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Oshikawa S, Naoe A, Moriya T, Hasegawa Y, Nakasato M, Ogawa Y, Wakabayashi H, Itoh A, Takeda-Kimura Y, Miyazaki S, Kawaide H, Toyomasu T. Gibberellin-biosynthetic ent-kaurene synthases in higher plants do not require their non-catalytic domains for the catalysis. Biochem J 2024; 481:779-791. [PMID: 38829839 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20240162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
ent-Kaurene is a biosynthetic intermediate diterpene of phytohormone gibberellins, and is biosynthesized from geranylgeranyl diphosphate via ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CDP). The successive cyclization is catalyzed by two distinct diterpene synthases, ent-CDP synthase (ent-CPS) and ent-kaurene synthase (KS). Homologs of these diterpene synthase genes have been reported to be involved in the biosynthesis of specialized-metabolic diterpenoids for defense in several plant species, including rice (Oryza sativa). These diterpene synthases consist of three domains, αβγ domains. Active sites of ent-CPS exist at the interface of β and γ domain, while those of KS are located within the α domain. We herein carried out domain-deletion experiments using several KSs and KS like enzymes (KSLs) to obtain insights into the roles of domains other than active-site domains. As previously reported in taxadiene synthase, deletion of γ or βγ domains drastically decreased activities of specialized-metabolic OsKSL5, OsKSL8, OsKSL7 and OsKSL10 in O. sativa. However, unexpectedly, only α domains of several gibberellin-biosynthetic KSs, including OsKS1 in O. sativa, AtKS in Arabidopsis thaliana, TaKS in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and BdKS1 in Brachypodium distachyon, retained their original functions. Additionally, the specialized-metabolic OsKSL4, which is closely related to OsKS1, also functioned without its βγ domains. Domain-swapping experiments showed that replacing βγ domains in OsKSL7 with those from other KS/KSLs retained the OsKSL7 activity. Moreover, deletion of βγ domains of bifunctional PpCPS/KS in moss (Physcomitrella patens) drastically impaired its KS-related activity. Thus, we demonstrate that monofunctional gibberellin-biosynthetic KSs are the unique diterpene synthases that retain their functions without βγ domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Oshikawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Ayaka Naoe
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoka Moriya
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Yuto Hasegawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Momoko Nakasato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Yuga Ogawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroki Wakabayashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Itoh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Yuri Takeda-Kimura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Sho Miyazaki
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawaide
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Toyomasu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
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Chen R, Wang J, Xu J, Nie S, Chen C, Li Y, Li Y, He J, Li W, Wen M, Qiao J. Heterologous Biosynthesis of Kauralexin A1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae through Metabolic and Enzyme Engineering. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7308-7317. [PMID: 38529564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Kauralexin A1 (KA1) is a key intermediate of the kauralexin A series metabolites of maize phytoalexins. However, their application is severely limited by their low abundance in maize. In this study, an efficient biosynthetic pathway was constructed to produce KA1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Also, metabolic and enzyme engineering strategies were applied to construct the high-titer strains, such as chassis modification, screening synthases, the colocalization of enzymes, and multiple genomic integrations. First, the KA1 precursor ent-kaurene was synthesized using the efficient diterpene synthase GfCPS/KS from Fusarium fujikuroi, and optimized to reach 244.36 mg/L in shake flasks, which displayed a 200-fold increase compared to the initial strain. Then, the KA1 was produced under the catalysis of ZmCYP71Z18 from Zea mays and SmCPR1 from Salvia miltiorrhiza, and the titer was further improved by integrating the fusion protein into the genome. Finally, an ent-kaurene titer of 763.23 mg/L and a KA1 titer of 42.22 mg/L were achieved through a single-stage fed-batch fermentation in a 5 L bioreactor. This is the first report of the heterologous biosynthesis of maize diterpene phytoalexins in S. cerevisiae, which lays a foundation for further pathway reconstruction and biosynthesis of the kauralexin A series maize phytoalexins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China
| | - Jingru Wang
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China
- School of life science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Junsong Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China
| | - Shengxin Nie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China
| | - Yukun Li
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China
| | - Yanni Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jianwei He
- School of life science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Weiguo Li
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China
| | - Mingzhang Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jianjun Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China
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Lian C, Zhang F, Yang H, Zhang X, Lan J, Zhang B, Liu X, Yang J, Chen S. Multi-omics analysis of small RNA, transcriptome, and degradome to identify putative miRNAs linked to MeJA regulated and oridonin biosynthesis in Isodon rubescens. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:129123. [PMID: 38163496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Isodon rubescens has garnered much attention due to its anti-tumor or anti-cancer properties. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of oridonin biosynthesis leveraging the regulatory network between small RNAs and mRNAs. In this study, the regulatory networks of miRNAs and targets were examined by combining mRNA, miRNA, and degradome. A total of 348 miRNAs, including 287 known miRNAs and 61 novel miRNAs, were identified. Among them, 51 miRNAs were significantly expressed, and 36 miRNAs responded to MeJA. A total of 3066 target genes were associated with 228 miRNAs via degradome sequencing. Multi-omics analysis demonstrated that 27 miRNA-mRNA pairs were speculated to be involved in MeJA regulation, and 36 miRNA-mRNA pairs were hypothesized to be involved in the genotype-dependence of I. rubescens. Furthermore, 151 and 7 miRNA-mRNA modules were likely engaged in oridonin biosynthesis as identified by psRNATarget and degradome sequencing, respectively. Some miRNA-mRNA modules were confirmed via RT-qPCR. Moreover, miRNAs targeting plant hormone signal transduction pathway genes were identified, such as miR156, miR167, miR393, and PC-3p-19822_242. Collectively, our results demonstrate for the first time that miRNAs are identified in I. rubescens, and laid a solid foundation for further research on the molecular mechanism of oridonin biosynthesis mediated by miRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conglong Lian
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Esat Jin-shui Rd, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry, 156 Esat Jin-shui Rd, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Fei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Esat Jin-shui Rd, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry, 156 Esat Jin-shui Rd, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Hao Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Esat Jin-shui Rd, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry, 156 Esat Jin-shui Rd, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Xueyu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Esat Jin-shui Rd, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry, 156 Esat Jin-shui Rd, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Jinxu Lan
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Esat Jin-shui Rd, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry, 156 Esat Jin-shui Rd, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Bao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Esat Jin-shui Rd, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry, 156 Esat Jin-shui Rd, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Xiuyu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Esat Jin-shui Rd, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry, 156 Esat Jin-shui Rd, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Jingfan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Esat Jin-shui Rd, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry, 156 Esat Jin-shui Rd, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China
| | - Suiqing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Esat Jin-shui Rd, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China; Henan Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry, 156 Esat Jin-shui Rd, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China.
