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Han X, Yang X, Chen S, Wang H, Liu X, Wang D, Yang J, Chen L, Sun B, Li H, Shi Y. Barley yellow dwarf virus-GAV 17K protein disrupts thiamine biosynthesis to facilitate viral infection in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:432-444. [PMID: 38635415 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Thiamine functions as a crucial activator modulating plant health and broad-spectrum stress tolerances. However, the role of thiamine in regulating plant virus infection is largely unknown. Here, we report that the multifunctional 17K protein encoded by barley yellow dwarf virus-GAV (BYDV-GAV) interacted with barley pyrimidine synthase (HvTHIC), a key enzyme in thiamine biosynthesis. HvTHIC was found to be localized in chloroplast via an N-terminal 74-amino acid domain. However, the 17K-HvTHIC interaction restricted HvTHIC targeting to chloroplasts and triggered autophagy-mediated HvTHIC degradation. Upon BYDV-GAV infection, the expression of the HvTHIC gene was significantly induced, and this was accompanied by accumulation of thiamine and salicylic acid. Silencing of HvTHIC expression promoted BYDV-GAV accumulation. Transcriptomic analysis of HvTHIC silenced and non-silenced barley plants showed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in plant-pathogen interaction, plant hormone signal induction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, photosynthesis-antenna protein, and MAPK signaling pathway. Thiamine treatment enhanced barley resistance to BYDV-GAV. Taken together, our findings reveal a molecular mechanism underlying how BYDV impedes thiamine biosynthesis to uphold viral infection in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Han
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xue Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - He Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- Institute of Cereal and Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Jin Yang
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Bingjian Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Honglian Li
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yan Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
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Xie J, Fei X, Yan Q, Jiang T, Li Z, Chen H, Wang B, Chao Q, He Y, Fan Z, Wang L, Wang M, Shi L, Zhou T. The C4 photosynthesis bifunctional enzymes, PDRPs, of maize are co-opted to cytoplasmic viral replication complexes to promote infection of a prevalent potyvirus sugarcane mosaic virus. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:1812-1832. [PMID: 38339894 PMCID: PMC11182595 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
In maize, two pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) regulatory proteins, ZmPDRP1 and ZmPDRP2, are respectively specific to the chloroplast of mesophyll cells (MCs) and bundle sheath cells (BSCs). Functionally, ZmPDRP1/2 catalyse both phosphorylation/inactivation and dephosphorylation/activation of ZmPPDK, which is implicated as a major rate-limiting enzyme in C4 photosynthesis of maize. Our study here showed that maize plants lacking ZmPDRP1 or silencing of ZmPDRP1/2 confer resistance to a prevalent potyvirus sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). We verified that the C-terminal domain (CTD) of ZmPDRP1 plays a key role in promoting viral infection while independent of enzyme activity. Intriguingly, ZmPDRP1 and ZmPDRP2 re-localize to cytoplasmic viral replication complexes (VRCs) following SCMV infection. We identified that SCMV-encoded cytoplasmic inclusions protein CI targets directly ZmPDRP1 or ZmPDRP2 or their CTDs, leading to their re-localization to cytoplasmic VRCs. Moreover, we found that CI could be degraded by the 26S proteasome system, while ZmPDRP1 and ZmPDRP2 could up-regulate the accumulation level of CI through their CTDs by a yet unknown mechanism. Most importantly, with genetic, cell biological and biochemical approaches, we provide evidence that BSCs-specific ZmPDRP2 could accumulate in MCs of Zmpdrp1 knockout (KO) lines, revealing a unique regulatory mechanism crossing different cell types to maintain balanced ZmPPDK phosphorylation, thereby to keep maize normal growth. Together, our findings uncover the genetic link of the two cell-specific maize PDRPs, both of which are co-opted to VRCs to promote viral protein accumulation for robust virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaohong Fei
- Longping Agriculture Science Co. Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Qin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhifang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Baichen Wang
- Key Laboratory of PhotobiologyInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qing Chao
- Key Laboratory of PhotobiologyInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yueqiu He
- College of AgronomyYunnan Agricultural UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lijin Wang
- Longping Agriculture Science Co. Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Meng Wang
- Longping Agriculture Science Co. Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Liang Shi
- Longping Agriculture Science Co. Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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Zheng H, Zhao H, Xiong H, Awais MM, Zeng S, Sun J. Impact of the Transboundary Interference Inhibitor on RNAi and the Baculovirus Expression System in Insect Cells. INSECTS 2024; 15:375. [PMID: 38921090 PMCID: PMC11203448 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
RNA interference inhibitors were initially discovered in plant viruses, representing a unique mechanism employed by these viruses to counteract host RNA interference. This mechanism has found extensive applications in plant disease resistance breeding and other fields; however, the impact of such interference inhibitors on insect cell RNA interference remains largely unknown. In this study, we screened three distinct interference inhibitors from plant and mammal viruses that act through different mechanisms and systematically investigated their effects on the insect cell cycle and baculovirus infection period at various time intervals. Our findings demonstrated that the viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) derived from plant and mammal viruses significantly attenuated the RNA interference effect in insect cells, as evidenced by reduced apoptosis rates, altered gene regulation patterns in cells, enhanced expression of exogenous proteins, and improved production efficiency of recombinant virus progeny. Further investigations revealed that the early expression of VSRs yielded superior results compared with late expression during RNA interference processes. Additionally, our results indicated that dsRNA-binding inhibition exhibited more pronounced effects than other modes of action employed by these interference inhibitors. The outcomes presented herein provide novel insights into enhancing defense mechanisms within insect cells using plant and mammal single-stranded RNA virus-derived interference inhibitors and have potential implications for expanding the scope of transformation within insect cell expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding & Subtropical Sericulture and Mulberry Resources Protection and Safety Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.X.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Hengfeng Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding & Subtropical Sericulture and Mulberry Resources Protection and Safety Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.X.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Haifan Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding & Subtropical Sericulture and Mulberry Resources Protection and Safety Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.X.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Mian Muhammad Awais
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding & Subtropical Sericulture and Mulberry Resources Protection and Safety Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.X.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Songrong Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China;
| | - Jingchen Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding & Subtropical Sericulture and Mulberry Resources Protection and Safety Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.Z.); (H.Z.); (H.X.); (M.M.A.)
