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Nazloo EK, Danesh M, Sarrafzadeh MH, Moheimani NR, Ennaceri H. Biomass and hydrocarbon production from Botryococcus braunii: A review focusing on cultivation methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171734. [PMID: 38508258 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Botryococcus braunii has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its ability to produce high amounts of renewable hydrocarbons through photosynthesis. As the world shifts towards a greener future and seeks alternative sources of energy, the cultivation of B. braunii and the extraction of its hydrocarbons can potentially provide a viable solution. However, the development of a sustainable and cost-effective process for cultivating B. braunii is not without challenges. Compared to other microalgae, B. braunii grows very slowly, making it time-consuming and expensive to produce biomass. In response to these challenges, several efforts have been put into optimizing Botryococcus braunii cultivation systems to increase biomass growth and hydrocarbon production efficiency. This review presents a comparative analysis of different Botryococcus braunii cultivation systems, and the factors affecting the productivity of biomass and hydrocarbon in Botryococcus braunii are critically discussed. Attached microalgal growth offers several advantages that hold significant potential for enhancing the economic viability of microalgal fuels. Here, we propose that employing attached growth cultivation, coupled with the milking technique for hydrocarbon extraction, represents an efficient approach for generating renewable fuels from B. braunii. Nevertheless, further research is needed to ascertain the viability of large-scale implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Khorshidi Nazloo
- UNESCO Chair on Water Reuse, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moslem Danesh
- UNESCO Chair on Water Reuse, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Petroleum Drilling and Refining, Kurdistan Technical Institute Sulaimaniya, Iraq; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Qaiwan International University, Sulaimaniya, Iraq
| | - Mohammad-Hossein Sarrafzadeh
- UNESCO Chair on Water Reuse, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Reza Moheimani
- Algae R&D Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Centre for Water, Energy and Waste, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
| | - Houda Ennaceri
- Algae R&D Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Centre for Water, Energy and Waste, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia.
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Xu J, Zhao X, Zhong Y, Qu T, Sun B, Zhang H, Hou C, Zhang Z, Tang X, Wang Y. Acclimation of intertidal macroalgae Ulva prolifera to UVB radiation: the important role of alternative oxidase. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:143. [PMID: 38413873 PMCID: PMC10900725 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04762-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solar radiation is primarily composed of ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 200 - 400 nm) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400 - 700 nm). Ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation accounts for only a small proportion of sunlight, and it is the primary cause of plant photodamage. The use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as refrigerants caused serious ozone depletion in the 1980s, and this had led to an increase in UVB. Although CFC emissions have significantly decreased in recent years, UVB radiation still remains at a high intensity. UVB radiation increase is an important factor that influences plant physiological processes. Ulva prolifera, a type of macroalga found in the intertidal zone, is intermittently exposed to UVB. Alternative oxidase (AOX) plays an important role in plants under stresses. This research examines the changes in AOX activity and the relationships among AOX, photosynthesis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis in U. prolifera under changes in UVB and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). RESULTS UVB was the main component of solar radiation impacting the typical intertidal green macroalgae U. prolifera. AOX was found to be important during the process of photosynthesis optimization of U. prolifera due to a synergistic effect with non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) under UVB radiation. AOX and glycolate oxidase (GO) worked together to achieve NADPH homeostasis to achieve photosynthesis optimization under changes in PAR + UVB. The synergism of AOX with superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) was important during the process of ROS homeostasis under PAR + UVB. CONCLUSIONS AOX plays an important role in the process of photosynthesis optimization and ROS homeostasis in U. prolifera under UVB radiation. This study provides further insights into the response of intertidal macroalgae to solar light changes.