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Zhao Y, Liang Y, Luo G, Li Y, Han X, Wen M. Sequence-Structure Analysis Unlocking the Potential Functional Application of the Local 3D Motifs of Plant-Derived Diterpene Synthases. Biomolecules 2024; 14:120. [PMID: 38254720 PMCID: PMC10813164 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived diterpene synthases (PdiTPSs) play a critical role in the formation of structurally and functionally diverse diterpenoids. However, the specificity or functional-related features of PdiTPSs are not well understood. For a more profound insight, we collected, constructed, and curated 199 functionally characterized PdiTPSs and their corresponding 3D structures. The complex correlations among their sequences, domains, structures, and corresponding products were comprehensively analyzed. Ultimately, our focus narrowed to the geometric arrangement of local structures. We found that local structural alignment can rapidly localize product-specific residues that have been validated by mutagenesis experiments. Based on the 3D motifs derived from the residues around the substrate, we successfully searched diterpene synthases (diTPSs) from the predicted terpene synthases and newly characterized PdiTPSs, suggesting that the identified 3D motifs can serve as distinctive signatures in diTPSs (I and II class). Local structural analysis revealed the PdiTPSs with more conserved amino acid residues show features unique to class I and class II, whereas those with fewer conserved amino acid residues typically exhibit product diversity and specificity. These results provide an attractive method for discovering novel or functionally equivalent enzymes and probing the product specificity in cases where enzyme characterization is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Zhao
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (G.L.); (X.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yupeng Liang
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (G.L.); (X.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Gan Luo
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (G.L.); (X.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
| | - Xiulin Han
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (G.L.); (X.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Mengliang Wen
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (G.L.); (X.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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Ren X, Lin C, Huang Y, Su T, Guo J, Yang L. Miltiradiene Production by Cytoplasmic Metabolic Engineering in Nicotiana benthamiana. Metabolites 2023; 13:1188. [PMID: 38132870 PMCID: PMC10745046 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13121188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant natural products are important sources of innovative drugs, but the extraction and isolation of medicinal natural products from plants is challenging as these compounds have complex structures that are difficult to synthesize chemically. Therefore, utilizing heterologous expression systems to produce medicinal natural products in plants is a novel, environmentally friendly, and sustainable method. In this study, Nicotiana benthamiana was used as the plant platform to successfully produce miltiradiene, the key intermediate of tanshinones, which are the bioactive constituents of the Chinese medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza. The yield of miltiradiene was increased through cytoplasmic engineering strategies combined with the enhancement of isoprenoid precursors. Additionally, we discovered that overexpressing SmHMGR alone accelerated apoptosis in tobacco leaves. Due to the richer membrane systems and cofactors in tobacco compared to yeast, tobacco is more conducive to the expression of plant enzymes. Therefore, this study lays the foundation for dissecting the tanshinone biosynthetic pathway in tobacco, which is essential for subsequent research. Additionally, it highlights the potential of N. benthamiana as an alternative platform for the production of natural products in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiang Ren
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.R.); (T.S.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; (C.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Chuhang Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; (C.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yanbo Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; (C.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Tao Su
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (X.R.); (T.S.)
| | - Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, Beijing 100700, China;
| | - Lei Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; (C.L.); (Y.H.)
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Qiu T, Li Y, Wu H, Yang H, Peng Z, Du Z, Wu Q, Wang H, Shen Y, Huang L. Tandem duplication and sub-functionalization of clerodane diterpene synthase originate the blooming of clerodane diterpenoids in Scutellaria barbata. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:375-388. [PMID: 37395679 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Scutellaria barbata is a traditional Chinese herb medicine and a major source of bioactive clerodane diterpenoids. However, barely clerodanes have been isolated from the closely related S. baicalensis. Here we assembled a chromosome-level genome of S. barbata and identified three class II clerodane diterpene synthases (SbarKPS1, SbarKPS2 and SbaiKPS1) from these two organisms. Using in vitro and in vivo assays, SbarKPS1 was characterized as a monofunctional (-)-kolavenyl diphosphate synthases ((-)-KPS), while SbarKPS2 and SbaiKPS1 produced major neo-cleroda-4(18),13E-dienyl diphosphate with small amount of (-)-KPP. SbarKPS1 and SbarKPS2 shared a high protein sequence identity and formed a tandem gene pair, indicating tandem duplication and sub-functionalization probably led to the evolution of monofunctional (-)-KPS in S. barbata. Additionally, SbarKPS1 and SbarKPS2 were primarily expressed in the leaves and flowers of S. barbata, which was consistent with the distribution of major clerodane diterpenoids scutebarbatine A and B. In contrast, SbaiKPS1 was barely expressed in any tissue of S. baicalensis. We further explored the downstream class I diTPS by functional characterizing of SbarKSL3 and SbarKSL4. Unfortunately, no dephosphorylated product was detected in the coupled assays with SbarKSL3/KSL4 and four class II diTPSs (SbarKPS1, SbarKPS2, SbarCPS2 and SbarCPS4) when a phosphatase inhibitor cocktail was included. Co-expression of SbarKSL3/KSL4 with class II diTPSs in yeast cells did not increase the yield of the corresponding dephosphorylated products, either. Together, these findings elucidated the involvement of two class II diTPSs in clerodane biosynthesis in S. barbata, while the class I diTPS is likely not responsible for the subsequent dephosphorylation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Qiu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - YangYan Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Haisheng Wu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ziqiu Peng
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zuying Du
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qingwen Wu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yanting Shen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lili Huang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Tian M, Jin B, Chen L, Ma R, Ma Q, Li X, Chen T, Guo J, Ge H, Zhao X, Lai C, Tang J, Cui G, Huang L. Functional diversity of diterpene synthases in Aconitum plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 202:107968. [PMID: 37619270 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Aconitum genus within the Ranunculaceae family are known to accumulate a broad array of medicinal and toxic diterpenoid alkaloids (DAs). Historically, ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CPP) was considered the sole precursor in DAs biosynthesis. However, the recent discovery of ent-8,13-CPP synthase in A. gymnandrum Maxim., which participates in ent-atiserene biosynthesis, raises the question of whether this gene is conserved throughout the Aconitum genus. In this study, RNA sequencing and PacBio Iso-sequencing were employed to identify diterpene synthases (diTPSs) in four additional Aconitum species with distinct DA compositions. In vitro and in vivo analyses functionally characterized a diverse array of 10 class II and 9 class I diTPSs. In addition to the identification of seven class II diTPSs as ent-CPP synthases, three other synthases generating ent-8,13-CPP, 8,13-CPP, and 8α-hydroxy-CPP were also discovered. Four class I kaurene synthases-like (KSLs) were observed to react with ent-CPP to yield ent-kaurene. Three KSLs not only reacted with ent-CPP but also ent-8,13-CPP to produce ent-atiserene. AsiKSL2-1 was found to react with 8α-hydroxy-CPP to produce Z-abienol and AsiKSL2-2 exhibited no activity with any of the four intermediates. This research delineates the known diterpene biosynthesis pathways in six Aconitum species and explores the highly divergent diterpene synthases within the genus, which are consistent with their phylogeny and may be responsible for the differential distribution of diterpenoid alkaloids in root and aerial parts. These findings contribute valuable insights into the diversification of diterpene biosynthesis and establish a solid foundation for future investigation into DA biosynthetic pathways in Aconitum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Baolong Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Lingli Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anhui Food and Drug Inspection and Research Institute, Hefei, 230051, China
| | - Rui Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Hui Ge
