agronomic research, which could be partially resolved by increased cultivation of legume crops. Medicago truncatula is now a well-established model for legume genomic and genetic studies. With the establishment of genomics tools and mutant populations in M. truncatula, it has become an important resource to answer some of the basic biological questions related to plant development and stress tolerance. This review has an objective to overview a decade of genetic studies in this model plant from generation of mutant populations to nowadays. To date, the three biological fields, which have been extensively studied in M. truncatula, are the symbiotic nitrogen fixation, the seed development, and the abiotic stress tolerance, due to their significant agronomic impacts. In this review, we summarize functional genetic studies related to these three major biological fields. We integrated analyses of a nearly exhaustive list of genes into their biological contexts in order to provide an overview of the forefront research advances in this important legume model plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kang
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble FoundationArdmore, OK, USA
| | - Minguye Li
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Shanghai Plant Stress Center, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
| | - Senjuti Sinharoy
- Department of Biotechnology, University of CalcuttaCalcutta, India
| | - Jerome Verdier
- Shanghai Plant Stress Center, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jerome Verdier
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