1
|
Zeng T, Yu Q, Shang J, Xu Z, Zhou L, Li W, Li J, Hu H, Zhu L, Li J, Wang C. TcbHLH14 a Jasmonate Associated MYC2-like Transcription Factor Positively Regulates Pyrethrin Biosynthesis in Tanacetum cinerariifolium. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087379. [PMID: 37108541 PMCID: PMC10138541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural pyrethrins have high application value, and are widely used as a green pesticide in crop pest prevention and control. Pyrethrins are mainly extracted from the flower heads of Tanacetum cinerariifolium; however, the natural content is low. Therefore, it is essential to understand the regulatory mechanisms underlying the synthesis of pyrethrins through identification of key transcription factors. We identified a gene encoding a MYC2-like transcription factor named TcbHLH14 from T. cinerariifolium transcriptome, which is induced by methyl jasmonate. In the present study, we evaluated the regulatory effects and mechanisms of TcbHLH14 using expression analysis, a yeast one-hybrid assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and overexpression/virus-induced gene silencing experiments. We found that TcbHLH14 can directly bind to the cis-elements of the pyrethrins synthesis genes TcAOC and TcGLIP to activate their expression. The transient overexpression of TcbHLH14 enhanced expression of the TcAOC and TcGLIP genes. Conversely, transient silencing of TcbHLH14 downregulated the expression of TcAOC and TcGLIP and reduced the content of pyrethrins. In summary, these results indicate that the potential application of TcbHLH14 in improving the germplasm resources and provide a new insight into the regulatory network of pyrethrins biosynthesis of T. cinerariifolium to further inform the development of engineering strategies for increasing pyrethrins contents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qin Yu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junzhong Shang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhizhuo Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Li Zhou
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jinjin Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hao Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liyong Zhu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Caiyun Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu Z, Zeng T, Li J, Zhou L, Li J, Luo J, Zheng R, Wang Y, Hu H, Wang C. TcbZIP60 positively regulates pyrethrins biosynthesis in Tanacetum cinerariifolium. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1133912. [PMID: 36890888 PMCID: PMC9986458 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1133912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethrins, synthesized in the perennial plant Tanacetum cinerariifolium, are a class of terpene mixtures with high insecticidal activity and low human toxicity, which are widely used in plant-derived pesticides. Numerous studies have identified multiple pyrethrins biosynthesis enzymes, which can be enhanced by exogenous hormones such as methyl jasmonate (MeJA). However, the mechanism by which hormone signaling regulates pyrethrins biosynthesis and the potential involvement of certain transcription factors (TFs) remain unclear. In this study, we found that the expression level of a TF in T. cinerariifolium was significantly increased after treatment with plant hormones (MeJA, abscisic acid). Subsequent analysis identified this TF as a member of the basic region/leucine zipper (bZIP) family and was thus named TcbZIP60. TcbZIP60 was localized in the nucleus, suggesting that it is involved in the transcription process. The expression profiles of TcbZIP60 were similar to those of pyrethrins synthesis genes in different flower organs and at different flowering stages. Furthermore, TcbZIP60 could directly bind to the E-box/G-box motifs in the promoters of the pyrethrins synthesis genes TcCHS and TcAOC to activate their expression. Transient overexpression of TcbZIP60 increased the expression levels of pyrethrins biosynthesis genes, leading to the significant accumulation of pyrethrins. Silencing of TcbZIP60 significantly downregulated pyrethrins accumulation and the expression of related genes. Overall, our results reveal a novel TF, TcbZIP60, that regulates both the terpenoid and jasmonic acid pathways of pyrethrins biosynthesis in T. cinerariifolium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhuo Xu
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tuo Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinjin Li
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Riru Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Hu, ; Caiyun Wang,