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Changjiangsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jinfu Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Guanghong Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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8
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Du Z, Peng Z, Yang H, Wu H, Sun J, Huang L. Identification and functional characterization of three cytochrome P450 genes for the abietane diterpenoid biosynthesis in Isodon lophanthoides. PLANTA 2023; 257:90. [PMID: 36991182 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We identify two ferruginol synthases and a 11-hydroxyferruginol synthase from a traditional Chinese medicinal herb Isodon lophanthoides and propose their involvement in two independent abietane diterpenoids biosynthetic pathways. Isodon lophanthoides is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb rich in highly oxidized abietane-type diterpenoids. These compounds exhibit a wide range of pharmaceutical activities, yet the biosynthesis is barely known. Here, we describe the screening and functional characterization of P450s that oxidize the abietane skeleton abietatriene. We mainly focused on CYP76 family and identified 12 CYP76AHs by mining the RNA-seq data of I. lophanthoides. Among the 12 CYP76AHs, 6 exhibited similar transcriptional expression features as upstream diterpene synthases, including root or leaf-preferential expression pattern and highly MeJA inducibility. These six P450s were considered as first-tier candidates and functionally characterized in yeast and plant cells. In yeast assays showed that both CYP76AH42 and CYP76AH43 were ferruginol synthases hydroxylating the C12 position of abietatriene, whereas CYP76AH46 was characterized as a 11-hydroxyferruginol synthase which catalyzes two successive oxidations at C12 and C11 of abietatriene. Heterologous expression of three CYP76AHs in Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in the formation of ferruginol. qPCR analysis showed CYP76AH42 and CYP76AH43 were mainly expressed in the root, which was consistent with the distribution of ferruginol in the root periderms. CYP76AH46 was primarily expressed in the leaves where barely ferruginol or 11-hydroxyferruginol was detected. In addition to distinct organ-specific expression pattern, three CYP76AHs exhibited different genomic structures (w or w/o introns), low protein sequence identities (51-63%) and were placed in separate subclades in the phylogenetic tree. These results suggest that the identified CYP76AHs may be involved in at least two independent abietane biosynthetic pathways in the aerial and underground parts of I. lophanthoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuying Du
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ziqiu Peng
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Haisheng Wu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lili Huang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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9
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Sun Y, Shao J, Liu H, Wang H, Wang G, Li J, Mao Y, Chen Z, Ma K, Xu L, Wang Y. A chromosome-level genome assembly reveals that tandem-duplicated CYP706V oxidase genes control oridonin biosynthesis in the shoot apex of Isodon rubescens. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:517-532. [PMID: 36518072 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ent-kaurenoids (e.g., oridonin and enmein) from the Isodon genus (Lamiaceae) are one class of diterpenoids with rich structural diversity and intriguing pharmaceutical activity. In contrast to the well-established gibberellin pathway, oxidative modifications diversifying the ent-kaurene skeleton in Isodon have remained undetermined for half a century. Here we report a chromosome-level genome assembly of I. rubescens, a well-recognized oridonin producer long favored by Asian people as a traditional herb with antitumor effects. The shoot apex was confirmed to be the actual region actively producing ent-kaurene diterpenoids. Through comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses, we discovered a cluster of tandem-duplicated CYP706V oxygenase-encoding genes located on an ancient genomic block widely distributed in eudicots, whereas almost exclusively emerged in Isodon plants. In the shoot apex, IrCYP706V2 and IrCYP706V7 oxidized the ent-kaurene core in the initial stage of oridonin biosynthesis. Loss of CYP706Vs in other Lamiaceae plants offered an explanation for the specific kaurenoid production in Isodon plants. Moreover, we found that the Isodon genomes encode multiple diterpenoid synthases that are potentially involved in generating diterpenoid diversity. These findings provided new insights into the evolution of the lineage-specific diterpenoid pathway and laid a foundation for improving production of bioactive ent-kaurene-type diterpenoids by molecular breeding and synthetic biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Sun
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jie Shao
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Haili Liu
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hua Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yaping Mao
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ke Ma
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lin Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong Wang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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10
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Tong Y, Ma X, Hu T, Chen K, Cui G, Su P, Xu H, Gao W, Jiang T, Huang L. Structural and mechanistic insights into the precise product synthesis by a bifunctional miltiradiene synthase. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:165-175. [PMID: 36161753 PMCID: PMC9829396 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Selaginella moellendorffii miltiradiene synthase (SmMDS) is a unique bifunctional diterpene synthase (diTPS) that catalyses the successive cyclization of (E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) via (+)-copalyl diphosphate (CPP) to miltiradiene, which is a crucial precursor of important medicinal compounds, such as triptolide, ecabet sodium and carnosol. Miltiradiene synthetic processes have been studied in monofunctional diTPSs, while the precise mechanism by which active site amino acids determine product simplicity and the experimental evidence for reaction intermediates remain elusive. In addition, how bifunctional diTPSs work compared to monofunctional enzymes is attractive for detailed research. Here, by mutagenesis studies of SmMDS, we confirmed that pimar-15-en-8-yl+ is an intermediate in miltiradiene synthesis. Moreover, we determined the apo-state and the GGPP-bound state crystal structures of SmMDS. By structure analysis and mutagenesis experiments, possible contributions of key residues both in class I and II active sites were suggested. Based on the structural and functional analyses, we confirmed the copal-15-yl+ intermediate and unveiled more details of the catalysis process in the SmMDS class I active site. Moreover, the structural and experimental results suggest an internal channel for (+)-CPP produced in the class II active site moving towards the class I active site. Our research is a good example for intermediate identification of diTPSs and provides new insights into the product specificity determinants and intermediate transport, which should greatly facilitate the precise controlled synthesis of various diterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Tong
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia MedicaChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- National Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesInstitute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Kang Chen
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia MedicaChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guanghong Cui
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia MedicaChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ping Su
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia MedicaChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Haifeng Xu
- National Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesInstitute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wei Gao
- Beijing Shijitan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tao Jiang
- National Laboratory of BiomacromoleculesInstitute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia MedicaChina Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
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11
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Lee JB, Ohmura T, Yamamura Y. Functional Characterization of Three Diterpene Synthases Responsible for Tetracyclic Diterpene Biosynthesis in Scoparia dulcis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:69. [PMID: 36616198 PMCID: PMC9824296 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Scoparia dulcis produces unique biologically active diterpenoids such as scopadulcic acid B (SDB). They are biosynthesized from geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) via syn-copalyl diphosphate (syn-CPP) and scopadulanol as an important key intermediate. In this paper, we functionally characterized three diterpene synthases, SdCPS2, SdKSL1 and SdKSL2, from S. dulcis. The SdCPS2 catalyzed a cyclization reaction from GGPP to syn-CPP, and SdKSL1 did from syn-CPP to scopadulan-13α-ol. On the other hand, SdKSL2 was found to incorporate a non-sense mutation at 682. Therefore, we mutated the nucleotide residue from A to G in SdKSL2 to produce SdKSL2mut, and it was able to recover the catalytic function from syn-CPP to syn-aphidicol-16-ene, the precursor to scopadulin. From our results, SdCPS2 and SdKSL1 might be important key players for SDB biosynthesis in S. dulcis.