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Hýsková V, Bělonožníková K, Chmelík J, Hoffmeisterová H, Čeřovská N, Moravec T, Ryšlavá H. Potyviral Helper-Component Protease: Multifaced Functions and Interactions with Host Proteins. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1236. [PMID: 38732454 PMCID: PMC11085613 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The best-characterized functional motifs of the potyviral Helper-Component protease (HC-Pro) responding for aphid transmission, RNA silencing suppression, movement, symptom development, and replication are gathered in this review. The potential cellular protein targets of plant virus proteases remain largely unknown despite their multifunctionality. The HC-Pro catalytic domain, as a cysteine protease, autoproteolytically cleaves the potyviral polyproteins in the sequence motif YXVG/G and is not expected to act on host targets; however, 146 plant proteins in the Viridiplantae clade containing this motif were searched in the UniProtKB database and are discussed. On the other hand, more than 20 interactions within the entire HC-Pro structure are known. Most of these interactions with host targets (such as the 20S proteasome, methyltransferase, transcription factor eIF4E, and microtubule-associated protein HIP2) modulate the cellular environments for the benefit of virus accumulation or contribute to symptom severity (interactions with MinD, Rubisco, ferredoxin) or participate in the suppression of RNA silencing (host protein VARICOSE, calmodulin-like protein). On the contrary, the interaction of HC-Pro with triacylglycerol lipase, calreticulin, and violaxanthin deepoxidase seems to be beneficial for the host plant. The strength of these interactions between HC-Pro and the corresponding host protein vary with the plant species. Therefore, these interactions may explain the species-specific sensitivity to potyviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Hýsková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.H.); (K.B.); or (J.C.)
| | - Kateřina Bělonožníková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.H.); (K.B.); or (J.C.)
| | - Josef Chmelík
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.H.); (K.B.); or (J.C.)
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hoffmeisterová
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.H.); (N.Č.); (T.M.)
| | - Noemi Čeřovská
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.H.); (N.Č.); (T.M.)
| | - Tomáš Moravec
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.H.); (N.Č.); (T.M.)
| | - Helena Ryšlavá
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.H.); (K.B.); or (J.C.)
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Tian Y, Jiao Z, Qi F, Ma W, Hao Y, Wang X, Xie L, Zhou T, Fan Z. Maize catalases are recruited by a virus to modulate viral multiplication and infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13440. [PMID: 38460111 PMCID: PMC10924620 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Given the detrimental effects of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in plant cells, various antioxidant mechanisms have evolved to maintain cellular redox homeostasis, encompassing both enzymatic components (e.g., catalase, superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic ones. Despite extensive research on the role of antioxidant systems in plant physiology and responses to abiotic stresses, the potential exploitation of antioxidant enzymes by plant viruses to facilitate viral infection remains insufficiently addressed. Herein, we demonstrate that maize catalases (ZmCATs) exhibited up-regulated enzymatic activities upon sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) infection. ZmCATs played crucial roles in SCMV multiplication and infection by catalysing the decomposition of excess cellular H2 O2 and promoting the accumulation of viral replication-related cylindrical inclusion (CI) protein through interaction. Peroxisome-localized ZmCATs were found to be distributed around SCMV replication vesicles in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Additionally, the helper component-protease (HC-Pro) of SCMV interacted with ZmCATs and enhanced catalase activities to promote viral accumulation. This study unveils a significant involvement of maize catalases in modulating SCMV multiplication and infection through interaction with two viral factors, thereby enhancing our understanding regarding viral strategies for manipulating host antioxidant mechanisms towards robust viral accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Tian
- MARA-Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Zhiyuan Jiao
- MARA-Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Forest Tree Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangfang Qi
- MARA-Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Wendi Ma
- MARA-Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Yuming Hao
- MARA-Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- MARA-Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Liyang Xie
- MARA-Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- MARA-Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- MARA-Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
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Yuan W, Chen X, Du K, Jiang T, Li M, Cao Y, Li X, Doehlemann G, Fan Z, Zhou T. NIa-Pro of sugarcane mosaic virus targets Corn Cysteine Protease 1 (CCP1) to undermine salicylic acid-mediated defense in maize. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012086. [PMID: 38484013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) play pivotal roles in plant defense against pathogen invasions. While pathogens can secrete effectors to target and inhibit PLCP activities, the roles of PLCPs in plant-virus interactions and the mechanisms through which viruses neutralize PLCP activities remain largely uncharted. Here, we demonstrate that the expression and activity of a maize PLCP CCP1 (Corn Cysteine Protease), is upregulated following sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) infection. Transient silencing of CCP1 led to a reduction in PLCP activities, thereby promoting SCMV infection in maize. Furthermore, the knockdown of CCP1 resulted in diminished salicylic acid (SA) levels and suppressed expression of SA-responsive pathogenesis-related genes. This suggests that CCP1 plays a role in modulating the SA signaling pathway. Interestingly, NIa-Pro, the primary protease of SCMV, was found to interact with CCP1, subsequently inhibiting its protease activity. A specific motif within NIa-Pro termed the inhibitor motif was identified as essential for its interaction with CCP1 and the suppression of its activity. We have also discovered that the key amino acids responsible for the interaction between NIa-Pro and CCP1 are crucial for the virulence of SCMV. In conclusion, our findings offer compelling evidence that SCMV undermines maize defense mechanisms through the interaction of NIa-Pro with CCP1. Together, these findings shed a new light on the mechanism(s) controlling the arms races between virus and plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio-breeding, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio-breeding, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaitong Du
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio-breeding, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio-breeding, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio-breeding, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyong Cao
- Cereal Crops Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Center for Molecular Biosciences, Cologne, Germany