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Grants
- No. LSKJ202203605 Laoshan Laboratory
- Nos. 41906120, 42176204, 41976132, and 41706121 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Nos. 41906120, 42176204, 41976132, and 41706121 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Nos. 41906120, 42176204, 41976132, and 41706121 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Nos. 41906120, 42176204, 41976132, and 41706121 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Nos. U1806213 and U1606404 NSFC-Shandong Joint Fund
- Nos. U1806213 and U1606404 NSFC-Shandong Joint Fund
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Xu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Laoshan Laboratory, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Yi Zhong
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Tongfei Qu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Baixue Sun
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Huanxin Zhang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, 1 Daxue Road, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Chengzong Hou
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport, Tianjin, 300456, China
| | - Xuexi Tang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Gao Y, Bernard O, Fanesi A, Perré P, Lopes F. The impact of light/dark regimes on structure and physiology of Chlorella vulgaris biofilms. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1250866. [PMID: 37942075 PMCID: PMC10628651 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1250866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Biofilm-based microalgae production technologies offer enormous potential for improving sustainability and productivity. However, the light pattern induced by these technologies is a key concern for optimization. Methods In this work, the effects of light/dark cycles on architecture, growth, and physiology of Chlorella vulgaris biofilms were assessed in a millifluidic flow-cell with different time cycles (15 s to 3 min) keeping the average light constant at 100 μmol·m-2·s-1. Results and discussion Results showed that photoinhibition can be mitigated by applying a light fraction of 1/3 and a cycle time of 15 s. By contrast, when the cycle time is extended to 90 s and 3 min, photoinhibition is high and photoefficiency dramatically decreases. To cope with light stress, cells acclimate and organize themselves differently in space. A high peak light (500 μmol·m-2·s-1) triggers a stress, reducing cell division and inducing clusters in the biofilm. This work provides guidelines for optimizing rotating microalgae production systems in biofilms and assesses the minimum rotating frequency required to maintain the net growth rate close to that of continuous light of the same average intensity, mitigating photo-inhibition. The overall gain in productivity is then provided by the total surface of the biofilm turning in the illuminated surface area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux (LGPM), CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Bernard
- Biocore, Inria Sophia Antipolis Méditerranée, Université Nice Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Andrea Fanesi
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux (LGPM), CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Patrick Perré
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux (LGPM), Centre Européen de Biotechnologie et de Bioéconomie (CEBB), CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, Pomacle, France
| | - Filipa Lopes
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux (LGPM), CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Jiang Q, Chen H, Fu Z, Fu X, Wang J, Liang Y, Yin H, Yang J, Jiang J, Yang X, Wang H, Liu Z, Su R. Current Progress, Challenges and Perspectives in the Microalgal-Bacterial Aerobic Granular Sludge Process: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13950. [PMID: 36360829 PMCID: PMC9655209 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Traditional wastewater treatment technologies have become increasingly inefficient to meet the needs of low-consumption and sustainable wastewater treatment. Researchers are committed to seeking new wastewater treatment technologies, to reduce the pressure on the environment caused by resource shortages. Recently, a microalgal-bacterial granular sludge (MBGS) technology has attracted widespread attention due to its high efficiency wastewater treatment capacity, low energy consumption, low CO2 emissions, potentially high added values, and resource recovery capabilities. This review focused primarily on the following aspects of microalgal-bacterial granular sludge technology: (1) MBGS culture and maintenance operating parameters, (2) MBGS application in different wastewaters, (3) MBGS additional products: biofuels and bioproducts, (4) MBGS energy saving and consumption reduction: greenhouse gas emission reduction, and (5) challenges and prospects. The information in this review will help us better understand the current progress and future direction of the MBGS technology development. It is expected that this review will provide a sound theoretical basis for the practical applications of a MBGS technology in environmentally sustainable wastewater treatment, resource recovery, and system optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianrong Jiang
- Ecological Environment Management and Assessment Center, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Honglei Chen
- Ecological Environment Management and Assessment Center, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Zeding Fu
- School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Xiaohua Fu
- Ecological Environment Management and Assessment Center, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Jiacheng Wang
- Ecological Environment Management and Assessment Center, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yingqi Liang
- Ecological Environment Management and Assessment Center, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Hailong Yin
- Ecological Environment Management and Assessment Center, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Junbo Yang
- Ecological Environment Management and Assessment Center, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Ecological Environment Management and Assessment Center, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xinxin Yang
- Ecological Environment Management and Assessment Center, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - He Wang
- Ecological Environment Management and Assessment Center, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Zhiming Liu
- Department of Biology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, NM 88130, USA
| | - Rongkui Su
- Ecological Environment Management and Assessment Center, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
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van den Berg TE, Croce R. The Loroxanthin Cycle: A New Type of Xanthophyll Cycle in Green Algae (Chlorophyta). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:797294. [PMID: 35251077 PMCID: PMC8891138 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.797294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Xanthophyll cycles (XC) have proven to be major contributors to photoacclimation for many organisms. This work describes a light-driven XC operating in the chlorophyte Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and involving the xanthophylls Lutein (L) and Loroxanthin (Lo). Pigments were quantified during a switch from high to low light (LL) and at different time points from cells grown in Day/Night cycle. Trimeric LHCII was purified from cells acclimated to high or LL and their pigment content and spectroscopic properties were characterized. The Lo/(L + Lo) ratio in the cells varies by a factor of 10 between cells grown in low or high light (HL) leading to a change in the Lo/(L + Lo) ratio in trimeric LHCII from .5 in low light to .07 in HL. Trimeric LhcbMs binding Loroxanthin have 5 ± 1% higher excitation energy (EE) transfer (EET) from carotenoid to Chlorophyll as well as higher thermo- and photostability than trimeric LhcbMs that only bind Lutein. The Loroxanthin cycle operates on long time scales (hours to days) and likely evolved as a shade adaptation. It has many similarities with the Lutein-epoxide - Lutein cycle (LLx) of plants.
