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Le TT, Corato A, Gerards T, Gérin S, Remacle C, Franck F. Heterotrophy Compared to Photoautotrophy for Growth Characteristics and Pigment Compositions in Batch Cultures of Four Green Microalgae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1182. [PMID: 38732397 PMCID: PMC11085138 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Four strains of green microalgae (Scenedesmus acutus, Scenedesmus vacuolatus, Chlorella sorokiniana, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) were compared to determine growth and pigment composition under photoautotrophic or heterotrophic conditions. Batch growth experiments were performed in multicultivators with online monitoring of optical density. For photoautotrophic growth, light-limited (CO2-sufficient) growth was analyzed under different light intensities during the exponential and deceleration growth phases. The specific growth rate, measured during the exponential phase, and the maximal biomass productivity, measured during the deceleration phase, were not related to each other when different light intensities and different species were considered. This indicates species-dependent photoacclimation effects during cultivation time, which was confirmed by light-dependent changes in pigment content and composition when exponential and deceleration phases were compared. Except for C. reinhardtii, which does not grow on glucose, heterotrophic growth was promoted to similar extents by acetate and by glucose; however, these two substrates led to different pigment compositions. Weak light increased the pigment content during heterotrophy in the four species but was efficient in promoting growth only in S. acutus. C. sorokiniana, and S. vacuolatus exhibited the best potential for heterotrophic biomass productivities, both on glucose and acetate, with carotenoid (lutein) content being the highest in the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Tung Le
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, InBios/PhytoSystems, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Chemin de la Vallée 4, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (T.T.L.); (A.C.); (T.G.); (S.G.)
- Research Institute for Marine Fisheries, 224 Le Lai Street, Ngo Quyen District, Hai Phong City 04000, Vietnam
| | - Amélie Corato
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, InBios/PhytoSystems, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Chemin de la Vallée 4, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (T.T.L.); (A.C.); (T.G.); (S.G.)
- Diagenode, Liège Science Park, Rue du Bois Saint-Jean 3, 4102 Liège, Belgium
| | - Thomas Gerards
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, InBios/PhytoSystems, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Chemin de la Vallée 4, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (T.T.L.); (A.C.); (T.G.); (S.G.)
- Département de la Recherche et du Développement Technologique, SPW, Place de la Wallonie 1 (B3), 5100 Namur, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Gérin
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, InBios/PhytoSystems, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Chemin de la Vallée 4, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (T.T.L.); (A.C.); (T.G.); (S.G.)
- Genetics and Physiology of Microalgae, InBios/PhytoSystems, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Chemin de la Vallée 4, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Claire Remacle
- Genetics and Physiology of Microalgae, InBios/PhytoSystems, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Chemin de la Vallée 4, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Fabrice Franck
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, InBios/PhytoSystems, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, Chemin de la Vallée 4, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (T.T.L.); (A.C.); (T.G.); (S.G.)
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Kumari K, Samantaray S, Sahoo D, Tripathy BC. Nitrogen, phosphorus and high CO 2 modulate photosynthesis, biomass and lipid production in the green alga Chlorella vulgaris. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 148:17-32. [PMID: 33813714 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00828-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Climate change could impact nutrient bioavailability in aquatic environment. To understand the interaction of nutrient bioavailability and elevated CO2, Chlorella vulgaris cells were grown in ambient air or 5% CO2 in different concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in a photobioreactor. The chlorophyll content, photosynthesis and respiration rates increased in 5% CO2 to support higher biomass production. The nutrient limitation in the growth media resulted in reduced photosynthetic rates of the algal cells and their PSI, PSII, and whole chain electron transport rates and biomass production. Conversely, their lipid content increased partly due to upregulation of expression of several lipid biosynthesis genes. The order of downregulation of photosynthesis and upregulation in lipid production due to nutrient limitation was in the order of N > P. The N-50 and 5% CO2 culture had only 10% reduction in biomass and 32% increase in lipids having 85% saturated fat required for efficient biofuel production. This growth condition is ideal for generation of biodiesel required to reduce the consumption of fossil fuel and combat global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Kumari
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | | | - Dinabandhu Sahoo
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Baishnab C Tripathy