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio-breeding, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio-breeding, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Hao K, Yang M, Cui Y, Jiao Z, Gao X, Du Z, Wang Z, An M, Xia Z, Wu Y. Transcriptomic and Functional Analyses Reveal the Different Roles of Vitamins C, E, and K in Regulating Viral Infections in Maize. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098012. [PMID: 37175719 PMCID: PMC10178231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize lethal necrosis (MLN), one of the most important maize viral diseases, is caused by maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) infection in combination with a potyvirid, such as sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). However, the resistance mechanism of maize to MLN remains largely unknown. In this study, we obtained isoform expression profiles of maize after SCMV and MCMV single and synergistic infection (S + M) via comparative analysis of SMRT- and Illumina-based RNA sequencing. A total of 15,508, 7567, and 2378 differentially expressed isoforms (DEIs) were identified in S + M, MCMV, and SCMV libraries, which were primarily involved in photosynthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, and some pathways related to disease resistance. The results of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assays revealed that silencing of a vitamin C biosynthesis-related gene, ZmGalDH or ZmAPX1, promoted viral infections, while silencing ZmTAT or ZmNQO1, the gene involved in vitamin E or K biosynthesis, inhibited MCMV and S + M infections, likely by regulating the expressions of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Moreover, the relationship between viral infections and expression of the above four genes in ten maize inbred lines was determined. We further demonstrated that the exogenous application of vitamin C could effectively suppress viral infections, while vitamins E and K promoted MCMV infection. These findings provide novel insights into the gene regulatory networks of maize in response to MLN, and the roles of vitamins C, E, and K in conditioning viral infections in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqiang Hao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Miaoren Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yakun Cui
- Institute of Food Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhiyuan Jiao
- State Kay Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinran Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhichao Du
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Mengnan An
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zihao Xia
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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Jiang T, Du K, Xie J, Sun G, Wang P, Chen X, Cao Z, Wang B, Chao Q, Li X, Fan Z, Zhou T. Activated malate circulation contributes to the manifestation of light-dependent mosaic symptoms. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112333. [PMID: 37018076 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosaic symptoms are commonly observed in virus-infected plants. However, the underlying mechanism by which viruses cause mosaic symptoms as well as the key regulator(s) involved in this process remain unclear. Here, we investigate maize dwarf mosaic disease caused by sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). We find that the manifestation of mosaic symptoms in SCMV-infected maize plants requires light illumination and is correlated with mitochondrial reactive oxidative species (mROS) accumulation. The transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses results together with the genetic and cytopathological evidence indicate that malate and malate circulation pathways play essential roles in promoting mosaic symptom development. Specifically, at the pre-symptomatic infection stage or infection front, SCMV infection elevates the enzymatic activity of pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase by decreasing the phosphorylation of threonine527 under light, resulting in malate overproduction and subsequent mROS accumulation. Our findings indicate that activated malate circulation contributes to the manifestation of light-dependent mosaic symptoms via mROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kaitong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jipeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Geng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiyan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Baichen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Qing Chao
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Jiang T, Du K, Wang P, Wang X, Zang L, Peng D, Chen X, Sun G, Zhang H, Fan Z, Cao Z, Zhou T. Sugarcane mosaic virus orchestrates the lactate fermentation pathway to support its successful infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1099362. [PMID: 36699858 PMCID: PMC9868461 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1099362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Viruses often establish their own infection by altering host metabolism. How viruses co-opt plant metabolism to support their successful infection remains an open question. Here, we used untargeted metabolomics to reveal that lactate accumulates immediately before and after robust sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) infection. Induction of lactate-involved anaerobic glycolysis is beneficial to SCMV infection. The enzyme activity and transcriptional levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were up-regulated by SCMV infection, and LDH is essential for robust SCMV infection. Moreover, LDH relocates in viral replicase complexes (VRCs) by interacting with SCMV-encoded 6K2 protein, a key protein responsible for inducing VRCs. Additionally, lactate could promote SCMV infection by suppressing plant defense responses. Taken together, we have revealed a viral strategy to manipulate host metabolism to support replication compartment but also depress the defense response during the process of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Kaitong Du
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhai Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lianyi Zang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit and Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Dezhi Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Geng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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10
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Transcriptome Analysis Reveals a Comprehensive Virus Resistance Response Mechanism in Pecan Infected by a Novel Badnavirus Pecan Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113576. [PMID: 36362365 PMCID: PMC9655656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pecan leaf-variegated plant, which was infected with a novel badnavirus named pecan mosaic virus (PMV) detected by small RNA deep sequencing, is a vital model plant for studying the molecular mechanism of retaining green or chlorosis of virus-infected leaves. In this report, PMV infection in pecan leaves induced PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). PMV infection suppressed the expressions of key genes of fatty acid, oleic acid (C18:1), and very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) biosynthesis, indicating that fatty acids-derived signaling was one of the important defense pathways in response to PMV infection in pecan. PMV infection in pecans enhanced the expressions of pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1). However, the transcripts of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and isochorismate synthase (ICS) were downregulated, indicating that salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis was blocked in pecan infected with PMV. Meanwhile, disruption of auxin signaling affected the activation of the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway. Thus, C18:1 and JA signals are involved in response to PMV infection in pecan. In PMV-infected yellow leaves, damaged chloroplast structure and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MPK3) inhibited photosynthesis. Cytokinin and SA biosynthesis was blocked, leading to plants losing immune responses and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). The repression of photosynthesis and the induction of sink metabolism in the infected tissue led to dramatic changes in carbohydrate partitioning. On the contrary, the green leaves of PMV infection in pecan plants had whole cell tissue structure and chloroplast clustering, establishing a strong antiviral immunity system. Cytokinin biosynthesis and signaling transductions were remarkably strengthened, activating plant immune responses. Meanwhile, cytokinin accumulation in green leaves induced partial SA biosynthesis and gained comparatively higher SAR compared to that of yellow leaves. Disturbance of the ribosome biogenesis might enhance the resistance to PMV infection in pecan and lead to leaves staying green.