| | - Caiyun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Hu, ; Caiyun Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou L, Li J, Zeng T, Xu Z, Luo J, Zheng R, Wang Y, Wang C. TcMYB8, a R3-MYB Transcription Factor, Positively Regulates Pyrethrin Biosynthesis in Tanacetum cinerariifolium. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012186. [PMID: 36293043 PMCID: PMC9602545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrethrins are a mixture of terpenes, with insecticidal properties, that accumulate in the aboveground parts of the pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium). Numerous studies have been published on the positive role of MYB transcription factors (TFs) in terpenoid biosynthesis; however, the role of MYB TFs in pyrethrin biosynthesis remains unknown. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a T. cinerariifolium MYB gene encoding a R3-MYB protein, TcMYB8, containing a large number of hormone-responsive elements in its promoter. The expression of the TcMYB8 gene showed a downward trend during the development stage of flowers and leaves, and was induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), and abscisic acid (ABA). Transient overexpression of TcMYB8 enhanced the expression of key enzyme-encoding genes, TcCHS and TcGLIP, and increased the content of pyrethrins. By contrast, transient silencing of TcMYB8 decreased pyrethrin contents and downregulated TcCHS and TcGLIP expression. Further analysis indicated that TcMYB8 directly binds to cis-elements in proTcCHS and proTcGLIP to activate their expression, thus regulating pyrethrin biosynthesis. Together, these results highlight the potential application of TcMYB8 for improving the T. cinerariifolium germplasm, and provide insight into the pyrethrin biosynthesis regulation network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tuo Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhizhuo Xu
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Riru Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Caiyun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang S, Zhan C, Chen R, Li W, Song H, Zhao G, Wen M, Liang D, Qiao J. Achievements and perspectives of synthetic biology in botanical insecticides. J Cell Physiol 2022. [PMID: 36183373 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Botanical insecticides are the origin of all insecticidal compounds. They have been widely used to control pests in crops for a long time. Currently, the commercial production of botanical insecticides extracted from plants is limited because of insufficient raw material supply. Synthetic biology is a promising and effective approach for addressing the current problems of the production of botanical insecticides. It is an emerging biological research hotspot in the field of botanical insecticides. However, the biosynthetic pathways of many botanical insecticides are not completely elucidated. On the other hand, the cytotoxicity of botanical pesticides and low efficiency of these biosynthetic enzymes in new hosts make it still challenging for their heterologous production. In the present review, we summarized the recent developments in the heterologous production of botanical insecticides, analyzed the current challenges, and discussed the feasible production strategies, focusing on elucidating biosynthetic pathways, enzyme engineering, host engineering, and cytotoxicity engineering. Looking to the future, synthetic biology promises to further advance heterologous production of more botanical pesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Zhejiang Shaoxing Research Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Chuanling Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Zhejiang Shaoxing Research Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Ruiqi Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Zhejiang Shaoxing Research Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Weiguo Li
- Zhejiang Shaoxing Research Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Hongjian Song
- Zhejiang Shaoxing Research Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Guangrong Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingzhang Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongmei Liang
- Zhejiang Shaoxing Research Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Jianjun Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Zhejiang Shaoxing Research Institute of Tianjin University, Shaoxing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sugisaka Y, Aoyama S, Kumagai K, Ihara M, Matsuda K. TcGLIP GDSL Lipase Substrate Specificity Co-determines the Pyrethrin Composition in Tanacetum cinerariifolium. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:8645-8652. [PMID: 35793553 PMCID: PMC9306000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural pesticides pyrethrins biosynthesized by Tanacetum cinrerariifolium are biodegradable and safer insecticides for pest insect control. TcGLIP, a GDSL lipase underpinning the ester bond formation in pyrethrins, exhibits high stereo-specificity for acyl-CoA and alcohol substrates. However, it is unknown how the enzyme recognizes the other structural features of the substrates and whether such specificity affects the product amount and composition in T. cinrerariifolium. We report here that the cysteamine moiety in (1R,3R)-chrysanthemoyl CoA and the conjugated diene moiety in (S)-pyrethrolone play key roles in the interactions with TcGLIP. CoA released from chrysanthemoyl CoA in the pyrethrin-forming reaction reduces the substrate affinity for TcGLIP by feedback inhibition. (S)-Pyrethrolone shows the highest catalytic efficiency for TcGLIP, followed by (S)-cinerolone and (S)-jasmololone, contributing, at least in part, to determine the pyrethrin compositions in T. cinerariifolium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukimi Sugisaka