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12
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Validation of suitable reference genes by various algorithms for gene expression analysis in Isodon rubescens under different abiotic stresses. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19599. [PMID: 36380055 PMCID: PMC9666634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Isodon rubescens (Hemsley) H. Hara (Lamiaceae) is a traditional Chinese medicine plant that has been used to treat various human diseases. Oridonin is one of the main active ingredients, and the route of its molecular biosynthesis remains to be determined. The study of gene expression patterns can provide clues toward the understanding of its biological functions. The selection of suitable reference genes for normalizing target gene expression is the first steps in any quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) gene expression study. Therefore, validation of suitable reference genes is necessary for obtaining reliable results in RT-qPCR analyses of I. rubescens. Here, 12 candidate reference genes were chosen, and their expression stability in different tissues of I. rubescens and in leaves under different abiotic stresses (NaCl, dehydration, SA, MeJA, and ABA) was evaluated using the ∆Ct, NormFinder, GeNorm, BestKeeper, and RankAggreg statistical tools. Analysis using the comprehensive tools of RankAggreg algorithm showed that GADPH, 18S and eIF were stably expressed in different tissues; UBQ, Apt, and HIS; Cycl, UBQ, and PP2A; GADPH, 18S, and eIF; eIF, UBQ, and PP2A; TUB, Cycl, and UBQ; were the best three candidate reference genes for the samples of Dehydration, NaCl, SA, MeJA, and ABA treatment, respectively. While for the concatenated sets of ND (NaCl and dehydration) and SMA (SA, MeJA, and ABA), UBQ, HIS, and TUA; UBQ, eIF and Apt were the three appropriate candidate reference genes, respectively. In addition, the expression patterns of HMGR in different tissues and under different treatments were used to confirm the reliability of the selected reference genes, indicating that the use of an inappropriate reference gene as the internal control will cause results with a large deviation. This work is the first study on the expression stability of reference genes in I. rubescens and will be particularly useful for gene functional research in this species.
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Integrating Metabolomics and Transcriptomics to Unveil Atisine Biosynthesis in Aconitum gymnandrum Maxim. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113463. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diterpene alkaloids (DAs) are characteristic compounds in Aconitum, which are classified into four skeletal types: C18, C19, C20, and bisditerpenoid alkaloids. C20-DAs are thought to be the precursor of the other types. Their biosynthetic pathway, however, is largely unclear. Herein, we combine metabolomics and transcriptomics to unveil the methyl jasmonate (MJ) inducible biosynthesis of DAs in the sterile seedling of A. gymnandrum, the only species in the Subgenus Gymnaconitum (Stapf) Rapaics. Target metabolomics based on root and aerial portions identified 51 C19-DAs and 15 C20-DAs, with 40 inducible compounds. The highest content of C20-DA atisine was selected for further network analysis. PacBio Isoform sequencing integrated with RNA sequencing not only provided the full-length transcriptome but also their response to induction, revealing 1994 genes that exhibited up-regulated expression. Further, 38 genes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis were identified, including 7 diterpene synthases. In addition to the expected function of the four diterpene synthases, AgCPS5 was identified to be a new ent-8,13-CPP synthase in Aconitum and could also combine with AgKSL1 to form the C20-DAs precursor ent-atiserene. Combined with multiple network analyses, six CYP450 and seven 2-ODD genes predicted to be involved in the biosynthesis of atisine were also identified. This study not only sheds light on diterpene synthase evolution in Aconitum but also provides a rich dataset of full-length transcriptomes, systemic metabolomes, and gene expression profiles, setting the groundwork for further investigation of the C20-DAs biosynthesis pathway.
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14
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Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Lophanic Acid Derivatives as Antifungal and Antibacterial Agents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206836. [PMID: 36296430 PMCID: PMC9611534 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to discover more promising antifungal and antibacterial agents, a series of new derivatives were designed and synthesized by structure modification based on the naturally occurring antimicrobial compound lophanic acid. The structures of all the target compounds were well characterized by spectroscopic data. The stereochemistry of these compounds was further determined through the X-ray diffraction analysis of 6a. The synthetic compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities against filamentous fungi (T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes), yeasts (C. neoformans, C. albicans) and Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (MRSA, S. mutans, S. sobrinus, and E. coli). Among them, 3d and 3i are found as the most promising leads that showed potent inhibitory effects against all the tested fungal and bacterial strains except for E. coli. The presence of the C-20 carboxylic ester groups and the free hydroxy group at C-13 was found to be essential for the antifungal and antibacterial activities of the lophanic acid derivatives.
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15
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Lian C, Lan J, Zhang B, Yang H, Guo K, Li J, Chen S. Molecular Cloning and Functional Analysis of IrUGT86A1-like Gene in Medicinal Plant Isodon rubescens (Hemsl.) Hara. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091334. [PMID: 36143372 PMCID: PMC9503823 DOI: 10.3390/life12091334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of secondary metabolites in plants often includes glycosylation modifications. Often, the final step of constructing plant secondary metabolites is completed by glycosylation transferases, which are also involved in many cell processes. In this study, a UDP-glycosyltransferase gene (UGT) was amplified from Isodon rubescens (Hemsl.) Hara with RT-PCR and named IrUGT86A1-like (GenBank: MZ913258). Here, we found that IrUGT86A1-like gene is 1450 bp in length and encodes for 479 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that IrUGT86A1-like is a stable and hydrophilic protein, located in the cytoplasm with a transmembrane domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed that IrUGT86A1-like protein has the closest genetic relationship with the UDP-glycosyltransferase 86A1-like protein (XP_042054241.1) of Salvia splendens. RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that the expression of IrUGT86A1-like gene varied in different tissues; leaves had the highest expression followed by flowers, stems, and roots had the lowest expression. This expression trend is similar to the distribution of oridonin content in different tissues of I. rubescens. Additionally, IrUGT86A1-like gene was found to be positively enhanced by NaCl and MeJA treatment, and in contrast was down-regulated by ABA treatment. Finally, the prokaryotic expression vector pEASY®-Blunt E1-IrUGT86A1 was successfully used to express about 53 KD of IrUGT86A1-like protein. This research builds a foundation for further investigation on the function of this gene in the synthesis and modification of secondary metabolites.
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Wang J, Mao Y, Ma Y, Yang J, Jin B, Lin H, Tang J, Zeng W, Zhao Y, Gao W, Peters RJ, Guo J, Cui G, Huang L. Diterpene synthases from Leonurus japonicus elucidate epoxy-bridge formation of spiro-labdane diterpenoids. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:99-111. [PMID: 35157086 PMCID: PMC9070827 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spiro-9,13-epoxy-labdane diterpenoids are commonly found in Leonurus species, particularly in Leonurus japonicus Houtt., which is a medicinal herb of long-standing use in Asia and in which such spiro-heterocycles are present in at least 38 diterpenoids. Here, through generation of a transcriptome and functional characterization of six diterpene synthases (diTPSs) from L. japonicus, including three class II diTPSs (LjTPS1, LjTPS3, and LjTPS4) and three class I diTPSs (LjTPS5, LjTPS6, and LjTPS7), formation of the spiro-9,13-epoxy-labdane backbone was elucidated, along with identification of the relevant diTPSs for production of other labdane-related diterpenes. Similar to what has been found with diTPSs from other plant species, while LjTPS3 specifically produces the carbon-9 (C9) hydroxylated bicycle peregrinol diphosphate (PPP), the subsequently acting LjTPS6 yields a mixture of four products, largely labda-13(16),14-dien-9-ol, but with substantial amounts of viteagnusin D and the C13-S/R epimers of 9,13-epoxy-labda-14-ene. Notably, structure-function analysis identified a critical residue in LjTPS6 (I420) in which single site mutations enable specific production of the 13S epimer. Indeed, extensive mutagenesis demonstrated that LjTPS6:I420G reacts with PPP to both specifically and efficiently produce 9,13S-epoxy-labda-14-ene, providing a specialized synthase for further investigation of derived diterpenoid biosynthesis. The results reported here provide a strong foundation for future studies of the intriguing spiro-9,13-epoxy-labdane diterpenoid metabolism found in L. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yaping Mao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Baolong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Huixin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jinfu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 10038, China
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Guanghong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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17
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Mechanistic analysis for the origin of diverse diterpenes in Tripterygium wilfordii. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2923-2933. [PMID: 35755287 PMCID: PMC9214345 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripterygium wilfordii is a valuable medicinal plant rich in biologically active diterpenoids, but there are few studies on the origins of these diterpenoids in its secondary metabolism. Here, we identified three regions containing tandemly duplicated diterpene synthase genes on chromosomes (Chr) 17 and 21 of T. wilfordii and obtained 11 diterpene synthases with different functions. We further revealed that these diterpene synthases underwent duplication and rearrangement at approximately 2.3–23.7 million years ago (MYA) by whole-genome triplication (WGT), transposon mediation, and tandem duplication, followed by functional divergence. We first demonstrated that four key amino acids in the sequences of TwCPS3, TwCPS5, and TwCPS6 were altered during evolution, leading to their functional divergence and the formation of diterpene secondary metabolites. Then, we demonstrated that the functional divergence of three TwKSLs was driven by mutations in two key amino acids. Finally, we discovered the mechanisms of evolution and pseudogenization of miltiradiene synthases in T. wilfordii and elucidated that the new function in TwMS1/2 from the terpene synthase (TPS)-b subfamily was caused by progressive changes in multiple amino acids after the WGT event. Our results provide key evidence for the formation of diverse diterpenoids during the evolution of secondary metabolites in T. wilfordii.