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11
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Fang M, Yu J, Kwak HR, Kim KH. Identification of viral genes involved in pepper mottle virus replication and symptom development in Nicotiana benthamiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1048074. [PMID: 36388582 PMCID: PMC9650420 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1048074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV) infects primarily Capsicum species, including pepper and bell pepper which are important vegetable and spice crops in Korea. We have previously collected 13 PepMoV isolates from nine regions comprising five provinces, causing different symptoms on inoculated indicator host plants in Korea. To further identify the responsible symptom determinant(s) and explore viral protein functions of PepMoV, two out of 13 isolates, including 134 and 205136, were used in this study. Isolate 134 causes necrosis and yellowing, while 205136 causes severe mottle and yellowing symptoms on Nicotiana benthamiana. All chimeric and site-directed mutants contain the PepMoV 134 genome as a backbone with specific regions switched for those from counterparts of PepMoV 205136. Effects of all mutants compared with 134 after inoculation onto N. benthamiana by agroinfiltration. Results from our study provide direct evidence that the helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) and the nuclear inclusion protein b (NIb)-coat protein (CP) regions are involved in virus accumulation and symptom determinants. In addition, we mapped to amino acid residues tyrosine, glycine, and leucine at position 360, 385, and 527, respectively, in the HC-Pro region participate in faster viral accumulation or movement in the plant. The residue valine at position 2773 of NIb plays an essential role in isolate 134 symptom development. As part of this study, we seek to gain insight into viral factors involved in the PepMoV infection cycle and a better understanding of plant-virus interactions. These findings complement the insufficiency of the gene function study of the PepMoV virus and provide a novel perspective for the protein function study of the Potyvirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Fang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jisuk Yu
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hae-Ryun Kwak
- Crop Protection Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Kook-Hyung Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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12
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Zhang C, Wang X, Li H, Wang J, Zeng Q, Huang W, Huang H, Xie Y, Yu S, Kan Q, Wang Q, Cheng Y. GLRaV-2 protein p24 suppresses host defenses by interaction with a RAV transcription factor from grapevine. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1848-1865. [PMID: 35485966 PMCID: PMC9237672 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) is a prevalent virus associated with grapevine leafroll disease, but the molecular mechanism underlying GLRaV-2 infection is largely unclear. Here, we report that 24-kDa protein (p24), an RNA-silencing suppressor (RSS) encoded by GLRaV-2, promotes GLRaV-2 accumulation via interaction with the B3 DNA-binding domain of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) RELATED TO ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3/VIVIPAROUS1 (VvRAV1), a transcription factor belonging to the APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) superfamily. Salicylic acid-inducible VvRAV1 positively regulates the grapevine pathogenesis-related protein 1 (VvPR1) gene by directly binding its promoter, indicating that VvRAV1 may function in the regulation of host basal defense responses. p24 hijacks VvRAV1 to the cytoplasm and employs the protein to sequester 21-nt double-stranded siRNA together, thereby enhancing its own RSS activity. Moreover, p24 enters the nucleus via interaction with VvRAV1 and weakens the latter's binding affinity to the VvPR1 promoter, leading to decreased expression of VvPR1. Our results provide a mechanism by which a viral RSS interferes with both the antiviral RNA silencing and the AP2/ERF-mediated defense responses via the targeting of one specific host factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xianyou Wang
- Department of Pomology/Lab of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Tree Fruits, Key Lab of Beijing Municipality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hanwei Li
- Department of Pomology/Lab of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Tree Fruits, Key Lab of Beijing Municipality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinying Wang
- Department of Pomology/Lab of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Tree Fruits, Key Lab of Beijing Municipality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qi Zeng
- Department of Pomology/Lab of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Tree Fruits, Key Lab of Beijing Municipality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenting Huang
- Department of Pomology/Lab of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Tree Fruits, Key Lab of Beijing Municipality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haoqiang Huang
- Department of Pomology/Lab of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Tree Fruits, Key Lab of Beijing Municipality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yinshuai Xie
- Department of Pomology/Lab of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Tree Fruits, Key Lab of Beijing Municipality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shangzhen Yu
- Department of Pomology/Lab of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Tree Fruits, Key Lab of Beijing Municipality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qing Kan
- Department of Pomology/Lab of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Tree Fruits, Key Lab of Beijing Municipality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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13
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Xu XJ, Geng C, Jiang SY, Zhu Q, Yan ZY, Tian YP, Li XD. A maize triacylglycerol lipase inhibits sugarcane mosaic virus infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:754-771. [PMID: 35294544 PMCID: PMC9157127 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerol lipase (TGL) plays critical roles in providing energy for seed germination and plant development. However, the role of TGL in regulating plant virus infection is largely unknown. In this study, we adopted affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry and identified that a maize (Zea mays) pathogenesis-related lipase protein Z. mays TGL (ZmTGL) interacted with helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) of sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). Yeast two-hybrid, luciferase complementation imaging, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays confirmed that ZmTGL directly interacted with SCMV HC-Pro in vitro and in vivo. The 101-460 residues of SCMV HC-Pro were important for its interaction with ZmTGL. ZmTGL and SCMV HC-Pro co-localized at the mitochondria. Silencing of ZmTGL facilitated SCMV infection, and over-expression of ZmTGL reduced the RNA silencing suppression activity, most likely through reducing HC-Pro accumulation. Our results provided evidence that the lipase hydrolase activity of ZmTGL was associated with reducing HC-Pro accumulation, activation of salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense response, and inhibition of SCMV infection. We show that ZmTGL inhibits SCMV infection by reducing HC-Pro accumulation and activating the SA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jie Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Plant Virology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Chao Geng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Plant Virology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Shao-Yan Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Plant Virology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Plant Virology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Yan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Plant Virology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Yan-Ping Tian