- Department
of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Shiori Aoyama
- Department
of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Konoka Kumagai
- Department
of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Makoto Ihara
- Department
of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Matsuda
- Department
of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
- Agricultural
Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University, 3327-204
Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yamashiro T, Shiraishi A, Nakayama K, Satake H. Draft Genome of Tanacetum Coccineum: Genomic Comparison of Closely Related Tanacetum-Family Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137039. [PMID: 35806039 PMCID: PMC9267051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant Tanacetum coccineum (painted daisy) is closely related to Tanacetum cinerariifolium (pyrethrum daisy). However, T. cinerariifolium produces large amounts of pyrethrins, a class of natural insecticides, whereas T. coccineum produces much smaller amounts of these compounds. Thus, comparative genomic analysis is expected to contribute a great deal to investigating the differences in biological defense systems, including pyrethrin biosynthesis. Here, we elucidated the 9.4 Gb draft genome of T. coccineum, consisting of 2,836,647 scaffolds and 103,680 genes. Comparative analyses of the draft genome of T. coccineum and that of T. cinerariifolium, generated in our previous study, revealed distinct features of T. coccineum genes. While the T. coccineum genome contains more numerous ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP)-encoding genes, the number of higher-toxicity type-II RIP-encoding genes is larger in T. cinerariifolium. Furthermore, the number of histidine kinases encoded by the T. coccineum genome is smaller than that of T. cinerariifolium, suggesting a biological correlation with pyrethrin biosynthesis. Moreover, the flanking regions of pyrethrin biosynthesis-related genes are also distinct between these two plants. These results provide clues to the elucidation of species-specific biodefense systems, including the regulatory mechanisms underlying pyrethrin production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Yamashiro
- Dainihon Jochugiku Co., Ltd., 1-1-11 Daikoku-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0827, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.N.)
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Shiraishi
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Souraku, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan;
| | - Koji Nakayama
- Dainihon Jochugiku Co., Ltd., 1-1-11 Daikoku-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0827, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.N.)
| | - Honoo Satake
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Souraku, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-5031820704
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Y, Wen J, Liu L, Chen J, Wang C, Li Z, Wang G, Pichersky E, Xu H. Engineering of tomato type VI glandular trichomes for trans-chrysanthemic acid biosynthesis, the acid moiety of natural pyrethrin insecticides. Metab Eng 2022; 72:188-199. [PMID: 35339691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glandular trichomes, known as metabolic cell factories, have been proposed as highly suitable for metabolically engineering the production of plant high-value specialized metabolites. Natural pyrethrins, found only in Dalmatian pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium), are insecticides with low mammalian toxicity and short environmental persistence. Type I pyrethrins are esters of the monoterpenoid trans-chrysanthemic acid with one of the three rethrolone-type alcohols. To test if glandular trichomes can be made to synthesize trans-chrysanthemic acid, we reconstructed its biosynthetic pathway in tomato type VI glandular trichomes, which produce large amounts of terpenoids that share the precursor dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) with this acid. This was achieved by coexpressing the trans-chrysanthemic acid pathway related genes including TcCDS encoding chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase and the fusion gene of TcADH2 encoding the alcohol dehydrogenase 2 linked with TcALDH1 encoding the aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 under the control of a newly identified type VI glandular trichome-specific metallocarboxypeptidase inhibitor promoter. Whole tomato leaves harboring type VI glandular trichomes expressing all three aformentioned genes had a concentration of total trans-chrysanthemic acid that was about 1.5-fold higher (by mole number) than the levels of β-phellandrene, the dominant monoterpene present in non-transgenic leaves, while the levels of β-phellandrene and the representative sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene in transgenic leaves were reduced by 96% and 81%, respectively. These results suggest that the tomato type VI glandular trichome is an alternative platform for the biosynthesis of trans-chrysanthemic acid by metabolic engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Jing Wen