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Yang R, Du Z, Qiu T, Sun J, Shen Y, Huang L. Discovery and Functional Characterization of a Diverse Diterpene Synthase Family in the Medicinal Herb Isodon lophanthoides Var. gerardiana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1423-1435. [PMID: 34133748 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Isodon lophanthoides var. gerardiana (Lamiaceae), also named xihuangcao, is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb that exhibits a broad range of pharmacological activities. Abietane-type diterpenoids are the characteristic constituents of I. lophanthoides, yet their biosynthesis has not been elucidated. Although the aerial parts are the most commonly used organs of I. lophanthoides, metabolite profiling by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed the underground parts also contain large amounts of labdane diterpenoids including abietatriene, miltiradiene and ferruginol, which are distinct from the 13-hydroxy-8(14)-abietene detected in the aerial parts. Comparative transcriptome analysis of root and leaf samples identified a diverse diterpene synthase family including 6 copalyl diphosphate synthase (IlCPS1-6) and 5 kaurene synthase-like (IlKSL1-5). Here we report the functional characterization of six of these enzymes using yeast heterologous expression system. Both IlCPS1 and IlCPS3 synthesized (+)-copalyl diphosphate (CPP), in combination with IlKSL1 resulted in miltiradiene, precursor of abietane-type diterpenoids, while coupling with IlKSL5 led to the formation of hydroxylated diterpene scaffold nezukol. Expression profiling and phylogenetic analysis further support the distinct evolutionary relationship and spatial distribution of IlCPS1 and IlCPS3. IlCPS2 converted GGPP into labda-7,13E-dien-15-ol diphosphate. IlCPS6 was identified as ent-CPS, indicating a role in gibberellin metabolism. We further identified a single residue that determined the water addition of nezukol synthase IlKSL5. Substitution of alanine 513 with isoleucine completely altered the product outcome from hydroxylated nezukol to isopimara-7,15-diene. Together, these findings elucidated the early steps of bioactive abietane-type diterpenoid biosynthesis in I. lophanthoides and the catalytic mechanism of nezukol synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruikang Yang
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Rd, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Zuying Du
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Rd, Guangzhou 510405, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Ting Qiu
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Rd, Guangzhou 510405, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of biotechnology and bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Rd Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanting Shen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Waihuan Rd, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lili Huang
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Rd, Guangzhou 510405, China
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Waihuan Rd, Guangzhou 510006, China
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19
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Mao L, Jin B, Chen L, Tian M, Ma R, Yin B, Zhang H, Guo J, Tang J, Chen T, Lai C, Cui G, Huang L. Functional identification of the terpene synthase family involved in diterpenoid alkaloids biosynthesis in Aconitum carmichaelii. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3310-3321. [PMID: 34729318 PMCID: PMC8546855 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aconitum carmichaelii is a high-value medicinal herb widely used across China, Japan, and other Asian countries. Aconitine-type diterpene alkaloids (DAs) are the characteristic compounds in Aconitum. Although six transcriptomes, based on short-read next generation sequencing technology, have been reported from the Aconitum species, the terpene synthase (TPS) corresponding to DAs biosynthesis remains unidentified. We apply a combination of Pacbio isoform sequencing and RNA sequencing to provide a comprehensive view of the A. carmichaelii transcriptome. Nineteen TPSs and five alternative splicing isoforms belonging to TPS-b, TPS-c, and TPS-e/f subfamilies were identified. In vitro enzyme reaction analysis functional identified two sesqui-TPSs and twelve diTPSs. Seven of the TPS-c subfamily genes reacted with GGPP to produce the intermediate ent-copalyl diphosphate. Five AcKSLs separately reacted with ent-CPP to produce ent-kaurene, ent-atiserene, and ent-13-epi-sandaracopimaradie: a new diterpene found in Aconitum. AcTPSs gene expression in conjunction DAs content analysis in different tissues validated that ent-CPP is the sole precursor to all DAs biosynthesis, with AcKSL1, AcKSL2s and AcKSL3-1 responsible for C20 atisine and napelline type DAs biosynthesis, respectively. These data clarified the molecular basis for the C20-DAs biosynthetic pathway in A. carmichaelii and pave the way for further exploration of C19-DAs biosynthesis in the Aconitum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuying Mao
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Baolong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lingli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Mei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Rui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Biwei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jinfu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Changjiangsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Guanghong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
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20
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Gao K, Zha WL, Zhu JX, Zheng C, Zi JC. A review: biosynthesis of plant-derived labdane-related diterpenoids. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:666-674. [PMID: 34561077 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived labdane-related diterpenoids (LRDs) represent a large group of terpenoids. LRDs possess either a labdane-type bicyclic core structure or more complex ring systems derived from labdane-type skeletons, such as abietane, pimarane, kaurane, etc. Due to their various pharmaceutical activities and unique properties, many of LRDs have been widely used in pharmaceutical, food and perfume industries. Biosynthesis of various LRDs has been extensively studied, leading to characterization of a large number of new biosynthetic enzymes. The biosynthetic pathways of important LRDs and the relevant enzymes (especially diterpene synthases and cytochrome P450 enzymes) were summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wen-Long Zha
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jian-Xun Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Cheng Zheng
- Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China.