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Plant Virology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Xiang-Dong Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Plant Virology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China
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14
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Xu XJ, Zhu Q, Jiang SY, Yan ZY, Geng C, Tian YP, Li XD. Development and Evaluation of Stable Sugarcane Mosaic Virus Mild Mutants for Cross-Protection Against Infection by Severe Strain. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:788963. [PMID: 34975975 PMCID: PMC8718998 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.788963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV; genus Potyvirus) induces maize dwarf mosaic disease that has caused serious yield losses of maize in China. Cross-protection is one of the efficient strategies to fight against severe virus strains. Although many mild strains have been identified, the spontaneous mutation is one of the challenging problems affecting their application in cross-protection. In this study, we found that the substitution of cysteine (C) at positions 57 or 60 in the zinc finger-like motif of HC-Pro with alanine (A; C57A or C60A) significantly reduced its RNA silencing suppression activity and SCMV virulence. To reduce the risk of mild strains mutating to virulent ones by reverse or complementary mutations, we obtained attenuated SCMV mutants with double-mutations in the zinc finger-like and FRNK motifs of HC-Pro and evaluated their potential application in cross-protection. The results showed that the maize plants infected with FKNK/C60A double-mutant showed symptomless until 95 days post-inoculation and FKNK/C60A cross-protected plants displayed high resistance to severe SCMV strain. This study provides theoretical and material bases for the control of SCMV through cross-protection.
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15
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Zhai Y, Yuan Q, Qiu S, Li S, Li M, Zheng H, Wu G, Lu Y, Peng J, Rao S, Chen J, Yan F. Turnip mosaic virus impairs perinuclear chloroplast clustering to facilitate viral infection. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3681-3699. [PMID: 34331318 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts play crucial roles in plant defence against viral infection. We now report that chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase-like (NDH) complex M subunit gene (NdhM) was first up-regulated and then down-regulated in turnip mosaic virus (TuMV)-infected N. benthamiana. NbNdhM-silenced plants were more susceptible to TuMV, whereas overexpression of NbNdhM inhibited TuMV accumulation. Overexpression of NbNdhM significantly induced the clustering of chloroplasts around the nuclei and disturbing this clustering facilitated TuMV infection, suggesting that the clustering mediated by NbNdhM is a defence against TuMV. It was then shown that NbNdhM interacted with TuMV VPg, and that the NdhMs of different plant species interacted with the proteins of different viruses, implying that NdhM may be a common target of viruses. In the presence of TuMV VPg, NbNdhM, which is normally localized in the nucleus, chloroplasts, cell periphery and chloroplast stromules, colocalized with VPg at the nucleus and nucleolus, with significantly increased nuclear accumulation, while NbNdhM-mediated chloroplast clustering was significantly impaired. This study therefore indicates that NbNdhM has a defensive role in TuMV infection probably by inducing the perinuclear clustering of chloroplasts, and that the localization of NbNdhM is altered by its interaction with TuMV VPg in a way that promotes virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Zhai
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shiyou Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Saisai Li
- College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Guanwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiejun Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shaofei Rao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Jiao Z, Tian Y, Cao Y, Wang J, Zhan B, Zhao Z, Sun B, Guo C, Ma W, Liao Z, Zhang H, Zhou T, Xia Y, Fan Z. A novel pathogenicity determinant hijacks maize catalase 1 to enhance viral multiplication and infection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1126-1141. [PMID: 33458828 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens have evolved various strategies to overcome host immunity for successful infection. Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) can cause lethal necrosis in maize (Zea mays) when it coinfects with a virus in the Potyviridae family. However, the MCMV pathogenicity determinant remains largely unknown. Here we show that the P31 protein of MCMV is important for viral accumulation and essential for symptom development. Ectopic expression of P31 using foxtail mosaic virus or potato virus X induced necrosis in systemically infected maize or Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Maize catalases (CATs) were shown to interact with P31 in yeast and in planta. P31 accumulation was elevated through its interaction with ZmCAT1. P31 attenuated the expression of salicylic acid (SA)-responsive pathogenesis-related (PR) genes by inhibiting catalase activity during MCMV infection. In addition, silencing of ZmCATs using a brome mosaic virus-based gene silencing vector facilitated MCMV RNA and coat protein accumulation. This study reveals an important role for MCMV P31 in counteracting host defence and inducing systemic chlorosis and necrosis. Our results have implications for understanding the mechanisms in defence and counter-defence during infection of plants by various pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Jiao
- State Kay Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yiying Tian
- State Kay Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanyong Cao
- Cereal Crops Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Juan Wang
- State Kay Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Binhui Zhan
- State Kay Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhao
- State Kay Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Biao Sun
- State Kay Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chang Guo
- State Kay Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wendi Ma
- State Kay Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenfeng Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Hengmu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Pest and Disease, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Kay Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yiji Xia
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Kay Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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17