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Lang Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Chu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Zhengguo Li
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Haiyang Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China; Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zeng T, Li JW, Xu ZZ, Zhou L, Li JJ, Yu Q, Luo J, Chan ZL, Jongsma MA, Hu H, Wang CY. TcMYC2 regulates Pyrethrin biosynthesis in Tanacetum cinerariifolium. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac178. [PMID: 36338845 PMCID: PMC9627524 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethrins constitute a class of terpene derivatives with high insecticidal activity and are mainly synthesized in the capitula of the horticulturally important plant, Tanacetum cinerariifolium. Treatment of T. cinerariifolium with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) in the field induces pyrethrin biosynthesis, but the mechanism linking MeJA with pyrethrin biosynthesis remains unclear. In this study, we explored the transcription factors involved in regulating MeJA-induced pyrethrin biosynthesis. A single spray application of MeJA to T. cinerariifolium leaves rapidly upregulated the expression of most known pyrethrin biosynthesis genes and subsequently increased the total pyrethrin content in the leaf. A continuous 2-week MeJA treatment resulted in enhanced pyrethrin content and increased trichome density. TcMYC2, a key gene in jasmonate signaling, was screened at the transcriptome after MeJA treatment. TcMYC2 positively regulated expression of the pyrethrin biosynthesis genes TcCHS, TcAOC, and TcGLIP by directly binding to E-box/G-box motifs in the promoters. The stable overexpression of TcMYC2 in T. cinerariifolium hairy roots significantly increased the expression of TcAOC and TcGLIP. Further transient overexpression and viral-induced gene-silencing experiments demonstrated that TcMYC2 positively promoted pyrethrin biosynthesis. Collectively, the results reveal a novel molecular mechanism for MeJA-induced pyrethrin biosynthesis in T. cinerariifolium involving TcMYC2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhi-Zhuo Xu
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jin-Jin Li
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qin Yu
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jin Luo
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhu-Long Chan
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Maarten A Jongsma
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708, PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hao Hu
- Corresponding authors. E-mails: ;
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zeng T, Li JW, Zhou L, Xu ZZ, Li JJ, Hu H, Luo J, Zheng RR, Wang YY, Wang CY. Transcriptional Responses and GCMS Analysis for the Biosynthesis of Pyrethrins and Volatile Terpenes in Tanacetum coccineum. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313005. [PMID: 34884809 PMCID: PMC8657971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural pyrethrins have been widely used as natural pesticides due to their low mammalian toxicity and environmental friendliness. Previous studies have mainly focused on Tanacetumcinerariifolium, which contains high levels of pyrethrins and volatile terpenes that play significant roles in plant defense and pollination. However, there is little information on T. coccineum due to its lower pyrethrin content and low commercial value. In this study, we measured the transcriptome and metabolites of the leaves (L), flower buds (S1), and fully blossomed flowers (S4) of T. coccineum. The results show that the expression of pyrethrins and precursor terpene backbone genes was low in the leaves, and then rapidly increased in the S1 stage before decreasing again in the S4 stage. The results also show that pyrethrins primarily accumulated at the S4 stage. However, the content of volatile terpenes was consistently low. This perhaps suggests that, despite T. coccineum and T. cinerariifolium having similar gene expression patterns and accumulation of pyrethrins, T. coccineum attracts pollinators via its large and colorful flowers rather than via inefficient and metabolically expensive volatile terpenes, as in T. cinerariifolium. This is the first instance of de novo transcriptome sequencing reported for T. coccineum. The present results could provide insights into pyrethrin biosynthetic pathways and will be helpful for further understanding how plants balance the cost–benefit relationship between plant defense and pollination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Zeng