| | - Jia-Chen Zi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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21
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Itoh A, Nakazato S, Wakabayashi H, Hamano A, Shenton MR, Miyamoto K, Mitsuhashi W, Okada K, Toyomasu T. Functional kaurene-synthase-like diterpene synthases lacking a gamma domain are widely present in Oryza and related species. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1945-1952. [PMID: 34244709 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Various diterpene synthases have been functionally identified in cultivated rice (Oryza sativa). These are the homologs of ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CDP) synthase and ent-kaurene synthase (KS) that are responsible for the biosynthesis of gibberellins, diterpenoid phytohormones. We isolated a cDNA encoding full-length OsKSL12, a previously uncharacterized KS like (KSL) enzyme that consists of a β-domain and an α-domain with an active center, but lacks an N-terminal γ-domain. Functional analysis using a bacterial expression system showed that recombinant OsKSL12 converted ent-CDP into ent-manool or ent-13-epi-manool. Comparative genomics revealed that functional OsKSL12 homologs exist in diverse wild species in the Oryzeae- Oryza nivara (Oryza rufipogon), Oryza coarctata, Oryza granulata, Leersia perrieri and Leersia tisseranti. KSL12 homologs in O. granulata, L. perrieri and L. tisseranti preferentially reacted with GGDP rather than ent-CDP, resulting in geranyllinalool rather than ent-manool or ent-13-epi-manool as the main product, meaning that KSL12 functionally diversified during evolution in the Oryzeae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Itoh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Shinta Nakazato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | | | - Ayame Hamano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | | | - Koji Miyamoto
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Wataru Mitsuhashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kazunori Okada
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Toyomasu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
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22
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Hu Z, Liu X, Tian M, Ma Y, Jin B, Gao W, Cui G, Guo J, Huang L. Recent progress and new perspectives for diterpenoid biosynthesis in medicinal plants. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2971-2997. [PMID: 33938025 DOI: 10.1002/med.21816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diterpenoids, including more than 18,000 compounds, represent an important class of metabolites that encompass both phytohormones and some industrially relevant compounds. These molecules with complex, diverse structures and physiological activities, have high value in the pharmaceutical industry. Most medicinal diterpenoids are extracted from plants. Major advances in understanding the biosynthetic pathways of these active compounds are providing unprecedented opportunities for the industrial production of diterpenoids by metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. Here, we summarize recent developments in the field of diterpenoid biosynthesis from medicinal herbs. An overview of the pathways and known biosynthetic enzymes is presented. In particular, we look at the main findings from the past decade and review recent progress in the biosynthesis of different groups of ringed compounds. We also discuss diterpenoid production using synthetic biology and metabolic engineering strategies, and draw on new technologies and discoveries to bring together many components into a useful framework for diterpenoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Mei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baolong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical, Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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23
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Ma Y, Cui G, Chen T, Ma X, Wang R, Jin B, Yang J, Kang L, Tang J, Lai C, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Shen Y, Zeng W, Peters RJ, Qi X, Guo J, Huang L. Expansion within the CYP71D subfamily drives the heterocyclization of tanshinones synthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Nat Commun 2021; 12:685. [PMID: 33514704 PMCID: PMC7846762 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-20959-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tanshinones are the bioactive nor-diterpenoid constituents of the Chinese medicinal herb Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza). These groups of chemicals have the characteristic furan D-ring, which differentiates them from the phenolic abietane-type diterpenoids frequently found in the Lamiaceae family. However, how the 14,16-epoxy is formed has not been elucidated. Here, we report an improved genome assembly of Danshen using a highly homozygous genotype. We identify a cytochrome P450 (CYP71D) tandem gene array through gene expansion analysis. We show that CYP71D373 and CYP71D375 catalyze hydroxylation at carbon-16 (C16) and 14,16-ether (hetero)cyclization to form the D-ring, whereas CYP71D411 catalyzes upstream hydroxylation at C20. In addition, we discover a large biosynthetic gene cluster associated with tanshinone production. Collinearity analysis indicates a more specific origin of tanshinones in Salvia genus. It illustrates the evolutionary origin of abietane-type diterpenoids and those with a furan D-ring in Lamiaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghong Cui
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Ruishan Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baolong Jin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Kang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinfu Tang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changjiangsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Shen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Roy J. Carver Dep. of Biochem., Biophys. & Mol. Biol., Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Xiaoquan Qi
- Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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24
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Drummond GJ, Grant PS, Brimble MA. ent-Atisane diterpenoids: isolation, structure and bioactivity. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:330-345. [PMID: 32716458 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00039f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2020 ent-Atisane diterpenoids are a class of over 150 members with diverse structures and valuable bioactivities. These compounds share a curious history in which the synthesis of the archetypal member preceded its isolation from natural sources. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the isolation, structure, and bioactivity of ent-atisane diterpenoids from their discovery in 1965 to the present day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace J Drummond
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Phillip S Grant
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand and Maurice Wilkins Centre of Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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25
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Shao J, Sun Y, Liu H, Wang Y. Pathway elucidation and engineering of plant-derived diterpenoids. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 69:10-16. [PMID: 33032240 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived diterpenoids are indispensable to plant development, stress-resistance and interaction with environmental microorganisms. Besides significant roles in plant fitness and adaption, many bioactivities beneficial to human beings are also found in diterpenoids from terrestrial plants. However, these high-value compounds are always present in limited species with low-abundance. Complicated chemosynthesis hardly meets the needs of sufficient supplies. To overcome these obstacles, it is necessary to investigate how diterpenoids are biosynthesized in planta, and followed by engineering the biosynthetic pathway to achieve high yield production. This review will summarize the recent progress of plant diterpenoid biosynthetic pathway discovery and engineering, hoping to offer an inspiration for concerned researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haili Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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26
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Yang M, Liu G, Yamamura Y, Chen F, Fu J. Divergent Evolution of the Diterpene Biosynthesis Pathway in Tea Plants ( Camellia sinensis) Caused by Single Amino Acid Variation of ent-Kaurene Synthase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9930-9939. [PMID: 32841021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Most plant terpenoids are classified as secondary metabolites. A small portion of them are products of primary metabolism biosynthesized by relatively conserved pathways. Gibberellins (GAs), which are essential for plant growth and development, are diterpenoid phytohormones. (E,E,E)-Geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) is the precursor for both GAs and other diterpenoids of secondary metabolism. ent-Kaurene biosynthesis from GGPP is a key step of GA formation, which is catalyzed by two sequential and dedicated diterpene synthases (diTPSs): ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (CPS) and ent-kaurene synthase (KS) of the terpene synthase gene family. Sharing a common evolutionary origin, CPS and KS belong to different TPS subfamilies. Tea plant (Camellia sinensis), the subject of this study, is a leaf-based economic crop. Budbreak mainly manipulated by GAs is a primary factor for targeted tea breeding. The key genes for gibberellin biosynthesis are known; however, they have not yet been characterized in tea plants. Here, we identified and functionally characterized three diterpene biosynthesis-related genes, including one CPS and two highly similar KSs in tea plants. These genes were initially identified through transcriptome sequencing. The functional characterization determined by enzymatic activity assay indicated that CsCPS could catalyze GGPP to form ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CPP), which was further used as the substrate by CsKS1 to produce ent-kaurene or by CsKS2 to produce 16α-hydroxy-ent-kaurane with ent-kaurene as a minor product, respectively. We demonstrated that the divergent evolution of diterpene biosynthesis in tea plants resulted from gene duplication of KSs, followed by functional divergence caused by single amino acid variation. This study would provide an insight into the diterpenoid metabolism and GA biosynthesis in tea plants to further understand leaf bud development or insect resistance and to provide a genetic basis for tea plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Guanhua Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yoshimi Yamamura
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama 9300194, Japan
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jianyu Fu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou 310008, China
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27