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Jiang L, Lu Y, Zheng X, Yang X, Chen Y, Zhang T, Zhao X, Wang S, Zhao X, Song X, Zhang X, Peng J, Zheng H, Lin L, MacFarlane S, Liu Y, Chen J, Yan F. The plant protein NbP3IP directs degradation of Rice stripe virus p3 silencing suppressor protein to limit virus infection through interaction with the autophagy-related protein NbATG8. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1036-1051. [PMID: 32898938 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In plants, autophagy is involved in responses to viral infection. However, the role of host factors in mediating autophagy to suppress viruses is poorly understood. A previously uncharacterized plant protein, NbP3IP, was shown to interact with p3, an RNA-silencing suppressor protein encoded by Rice stripe virus (RSV), a negative-strand RNA virus. The potential roles of NbP3IP in RSV infection were examined. NbP3IP degraded p3 through the autophagy pathway, thereby affecting the silencing suppression activity of p3. Transgenic overexpression of NbP3IP conferred resistance to RSV infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. RSV infection was promoted in ATG5- or ATG7-silenced plants and was inhibited in GAPC-silenced plants where autophagy was activated, confirming the role of autophagy in suppressing RSV infection. NbP3IP interacted with NbATG8f, indicating a potential selective autophagosomal cargo receptor role for P3IP. Additionally, the rice NbP3IP homolog (OsP3IP) also mediated p3 degradation and interacted with OsATG8b and p3. Through identification of the involvement of P3IP in the autophagy-mediated degradation of RSV p3, we reveal a new mechanism to antagonize the infection of RSV, and thereby provide the first evidence that autophagy can play an antiviral role against negative-strand RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xiyin Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xue Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Tianhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Shu Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xijiao Song
- Public Lab, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Jiejun Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Lin Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Stuart MacFarlane
- Cell and Molecular Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MOA and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
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18
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Du K, Jiang T, Chen H, Murphy AM, Carr JP, Du Z, Li X, Fan Z, Zhou T. Viral Perturbation of Alternative Splicing of a Host Transcript Benefits Infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:1514-1531. [PMID: 32958561 PMCID: PMC7608148 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens disturb alternative splicing patterns of infected eukaryotic hosts. However, in plants it is unknown if this is incidental to infection or represents a pathogen-induced remodeling of host gene expression needed to support infection. Here, we compared changes in transcription and protein accumulation with changes in transcript splicing patterns in maize (Zea mays) infected with the globally important pathogen sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). Our results suggested that changes in alternative splicing play a major role in determining virus-induced proteomic changes. Focusing on maize phytoene synthase1 (ZmPSY1), which encodes the key regulatory enzyme in carotenoid biosynthesis, we found that although SCMV infection decreases total ZmPSY1 transcript accumulation, the proportion of splice variant T001 increases by later infection stages so that ZmPSY1 protein levels are maintained. We determined that ZmPSY1 has two leaf-specific transcripts, T001 and T003, distinguished by differences between the respective 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs). The shorter 3'-UTR of T001 makes it the more efficient mRNA. Nonsense ZmPSY1 mutants or virus-induced silencing of ZmPSY1 expression suppressed SCMV accumulation, attenuated symptoms, and decreased chloroplast damage. Thus, ZmPSY1 acts as a proviral host factor that is required for virus accumulation and pathogenesis. Taken together, our findings reveal that SCMV infection-modulated alternative splicing ensures that ZmPSY1 synthesis is sustained during infection, which supports efficient virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitong Du
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management-Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management-Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management-Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Alex M Murphy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - John P Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Zhiyou Du
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management-Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management-Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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19
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Zhang CW, Liu Q, Zeng Q, Huang WT, Wang Q, Cheng YQ. p24 G1 Encoded by Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Virus 1 Suppresses RNA Silencing and Elicits Hypersensitive Response-Like Necrosis in Nicotiana Species. Viruses 2020; 12:E1111. [PMID: 33007975 PMCID: PMC7601950 DOI: 10.3390/v12101111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1) is a major pathogen associated with grapevine leafroll disease. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying GLRaV-1 interactions with plant cells are unclear. Using Agrobacterium infiltration-mediated RNA-silencing assays, we demonstrated that GLRaV-1 p24 protein (p24G1) acts as an RNA-silencing suppressor (RSS), inhibiting local and systemic RNA silencing. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that p24G1 binds double-stranded 21-nucleotide small interfering RNA (siRNA), and that siRNA binding is required but not sufficient for its RSS activity. p24G1 localizes in the nucleus and can self-interact through its amino acid 10 to 210 region. Dimerization is needed for p24G1 interaction with importin α1 before moving to the nucleus, but is not required for its siRNA binding and RSS activity. Expression of p24G1 from a binary pGD vector or potato virus X-based vector elicited a strong hypersensitive response in Nicotiana species, indicating that p24G1 may be a factor in pathogenesis. Furthermore, p24G1 function in pathogenesis required its RSS activity, dimerization and nuclear localization. In addition, the region of amino acids 122-139 played a crucial role in the nuclear import, siRNA binding, silencing suppression and pathogenic activity of p24G1. These results contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying GLRaV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (C.-W.Z.); (Q.L.); (Q.Z.); (W.-T.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Pomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (C.-W.Z.); (Q.L.); (Q.Z.); (W.-T.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qi Zeng
- Department of Pomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (C.-W.Z.); (Q.L.); (Q.Z.); (W.-T.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wen-Ting Huang
- Department of Pomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (C.-W.Z.); (Q.L.); (Q.Z.); (W.-T.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Yu-Qin Cheng
- Department of Pomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (C.-W.Z.); (Q.L.); (Q.Z.); (W.-T.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
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20