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jia-Wen Li
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
| | - Li Zhou
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
| | - Zhi-Zhuo Xu
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
| | - Jin-Jin Li
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
| | - Hao Hu
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
| | - Jing Luo
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
| | - Ri-Ru Zheng
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
| | - Cai-Yun Wang
- A Key Laboratory for Biology of Horticultural Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.Z.); (J.-W.L.); (L.Z.); (Z.-Z.X.); (J.-J.L.); (H.H.); (J.L.); (R.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.W.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Adaptive mechanisms of plant specialized metabolism connecting chemistry to function. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:1037-1045. [PMID: 34552220 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00822-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants evolved elaborate metabolic systems that produce a plethora of specialized metabolites as a means to survive challenging terrestrial environments. Decades of research have revealed the genetic and biochemical basis for a multitude of plant specialized metabolic pathways. Nevertheless, knowledge is still limited concerning the selective advantages provided by individual and collective specialized metabolites to the reproductive success of diverse host plants. Here we review the biological functions conferred by various classes of plant specialized metabolites in the context of the interaction of plants with their surrounding environment. To achieve optimal multifunctionality of diverse specialized metabolic processes, plants use various adaptive mechanisms at subcellular, cellular, tissue, organ and interspecies levels. Understanding these mechanisms and the evolutionary trajectories underlying their occurrence in nature will ultimately enable efficient bioengineering of desirable metabolic traits in chassis organisms.
Collapse
|
11
|
Lybrand DB, Xu H, Last RL, Pichersky E. How Plants Synthesize Pyrethrins: Safe and Biodegradable Insecticides. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:1240-1251. [PMID: 32690362 PMCID: PMC7677217 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Natural pyrethrin insecticides produced by Dalmatian pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) have low mammalian toxicity and short environmental persistence, providing an alternative to widely used synthetic agricultural insecticides that pose a threat to human health and the environment. A recent surge of interest in the use of pyrethrins as agricultural insecticides coincides with the discovery of several new genes in the pyrethrin biosynthetic pathway. Elucidation of this pathway facilitates efforts to breed improved pyrethrum varieties and to engineer plants with improved endogenous defenses or hosts for heterologous pyrethrin production. We describe the current state of knowledge related to global pyrethrum production, the pyrethrin biosynthetic pathway and its regulation, and recent efforts to engineer the pyrethrin pathway in diverse plant hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Lybrand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Haiyang Xu
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mukhtarova LS, Lantsova NV, Khairutdinov BI, Grechkin AN. Lipoxygenase pathway in model bryophytes: 12-oxo-9(13),15-phytodienoic acid is a predominant oxylipin in Physcomitrella patens. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 180:112533. [PMID: 33059187 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The model moss Physcomitrella patens and liverwort Marchantia polymorpha possess all enzymatic machinery responsible for the initial stages of jasmonate pathway, including the active 13(S)-lipoxygenase, allene oxide synthase (AOS) and allene oxide cyclase (AOC). At the same time, the jasmonic acid is missing from both P. patens and M. polymorpha. Our GC-MS profiling of oxylipins of P. patens gametophores and M. polymorpha tissues revealed some distinctive peculiarities. The 15(Z)-cis-12-oxo-10,15-phytodienoic acid (12-OPDA) was the major oxylipin in M. polymorpha. In contrast, the 12-OPDA was only a minor constituent in P. patens, while another cyclopentenone 1 was the predominant oxylipin. Product 1 was identified by its MS, 1H-NMR, 1H-1H-COSY, HSQC and HMBC data as 15(Z)-12-oxo-9(13),15-phytodienoic acid, i.e., the iso-12-OPDA. The corresponding C16 homologue, 2,3-dinor-iso-12-OPDA (2), have also been detected as a minor component in P. patens and a prominent product in M. polymorpha. Besides, the 2,3-dinor-cis-12-OPDA (3) was also present in M. polymorpha. Apparently, the malfunction