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Knowledge Park 3, Greater Noida, 201306, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Steichen SA, Gao S, Waller P, Brown JK. Association between algal productivity and phycosphere composition in an outdoor Chlorella sorokiniana reactor based on multiple longitudinal analyses. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:1546-1561. [PMID: 32449601 PMCID: PMC7415377 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae as a biofuel source are of great interest. Bacterial phycosphere inhabitants of algal cultures are hypothesized to contribute to productivity. In this study, the bacterial composition of the Chlorella sorokiniana phycosphere was determined over several production cycles in different growing seasons by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and identification. The diversity of the phycosphere increased with time during each individual reactor run, based on Faith's phylogenetic diversity metric versus days post-inoculation (R = 0.66, P < 0.001). During summer months, Vampirovibrio chlorellavorus, an obligate predatory bacterium, was prevalent. Bacterial sequences assigned to the Rhizobiales, Betaproteobacteriales and Chitinophagales were positively associated with algal biomass productivity. Applications of the general biocide, benzalkonium chloride, to a subset of experiments intended to abate V. chlorellavorus appeared to temporarily suppress phycosphere bacterial growth, however, there was no relationship between those bacterial taxa suppressed by benzalkonium chloride and their association with algal productivity, based on multinomial model correlations. Algal health was approximated using a model-based metric, or the 'Health Index' that indicated a robust, positive relationship between C. sorokiniana fitness and presence of members belonging to the Burholderiaceae and Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium clade. Bacterial community composition was linked to the efficiency of microalgal biomass production and algal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth A. Steichen
- School of Plant SciencesThe University of Arizona1140 E South Campus DrTucsonAZ85721USA
| | - Song Gao
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory1529 West Sequim Bay RoadSequimWA98382USA
| | - Peter Waller
- Biosystems EngineeringThe University of Arizona1177 E 4th StTucsonAZ85721USA
| | - Judith K. Brown
- School of Plant SciencesThe University of Arizona1140 E South Campus DrTucsonAZ85721USA
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Litchfield CD, Colwell RR, Prescott JM. Numerical Taxonomy of Heterotrophic Bacteria Growing in Association with Continuous-Culture Chlorella sorokiniana. Appl Microbiol 2010; 18:1044-9. [PMID: 16349872 PMCID: PMC378190 DOI: 10.1128/am.18.6.1044-1049.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-nine cultures isolated from nonaxenic growths of Chlorella sorokiniana (Shihira and Krauss) and eight reference cultures were tested for 150 morphological and biochemical characteristics. The taxonomic data were subjected to computer analysis from which five major clusters were identified. The bacterial isolates have been placed in the genera: Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Flavobacterium, and Bacillus. Amino acid requirements of four strains from the test set were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Litchfield
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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Mandalam RK, Palsson BO. Elemental balancing of biomass and medium composition enhances growth capacity in high-density Chlorella vulgaris cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 1998; 59:605-11. [PMID: 10099378 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19980905)59:5<605::aid-bit11>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The basic requirements for high-density photoautotrophic microalgal cultures in enclosed photobioreactors are a powerful light source and proper distribution of light, efficient gas exchange, and suitable medium composition. This article introduces the concept of balancing the elemental composition of growth medium with biomass composition to obtain high-density cultures. N-8 medium, commonly used for culturing Chlorella vulgaris was evaluated for its capacity to support high-density cultures on the basis of elemental stoichiometric composition of C. vulgaris. This analysis showed that the N-8 medium is deficient in iron, magnesium, sulfur, and nitrogen at high cell densities. N-8 medium was redesigned to contain stoichiometrically balanced quantities of the four deficient elements to support a biomass concentration of 2% (v/v). The redesigned medium, called M-8 medium, resulted in up to three- to fivefold increase in total chlorophyll content per volume of culture as compared to N-8 medium. Further experiments showed that addition of each of the four elements separately to N-8 medium did not improve culture performance and that balanced supplementation of all four deficient elements was required to yield the improved performance. Long-term (24 d) C. vulgaris culture in M-8 medium showed continuous increase in chlorophyll content and biomass throughout the period of cultivation. In contrast, the increase in chlorophyll content and biomass ceased after 7 and 12 d, respectively in N-8 medium, demonstrating the higher capacity of M-8 medium to produce biomass. Thus, the performance of high cell density photobioreactors can be significantly enhanced by proper medium design. The elemental composition of the biomass generated is an appropriate basis for medium design.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Mandalam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Wong M, Chu L, Chan W. The effects of heavy metals and ammonia in sewage sludge and animal manure on the growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0143-1471(84)90089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Tabillion R, Weber F, Kaltwasser H. Nickel requirement for chemolithotrophic growth in hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria. Arch Microbiol 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00427717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tovey KC, Spiller GH, Oldham KG, Lucas N, Carr NG. A new method for the preparation of uniformly 14C-labelled compounds by using Anacystis nidulans. Biochem J 1974; 142:47-56. [PMID: 4374187 PMCID: PMC1168209 DOI: 10.1042/bj1420047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. Growth conditions were devised which enabled Anacystis nidulans to be grown on high specific radioactivity (14)CO(2) (at over 98% isotopic abundance of (14)C) in a closed system with greater than 85% substrate utilization. 2. The DNA and RNA content of A. nidulans was estimated by various methods and compared with that of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. 3. A procedure was developed for the quantitative extraction and separation of the DNA and RNA from A. nidulans. 4. The fractionation and analysis of the DNA and RNA includes methods for the preparation of the uniformly (14)C-labelled deoxyribonucleoside monophosphates and the uniformly (14)C-labelled ribonucleoside monophosphates. 5. The base 6-methylaminopurine was identified as a component of the DNA. 6. The preparation and total yield of uniformly (14)C-labelled amino acids from A. nidulans are also briefly described. The results are discussed in relation to the use of other micro-organisms for the preparation of compounds labelled with (14)C.