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Zhang X, King-Smith E, Dong LB, Yang LC, Rudolf JD, Shen B, Renata H. Divergent synthesis of complex diterpenes through a hybrid oxidative approach. Science 2020; 369:799-806. [PMID: 32792393 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb8271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic diterpenes exhibit many important biological activities, but de novo synthetic access to these molecules is highly challenging because of their structural complexity. Semisynthetic access has also been limited by the lack of chemical tools for scaffold modifications. We report a chemoenzymatic platform to access highly oxidized diterpenes by a hybrid oxidative approach that strategically combines chemical and enzymatic oxidation methods. This approach allows for selective oxidations of previously inaccessible sites on the parent carbocycles and enables abiotic skeletal rearrangements to additional underlying architectures. We synthesized a total of nine complex natural products with rich oxygenation patterns and skeletal diversity in 10 steps or less from ent-steviol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Emma King-Smith
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Liao-Bin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Li-Cheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Ben Shen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Natural Products Discovery Center at Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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28
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Hu T, Zhou J, Tong Y, Su P, Li X, Liu Y, Liu N, Wu X, Zhang Y, Wang J, Gao L, Tu L, Lu Y, Jiang Z, Zhou YJ, Gao W, Huang L. Engineering chimeric diterpene synthases and isoprenoid biosynthetic pathways enables high-level production of miltiradiene in yeast. Metab Eng 2020; 60:87-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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29
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Tan H, Chen X, Liang N, Chen R, Chen J, Hu C, Li Q, Li Q, Pei W, Xiao W, Yuan Y, Chen W, Zhang L. Transcriptome analysis reveals novel enzymes for apo-carotenoid biosynthesis in saffron and allows construction of a pathway for crocetin synthesis in yeast. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4819-4834. [PMID: 31056664 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Crocus sativus is generally considered the source of saffron spice which is rich in apo-carotenoid compounds such as crocins, crocetin, picrocrocin, and safranal, which possess effective pharmacological activities. However, little is known about the exact genes involved in apo-carotenoid biosynthesis in saffron and the potential mechanism of specific accumulation in the stigma. In this study, we integrated stigmas at different developmental stages to perform in-depth transcriptome and dynamic metabolomic analyses to discover the potential key catalytic steps involved in apo-carotenoid biosynthesis in saffron. A total of 61 202 unigenes were obtained, and 28 regulators and 32 putative carotenogenic genes were captured after the co-expression network analysis. Moreover, 15 candidate genes were predicted to be closely related to safranal and crocin production, in which one aldehyde dehydrogenase (CsALDH3) was validated to oxidize crocetin dialdehyde into crocetin and a crocetin-producing yeast strain was created. In addition, a new branch pathway that catalyses the conversion of geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate to copalol and ent-kaurene by the class II diterpene synthase CsCPS1 and three class I diterpene synthases CsEKL1/2/3 were investigated for the first time. Such gene to apo-carotenoid landscapes illuminate the synthetic charactersistics and regulators of apo-carotenoid biosynthesis, laying the foundation for a deep understanding of the biosynthesis mechanism and metabolic engineering of apo-carotenoids in plants or microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexin Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianghui Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruibing Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoyang Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weizhong Pei
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhai Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingjin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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30
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Jin B, Guo J, Tang J, Tong Y, Ma Y, Chen T, Wang Y, Shen Y, Zhao Y, Lai C, Cui G, Huang L. An alternative splicing alters the product outcome of a class I terpene synthase in Isodon rubescens. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 512:310-313. [PMID: 30890335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The labdane-related diterpenoids are an important superfamily of natural products. Their structural diversity mainly depends on diterpene synthases, which generate the hydrocarbon skeletal structures. Isodon rubescens contains an expanded family of class I terpene synthases with different functions. Here we report a novel class I terpene synthase cDNA (IrKSL3a) with loss of 18 nucleotides compared with the reported cDNA sequence (IrKSL3). Inspection of IrKSL3 genomic sequence indicated that IrKSL3a and IrKSL3 transcripts may be generated by an alternative splicing event that utilizes different 3' splice site. In vitro assays showed that IrKSL3a produced isopimaradiene and miltiradiene, while IrKSL3 only produced miltiradiene. Protein sequence alignment found the six residues encoded by the alternative exon was unique to IrKSL3, which are 17 residues away from the conserved DDXXD motif. A deletion mutant of IrKSL3 showed that maintaining two residues within the six-amino acid is sufficient for miltiradiene production, while the other mutants lost nearly all enzymatic function. Our results illustrated how product outcomes can be changed by alternative splicing, and further gave an interesting example for studying the loop conformation in tuning product outcome in class I terpene synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolong Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Jinfu Tang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Yuru Tong
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Ying Ma
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Ye Shen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Yujun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Changjiangsheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Guanghong Cui
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Luqi Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430065, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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31
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Du G, Gong HY, Feng KN, Chen QQ, Yang YL, Fu XL, Lu S, Zeng Y. Diterpene synthases facilitating production of the kaurane skeleton of eriocalyxin B in the medicinal plant Isodon eriocalyx. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 158:96-102. [PMID: 30496917 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Isodon plants (Lamiaceae) have been used in traditional Chinese medicine to alleviate sufferings from inflammations and cancers. This feature has been attributed to the presence of pharmacologically active ent-kaurane diterpenoids such as eriocalyxin B and oridonin. The Isodon eriocalyx (Dunn) Kudô species native to southwest China can accumulate a particularly high content of ent-kaurane diterpenoids (∼1.5% w/w of dried leaves). We previously identified diterpene synthases IeCPS1 and IeCPS2 as ent-copalyl diphosphate synthases (ent-CPS) potentially involved in Isodon ent-kaurane diterpenoids biosynthesis. In this study, analysis of RNA-seq transcriptome of the I. eriocalyx plant revealed three other diterpene synthase genes (IeCPS3, IeKS1, and IeKSL1). Their functional characterization through coupled in vitro enzyme assays has confirmed that IeCPS3 is an ent-CPS specifically producing ent-copalyl diphosphate (ent-CPP). IeKS1 accepted ent-CPP to produce exclusively ent-kaurene and may thus be defined as an ent-kaurene synthase (ent-KS). When IeKSL1 was combined with IeCPS2 or IeCPS3, no product was detected. Based on tissue-specific expression and metabolic localization studies, the IeCPS3 and IeKS1 transcripts were significantly accumulated in leaves where the ent-kaurane diterpenoid eriocalyxin B dominates, whereas weak expression of both were observed in germinating seeds in which gibberellin biosynthetic pathway is normally active. Our findings suggest that both IeCPS3 and IeKS1 possess dual roles in general (gibberellins) and specialized diterpenoid metabolism, such as that of the Isodon ent-kaurane diterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hai-Yan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ke-Na Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qian-Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan-Long Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Li Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
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Johnson SR, Bhat WW, Bibik J, Turmo A, Hamberger B, Evolutionary Mint Genomics Consortium, Hamberger B. A database-driven approach identifies additional diterpene synthase activities in the mint family (Lamiaceae). J Biol Chem 2019; 294:1349-1362. [PMID: 30498089 PMCID: PMC6349103 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the mint family (Lamiaceae) accumulate a wide variety of industrially and medicinally relevant diterpenes. We recently sequenced leaf transcriptomes from 48 phylogenetically diverse Lamiaceae species. Here, we summarize the available chemotaxonomic and enzyme activity data for diterpene synthases (diTPSs) in the Lamiaceae and leverage the new transcriptomes to explore the diTPS sequence and functional space. Candidate genes were selected with an intent to evenly sample the sequence homology space and to focus on species in which diTPS transcripts were found, yet from which no diterpene structures have been previously reported. We functionally characterized nine class II diTPSs and 10 class I diTPSs from 11 distinct plant species and found five class II activities, including two novel activities, as well as a spectrum of class I activities. Among the class II diTPSs, we identified a neo-cleroda-4(18),13E-dienyl diphosphate synthase from Ajuga reptans, catalyzing the likely first step in the biosynthesis of a variety of insect-antifeedant compounds. Among the class I diTPSs was a palustradiene synthase from Origanum majorana, leading to the discovery of specialized diterpenes in that species. Our results provide insights into the diversification of diterpene biosynthesis in the mint family and establish a comprehensive foundation for continued investigation of diterpene biosynthesis in the Lamiaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Johnson
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Wajid Waheed Bhat
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Jacob Bibik
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Aiko Turmo
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Britta Hamberger
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | | | - Björn Hamberger
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Lansing, Michigan 48824.