of cyclopentenone reduction by the 12-OPDA reductase in P. patens and (to a lesser extent) in M. polymorpha leads to the isomerization of 12-OPDA and formation of specific cyclopentenones 1 and 2, which are uncommon in flowering plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia S Mukhtarova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Natalia V Lantsova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Bulat I Khairutdinov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Alexander N Grechkin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, P.O. Box 30, 420111, Kazan, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang JQ, Lin JL, Guo XX, Tian X, Tian Y, Shangguan XX, Wang LJ, Fang X, Chen XY. RES transformation for biosynthesis and detoxification. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:1297-1302. [PMID: 32519031 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1729-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The reactive electrophilic species (RES), typically the molecules bearing α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group, are widespread in living organisms and notoriously known for their damaging effects. Many of the mycotoxins released from phytopathogenic fungi are RES and their contamination to cereals threatens food safety worldwide. However, due to their high reactivity, RES are also used by host organisms to synthesize specific metabolites. The evolutionary conserved glyoxalase (GLX) system scavenges the cytotoxic α-oxoaldehydes that bear RES groups, which cause host disorders and diseases. In cotton, a specialized enzyme derived from glyoxalase I (GLXI) through gene duplications and named as specialized GLXI (SPG), acts as a distinct type of aromatase in the gossypol pathway to transform the RES intermediates into the phenolic products. In this review, we briefly introduce the research progress in understanding the RES, especially the RES-type mycotoxins, the GLX system and SPG, and discuss their application potential in detoxification and synthetic biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Quan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jia-Ling Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiao-Xiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ye Tian
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Shangguan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ling-Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li W, Lybrand DB, Xu H, Zhou F, Last RL, Pichersky E. A Trichome-Specific, Plastid-Localized Tanacetum cinerariifolium Nudix Protein Hydrolyzes the Natural Pyrethrin Pesticide Biosynthetic Intermediate trans-Chrysanthemyl Diphosphate. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:482. [PMID: 32391039 PMCID: PMC7194074 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tanacetum cinerariifolium flowers synthesize six pyrethrins that function as effective insecticides. trans-Chrysanthemol is an early intermediate in the synthesis of the monoterpene moiety of pyrethrins. Previously, the pyrethrum enzyme chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase (TcCDS) was shown to catalyze the formation of the prenyl diphosphate compound chrysanthemyl diphosphate (CPP) by condensing two molecules of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Later work also showed that with a low concentration of DMAPP, TcCDS can also remove the diphosphate group to give chrysanthemol. The removal of the phosphate groups from other prenyl diphosphates, such as DMAPP, isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and geranyl diphosphate (GPP), was previously shown to occur in two steps. In those cases, the first phosphate group is removed by a member of the Nudix hydrolase protein family, and the second by other unidentified phosphatases. These previously characterized Nudix proteins involved in the hydrolysis of prenyl diphosphates were shown to be cytosolic. Here we report that a plastidic Nudix protein from pyrethrum, designated TcNudix1, has high specificity for CPP and can hydrolyze it to chrysanthemol monophosphate (CMP). TcNudix1 is expressed specifically in the trichomes of the ovaries, where chrysanthemol is produced. TcNudix1 expression patterns and pathway reconstitution experiments presented here implicate the TcNudix1 protein in the biosynthesis of chrysanthemol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Daniel B. Lybrand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Haiyang Xu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced, Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Robert L. Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Eran Pichersky,
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nagel R. Pyrethrin Biosynthesis: From a Phytohormone to Specialized Metabolite. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:836-837. [PMID: 31685681 PMCID: PMC6836815 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Nagel
- Universität Leipzig, Department of Plant Physiology, Leipzig, Saxony 04103, Germany
| |
Collapse
|