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Plato P, Denovan JT. The influence of potassium on the removal of 137Cs by live Chlorella from low level radioactive wastes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0033-7560(74)90084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Benaim-Pinto C. Airborne algae as a possible etiologic factor in respiratory allergy in Caracas, Venezuela. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/0091-6749(72)90135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Ellsworth RK, Aronoff S. Investigations on the biogenesis of chlorophyll a. II. Chlorophyllide a accumulation by a Chlorella mutant. Arch Biochem Biophys 1968; 125:35-9. [PMID: 5649526 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(68)90635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Ellsworth RK, Aronoff S. Investigations on the biogenesis of chlorophyll a. 3. Biosynthesis of Mg-vinylpheoporphine a5 methylester from Mg-protoporphine IX monomethylester as observed in Chlorella mutants. Arch Biochem Biophys 1968; 125:269-77. [PMID: 5649520 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(68)90661-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
Methods are described for the isolation of chlorophylls a and b, and for the preparation of 12 chlorophyll derivatives, including crystalline pheophorbide a, from these starting compounds. Laboratory cultures of Chlorella were fed C14O2. After 9 days growth the cells were heat-killed, their pigments extracted, and chlorophylls a and b isolated chromatographically. The following C14-labelled compounds were prepared: chlorophyll a, allomerized chlorophyll a, chlorophyllide a, pheophytin a, allomerized pheophytin a, pheophorbide a, methyl pheophorbide a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyllide b, methyl chlorophyllide b, allomerized chlorophyllide b, allomerized methyl chlorophyllide b, pheophorbide b, and allomerized pheophorbide b. Assuming uniform distribution of carbon-14 label in the parent chlorophyll molecules, specific and molar absorption coefficients were calculated from the specific radioactivities of these derivatives.
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Braune W, Braune W. Der Einfluß von Scenedesmus obliquus auf die bakteriellen Umsetzungen mineralisierten Stickstoffs im Flußwasser. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1968. [DOI: 10.1002/iroh.19680530106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Meffert ME, Overbeck J. Growth of Scenedesmus obliquus in relation to the supply of iron. PLANTA 1967; 78:39-48. [PMID: 24522647 DOI: 10.1007/bf00384856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/1967] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Equal amounts of iron in the form of iron citrate or Fe-EDTA were added to the mineral media. The effect of the two salts upon cell-, substance-and chlorophyll-production of Scenedesmus obliquus cultivated in light-dark-regimes of 15:9 hours was studied.In bubbling cultures at 75 000 Lux the number of cells and the dry substance increased by a factor of about 16-19 with Fe-EDTA and by a factor of 10-12 with iron citrate. With both salts it was possible to get a production of daughter cells twice within one light-dark-cycle of 24 hours.The chlorophyll content of cells and substance cultivated in Fe-EDTA-medium was smaller than that of those cultivated in iron citrate-medium. The possible relations between the amount of chlorphyll and the production of substance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Meffert
- Abteilung Allgemeine Limnologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Limnologie, Plön/Holstein, Plön, Deutschland
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FREDRICKSON AG, BROWN AH, MILLER RL, TSUCHIYA HM. Optimum Conditions for Photosynthesis in Optically Dense Cultures of Algae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1961. [DOI: 10.2514/8.5818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Myers J, Graham JR. On the Mass Culture of Algae. II. Yield as a Function of Cell Concentration Under Continuous Sunlight Irradiance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1959; 34:345-52. [PMID: 16655229 PMCID: PMC541203 DOI: 10.1104/pp.34.3.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Myers
- DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, AUSTIN, TEXAS
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20
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Die dritte Reingungsstufe: Wege und bisherige Erfolge in der Eliminierung eutrophierender Stoffe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1957. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02483428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Aach HG. �ber Wachstum und Zusammensetzung von Chlorella pyrenoidosa bei unterschiedlichen Lichtst�rken und Nitratmengen. Arch Microbiol 1952. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00410827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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