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Yang T, Qiu L, Huang W, Xu Q, Zou J, Peng Q, Lin H, Xi D. Chilli veinal mottle virus HCPro interacts with catalase to facilitate virus infection in Nicotiana tabacum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5656-5668. [PMID: 32594157 PMCID: PMC7501817 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant symptoms are derived from specific interactions between virus and host components. However, little is known about viral or host factors that participate in the establishment of systemic necrosis. Here, we showed that helper component proteinase (HCPro), encoded by Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV), could directly interact with catalase 1 (CAT1) and catalase 3 (CAT3) in the cytoplasm of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants to facilitate viral infection. In vitro, the activities of CAT1 and CAT3 were inhibited by the interaction between HCPro and CATs. The C-terminus of HCPro was essential for their interaction and was also required for the decrease of enzyme activities. Interestingly, the mRNA and protein level of CATs were up-regulated in tobacco plants in response to ChiVMV infection. Nicotiana tabacum plants with HCPro overexpression or CAT1 knockout were more susceptible to ChiVMV infection, which was similar to the case of H2O2-pre-treated plants, and the overexpression of CAT1 inhibited ChiVMV accumulation. Also, neither CAT1 nor CAT3 could affect the RNA silencing suppression (RSS) activity of HCPro. Our results showed that the interaction between HCPro and CATs promoted the development of plant systemic necrosis, revealing a novel role for HCPro in virus infection and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Long Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Wanying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qianyi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jialing Zou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qiding Peng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Honghui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Dehui Xi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
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21
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Pasin F, Shan H, García B, Müller M, San León D, Ludman M, Fresno DH, Fátyol K, Munné-Bosch S, Rodrigo G, García JA. Abscisic Acid Connects Phytohormone Signaling with RNA Metabolic Pathways and Promotes an Antiviral Response that Is Evaded by a Self-Controlled RNA Virus. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100099. [PMID: 32984814 PMCID: PMC7518510 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A complex network of cellular receptors, RNA targeting pathways, and small-molecule signaling provides robust plant immunity and tolerance to viruses. To maximize their fitness, viruses must evolve control mechanisms to balance host immune evasion and plant-damaging effects. The genus Potyvirus comprises plant viruses characterized by RNA genomes that encode large polyproteins led by the P1 protease. A P1 autoinhibitory domain controls polyprotein processing, the release of a downstream functional RNA-silencing suppressor, and viral replication. Here, we show that P1Pro, a plum pox virus clone that lacks the P1 autoinhibitory domain, triggers complex reprogramming of the host transcriptome and high levels of abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation. A meta-analysis highlighted ABA connections with host pathways known to control RNA stability, turnover, maturation, and translation. Transcriptomic changes triggered by P1Pro infection or ABA showed similarities in host RNA abundance and diversity. Genetic and hormone treatment assays showed that ABA promotes plant resistance to potyviral infection. Finally, quantitative mathematical modeling of viral replication in the presence of defense pathways supported self-control of polyprotein processing kinetics as a viral mechanism that attenuates the magnitude of the host antiviral response. Overall, our findings indicate that ABA is an active player in plant antiviral immunity, which is nonetheless evaded by a self-controlled RNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Pasin
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hongying Shan
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz García
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maren Müller
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David San León
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Márta Ludman
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - David H. Fresno
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Károly Fátyol
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Rodrigo
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), CSIC-University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
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22
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Betting V, Van Rij RP. Countering Counter-Defense to Antiviral RNAi. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:600-602. [PMID: 32534913 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful host defense mechanism against viruses. As a counter-defense, many viruses encode suppressors of RNAi, which - in plants - has provoked counter-counter-defense strategies. Recently, a mechanism was proposed in Drosophila (Zhang et al.) wherein a long noncoding RNA senses a virus-encoded RNAi suppressor to activate an innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Betting
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Van Rij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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23
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Leonetti P, Miesen P, van Rij RP, Pantaleo V. Viral and subviral derived small RNAs as pathogenic determinants in plants and insects. Adv Virus Res 2020; 107:1-36. [PMID: 32711727 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The phenotypic manifestations of disease induced by viruses and subviral infectious entities are the result of complex molecular interactions between host and viral factors. The viral determinants of the diseased phenotype have traditionally been sought at the level of structural or non-structural proteins. However, the discovery of RNA silencing mechanisms has led to speculations that determinants of the diseased phenotype are caused by viral nucleic acid sequences in addition to proteins. RNA silencing is a gene regulation mechanism conserved within eukaryotic kingdoms (with the exception of some yeast species), and in plants and insects it also functions as an antiviral mechanism. Non-coding RNAs of viral origin, ranging in size from 21 to 24 nucleotides (viral small interfering RNAs, vsiRNAs) accumulate in virus-infected tissues and organs, in some cases to comparable levels as the entire complement of host-encoded small interfering RNAs. Upon incorporation into RNA-induced silencing complexes, vsiRNAs can mediate cleavage or induce translational inhibition of nucleic acid targets in a sequence-specific manner. This review focuses on recent findings that suggest an increased complexity of small RNA-based interactions between virus and host. We mainly address plant viruses, but where applicable discuss insect viruses as well. Prominence is given to studies that have indisputably demonstrated that vsiRNAs determine diseased phenotype by either carrying sequence determinants or, indirectly, by altering host-gene regulatory pathways. Results from these studies suggest biotechnological applications, which are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Leonetti
- Department of Biology, Agricultural and Food Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Bari, Italy
| | - Pascal Miesen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P van Rij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Vitantonio Pantaleo
- Department of Biology, Agricultural and Food Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR, Bari, Italy..