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García-Cubero R, Kleinegris DMM, Barbosa MJ. Predicting biomass and hydrocarbon productivities and colony size in continuous cultures of Botryococcus braunii showa. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 340:125653. [PMID: 34330006 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mathematical models were developed to predict biomass and hydrocarbon productivities and colony size (ouputs) of Botryococcus braunii showa cultures based on light intensity, temperature and dilution rate (inputs). These models predicted the following maximum values: biomass productivity, 1.3 g L-1 d-1; hydrocarbon productivity, 1.5 mg L-1 d-1; colony size, 320 µm under different culture conditions respectively. These values were confirmed experimentally. Additionally, the combination of inputs that simultaneously maximize all the possible outputs combinations were determined. The prediction for biomass-hydrocarbon-colony size were 1 g L-1 d-1, 12.05 mg L-1 d-1 and 156.8 µm respectively; biomass productivity-hydrocarbon productivities: 1 g L-1 d-1 and 13.94 mg L-1 d-1 respectively; biomass productivity-colony size: 1 g L-1 d-1 and 172.8 µm respectively; hydrocarbon productivity-colony size: 9 mg L-1 d-1 and 240 µm respectively. All these predictions were validated experimentally. These models might be very useful to implement a Botryococcus braunii showa large scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael García-Cubero
- Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wageningen UR Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | | | - María J Barbosa
- Wageningen University, Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Large-scale screening of natural genetic resource in the hydrocarbon-producing microalga Botrycoccus braunii identified novel fast-growing strains. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7368. [PMID: 33811231 PMCID: PMC8018972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86760-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Algal biofuel research aims to make a renewable, carbon–neutral biofuel by using oil-producing microalgae. The freshwater microalga Botryococcus braunii has received much attention due to its ability to accumulate large amounts of petroleum-like hydrocarbons but suffers from slow growth. We performed a large-scale screening of fast-growing strains with 180 strains isolated from 22 ponds located in a wide geographic range from the tropics to cool-temperate. A fast-growing strain, Showa, which recorded the highest productivities of algal hydrocarbons to date, was used as a benchmark. The initial screening was performed by monitoring optical densities in glass tubes and identified 9 wild strains with faster or equivalent growth rates to Showa. The biomass-based assessments showed that biomass and hydrocarbon productivities of these strains were 12–37% and 11–88% higher than that of Showa, respectively. One strain, OIT-678 established a new record of the fastest growth rate in the race B strains with a doubling time of 1.2 days. The OIT-678 had 36% higher biomass productivity, 34% higher hydrocarbon productivity, and 20% higher biomass density than Showa at the same cultivation conditions, suggesting the potential of the new strain to break the record for the highest productivities of hydrocarbons.
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Australian Strains of Botryococcus braunii Examined for Potential Hydrocarbon and Carotenoid Pigment Production and the Effect of Brackish Water. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13246644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The green alga Botryococcus braunii produces abundant hydrocarbons, in the form of drop-in biodiesel, which promoted interest in the species as a renewable fuel. However, despite the observation of dense populations in the wild, Botryococcus grows very slowly in culture, severely limiting its potential for development as a bioresource. Undertaking a biodiscovery program, we found new strains of Botryococcus in locations ranging from tropical to temperate Australia and from both fresh and brackish waters. As part of the ecophysiological characterisation of this new biodiversity, lipid and pigment compositions were studied for six new strains from six different locations. The strains were inoculated in either freshwater or brackish (salinity of 4)-based medium and maintained over 150 days. The growth of cultures was studied continuously, while lipid and pigment composition were analysed at final harvest on day 150. No significant differences in growth rate between fresh and brackish media were observed. Some strains were more tolerable of brackish conditions than others with a link between salinity tolerance and original location. The use of lower salinity (4 ppt) had a minimal effect on lipid composition, with only two of the six strains showing a different hydrocarbon profile in comparison to the other strains; pigment composition showed only minor variations for fresh and brackish water cultures, although the concentrations varied significantly with the freshwater cultures containing higher pigment concentrations.
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van den Berg TE, Arshad R, Nawrocki WJ, Boekema EJ, Kouřil R, Croce R. PSI of the Colonial Alga Botryococcus braunii Has an Unusually Large Antenna Size. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:2040-2051. [PMID: 33051267 PMCID: PMC7723122 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
PSI is an essential component of the photosynthetic apparatus of oxygenic photosynthesis. While most of its subunits are conserved, recent data have shown that the arrangement of the light-harvesting complexes I (LHCIs) differs substantially in different organisms. Here we studied the PSI-LHCI supercomplex of Botryococccus braunii, a colonial green alga with potential for lipid and sugar production, using functional analysis and single-particle electron microscopy of the isolated PSI-LHCI supercomplexes complemented by time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy in vivo. We established that the largest purified PSI-LHCI supercomplex contains 10 LHCIs (∼240 chlorophylls). However, electron microscopy showed heterogeneity in the particles and a total of 13 unique binding sites for the LHCIs around the PSI core. Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that the PSI antenna size in vivo is even larger than that of the purified complex. Based on the comparison of the known PSI structures, we propose that PSI in B. braunii can bind LHCIs at all known positions surrounding the core. This organization maximizes the antenna size while maintaining fast excitation energy transfer, and thus high trapping efficiency, within the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas E van den Berg
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy-Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rameez Arshad
- Electron Microscopy Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Wojciech J Nawrocki
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy-Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Egbert J Boekema
- Electron Microscopy Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roman Kouřil
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Roberta Croce
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Department of Physics and Astronomy-Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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