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Gholami M, Esmaeilzadeh Bahabadi S. Kaurene as the major constituent of the essential oils of the narcotic plant, Khat ( Catha edulis Forsk). Nat Prod Res 2019; 33:126-129. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1437424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Gholami
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran
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34
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Kumar Y, Khan F, Rastogi S, Shasany AK. Genome-wide detection of terpene synthase genes in holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207097. [PMID: 30444870 PMCID: PMC6239295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.) and sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) are the most commonly grown basil species in India for essential oil production and biosynthesis of potentially volatile and non-volatile phytomolecules with commercial significance. The aroma, flavor and pharmaceutical value of Ocimum species is a significance of its essential oil, which contains most of the monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. A large number of plants have been studied for characterization and identification of terpene synthase genes, involved in terpenoids biosynthesis. The goal of this study is to discover and identify the putative functional terpene synthase genes in O. sanctum. HMMER search was performed by using a set of 13 well sequenced and annotated plant genomes including the newly sequenced genome of O. sanctum with Pfam-A database locally, using HMMER 3.0 hmmsearch for the two Pfam domains (PF01397 and PF03936). Using this search method 81 putative terpene synthases genes (OsaTPS) were identified in O. sanctum; the study further reveals 47 OsaTPS were putatively functional genes, 19 partial OsaTPS, and 15 OsaTPS as probably pseudogenes. All these identified OsaTPS genes were compared with other plant species, and phylogenetic analysis reveals the subfamily classification of OsaTPS in TPS-a, -b, -c, -e, -f and TPS-g subfamilies clusters. This genome-wide identification of OsaTPS genes, their phylogenetic analysis and secondary metabolite pathway mapping predictions together provide a comprehensive understanding of the TPS gene family in Ocimum sanctum and offer opportunities for the characterization and functional validation of numbers of terpene synthase genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Kumar
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Dept, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow (U.P.), INDIA
| | - Feroz Khan
- Metabolic and Structural Biology Dept, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow (U.P.), INDIA
- * E-mail:
| | - Shubhra Rastogi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow (U.P.), INDIA
| | - Ajit Kumar Shasany
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow (U.P.), INDIA
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Zhang H, Jin B, Bu J, Guo J, Chen T, Ma Y, Tang J, Cui G, Huang L. Transcriptomic Insight into Terpenoid Biosynthesis and Functional Characterization of Three Diterpene Synthases in Scutellaria barbata. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112952. [PMID: 30424547 PMCID: PMC6278268 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Scutellaria barbata (Lamiaceae) is an important medicinal herb widely used in China, Korea, India, and other Asian countries. Neo-clerodane diterpenoids are the largest known group of Scutellaria diterpenoids and show promising cytotoxic activity against several cancer cell lines. Here, Illumina-based deep transcriptome analysis of flowers, the aerial parts (leaf and stem), and roots of S. barbata was used to explore terpenoid-related genes. In total, 121,958,564 clean RNA-sequence reads were assembled into 88,980 transcripts, with an average length of 1370 nt and N50 length of 2144 nt, indicating high assembly quality. We identified nearly all known terpenoid-related genes (33 genes) involved in biosynthesis of the terpenoid backbone and 14 terpene synthase genes which generate skeletons for different terpenoids. Three full length diterpene synthase genes were functionally identified using an in vitro assay. SbTPS8 and SbTPS9 were identified as normal-CPP and ent-CPP synthase, respectively. SbTPS12 reacts with SbTPS8 to produce miltiradiene. Furthermore, SbTPS12 was proven to be a less promiscuous class I diterpene synthase. These results give a comprehensive understanding of the terpenoid biosynthesis in S. barbata and provide useful information for enhancing the production of bioactive neo-clerodane diterpenoids through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Baolong Jin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Junling Bu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Ying Ma
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Jinfu Tang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Guanghong Cui
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China.
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36
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Zhao F, Sun M, Zhang W, Jiang C, Teng J, Sheng W, Li M, Zhang A, Duan Y, Xue J. Comparative transcriptome analysis of roots, stems and leaves of Isodon amethystoides reveals candidate genes involved in Wangzaozins biosynthesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:272. [PMID: 30409115 PMCID: PMC6225716 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1505-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isodon amethystoides (Ben-th) Cy Wu et Hsuan is an important traditional medicinal plant endowed with pharmacological properties effective in the treatment of various diseases, including pulmonary tuberculosis. The tetracyclic diterpenoids, Wangzaozins (Wangzaozin A, glaucocalyxin A, glaucocalyxin B), are the major bioactive compounds of I. amethystoides. However, the molecular information about the biosynthesis of these compounds still remains unclear. RESULTS An examination of the accumulated levels of Wangzaozins in I. amethystoides revealed considerable variations in the root, stem, and leaf tissues of this plant, indicating possible differences in metabolite biosynthesis and accumulation among various tissues. To better elucidate the tetracyclic diterpenoid biosynthesis pathway, we generated transcriptome sequences from the root, stem, and leaf tissues, and performed de novo sequence assembly, yielding 230,974 transcripts and 114,488 unigenes, with average N50 lengths of 1914 and 1241 bp, respectively. Putative functions could be assigned to 73,693 transcripts (31.9%) based on BLAST searches against annotation databases, including GO, KEGG, Swiss-Prot, NR, and Pfam. Moreover, the candidate genes involving in the diterpenoid biosynthesis, such as CPS, KSL, were also analyzed. The expression profiles of eight transcripts, involving the tetracyclic diterpenoid biosynthesis, were validated in different I. amethystoides tissues by qRT-PCR, unraveling the gene expression profile of the pathway. The differential expressions of ISPD, ISPF and ISPH (MEP pathway), and IaCPS and IaKSL (diterpenoid pathway) candidate genes in leaves and roots, may contribute to the high accumulation of Wangzaozins in I. amethystoides leaves. CONCLUSION The genomic dataset and analyses reported here lay the foundations for further research on this important medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Biology of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei City, China
| | - Mengchu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Biology of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei City, China
| | - Wanjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Biology of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei City, China
| | - Chunli Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Biology of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei City, China
| | - Jingtong Teng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Biology of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei City, China
| | - Wei Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Biology of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei City, China
| | - Mingzhi Li
- Genepioneer Biotechnologies Co. Ltd, Nanjing City, China
| | - Aimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Biology of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei City, China
| | - Yongbo Duan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Biology of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei City, China.
| | - Jianping Xue
- Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Biology of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei City, China.
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