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24
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Alazem M, Lin NS. Interplay between ABA signaling and RNA silencing in plant viral resistance. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 42:1-7. [PMID: 32222536 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates plant responses to different stimuli including viral infections through two different defense mechanisms; the antiviral RNA silencing pathway and callose accumulation. In some pathosystems, induction of these defense mechanisms is stronger in plants with resistance (R)-genes than in more susceptible plants. Mutants in several RNA silencing genes are hypersensitive to ABA, which suggests that these genes exert a regulatory feedback loop on ABA signaling. This scenario suggests that the RNA silencing pathway can target genes involved in the ABA pathway to control ABA production/signaling since prolonged production of this stress hormone arrests plant growth and development. Mutations in the ABA or salicylic acid pathways do not completely repress RNA silencing genes, indicating that RNA silencing represents a regulatory hub through which different pathways exert some of their functions, and thus the regulation of RNA silencing could be subject to hormone balancing in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Alazem
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Sheng Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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25
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Yuan W, Jiang T, Du K, Chen H, Cao Y, Xie J, Li M, Carr JP, Wu B, Fan Z, Zhou T. Maize phenylalanine ammonia-lyases contribute to resistance to Sugarcane mosaic virus infection, most likely through positive regulation of salicylic acid accumulation. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1365-1378. [PMID: 31487111 PMCID: PMC6792131 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is a pathogen of worldwide importance that causes dwarf mosaic disease on maize (Zea mays). Until now, few maize genes/proteins have been shown to be involved in resistance to SCMV. In this study, we characterized the role of maize phenylalanine ammonia-lyases (ZmPALs) in accumulation of the defence signal salicylic acid (SA) and in resistance to virus infection. SCMV infection significantly increased SA accumulation and expression of SA-responsive pathogenesis-related protein genes (PRs). Interestingly, exogenous SA treatment decreased SCMV accumulation and enhanced resistance. Both reverse transcription-coupled quantitative PCR and RNA-Seq data confirmed that expression levels of at least four ZmPAL genes were significantly up-regulated upon SCMV infection. Knockdown of ZmPAL expression led to enhanced SCMV infection symptom severity and virus multiplication, and simultaneously resulted in decreased SA accumulation and PR gene expression. Intriguingly, application of exogenous SA to SCMV-infected ZmPAL-silenced maize plants decreased SCMV accumulation, showing that ZmPALs are required for SA-mediated resistance to SCMV infection. In addition, lignin measurements and metabolomic analysis showed that ZmPALs are also involved in SCMV-induced lignin accumulation and synthesis of other secondary metabolites via the phenylpropanoid pathway. In summary, our results indicate that ZmPALs are required for SA accumulation in maize and are involved in resistance to virus infection by limiting virus accumulation and moderating symptom severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Tong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Kaitong Du
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Yanyong Cao
- Cereal Crops InstituteHenan Academy of Agricultural ScienceZhengzhou450002China
| | - Jipeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Mengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - John P. Carr
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Boming Wu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
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26
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The Tug-of-War between Plants and Viruses: Great Progress and Many Remaining Questions. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030203. [PMID: 30823402 PMCID: PMC6466000 DOI: 10.3390/v11030203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are persistently challenged by various phytopathogens. To protect themselves, plants have evolved multilayered surveillance against all pathogens. For intracellular parasitic viruses, plants have developed innate immunity, RNA silencing, translation repression, ubiquitination-mediated and autophagy-mediated protein degradation, and other dominant resistance gene-mediated defenses. Plant viruses have also acquired diverse strategies to suppress and even exploit host defense machinery to ensure their survival. A better understanding of the defense and counter-defense between plants and viruses will obviously benefit from the development of efficient and broad-spectrum virus resistance for sustainable agriculture. In this review, we summarize the cutting edge of knowledge concerning the defense and counter-defense between plants and viruses, and highlight the unexploited areas that are especially worth investigating in the near future.
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27
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Xia Z, Zhao Z, Jiao Z, Xu T, Wu Y, Zhou T, Fan Z. Virus-Derived Small Interfering RNAs Affect the Accumulations of Viral and Host Transcripts in Maize. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120664. [PMID: 30477197 PMCID: PMC6315483 DOI: 10.3390/v10120664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA silencing is a conserved surveillance mechanism against invading viruses in plants, which involves the production of virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) that play essential roles in the silencing of viral RNAs and/or specific host transcripts. However, how vsiRNAs function to target viral and/or host transcripts is poorly studied, especially in maize (Zea mays L.). In this study, a degradome library constructed from Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV)-inoculated maize plants was analyzed to identify the cleavage sites in viral and host transcripts mainly produced by vsiRNAs. The results showed that 42 maize transcripts were possibly cleaved by vsiRNAs, among which several were involved in chloroplast functions and in biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, more than 3000 cleavage sites possibly produced by vsiRNAs were identified in positive-strand RNAs of SCMV, while there were only four cleavage sites in the negative-strand RNAs. To determine the roles of vsiRNAs in targeting viral RNAs, six vsiRNAs were expressed in maize protoplast based on artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs), of which four could efficiently inhibit the accumulations of SCMV RNAs. These results provide new insights into the genetic manipulation of maize with resistance against virus infection by using amiRNA as a more predictable and useful approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Xia
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Zhenxing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Tengzhi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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28
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Rodamilans B, Valli A, Mingot A, San León D, López-Moya JJ, García JA. An atypical RNA silencing suppression strategy provides a snapshot of the evolution of sweet potato-infecting potyviruses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15937. [PMID: 30374036 PMCID: PMC6206096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34358-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses usually encode proteins with RNA silencing suppression (RSS) activity to counteract plant defenses. In Potyvirus, the largest genus in the family Potyviridae, this role is taken over by the multifunctional HCPro, also involved in aphid transmission, polyprotein processing and virion formation. Recently, the large P1 of Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) was characterized finding an extra ORF produced after polymerase slippage, which originates the product P1N-PISPO. Transient expression assays showed that SPFMV P1 and P1N-PISPO presented RSS activity, while HCPro did not. In this work, we analyze possible differences between HCPro of SPFMV and other potyviruses, testing HCPro RSS activity in a transient expression assay, and using a Plum pox virus-based system to test the ability of SPFMV P1N-PISPO and HCPro to serve as RNA silencing suppressors in the context of a viral infection. Our results indicate that not only P1 and P1N-PISPO, but also HCPro display RSS activity when expressed in a suitable context, stressing the importance of the selected experimental system for testing anti-silencing capacity of proteins. The presence of multiple viral silencing suppressors in SPFMV adds complexity to an already intricate RSS system, and provides insight into the hypothetical evolution of sweet potato-infecting potyvirids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrián Valli
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología CNB, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ares Mingot
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics CRAG, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David San León
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología CNB, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José López-Moya
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics CRAG, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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