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Zuñiga-Mayo VM, Baños-Bayardo CR, Díaz-Ramírez D, Marsch-Martínez N, de Folter S. Conserved and novel responses to cytokinin treatments during flower and fruit development in Brassica napus and Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6836. [PMID: 29717220 PMCID: PMC5931591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormones are an important component in the regulatory networks guiding plant development. Cytokinins are involved in different physiological and developmental processes in plants. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, cytokinin application during gynoecium development produces conspicuous phenotypes. On the other hand, Brassica napus, also known as canola, is a crop plant belonging to the Brassicaceae family, as A. thaliana. This makes B. napus a good candidate to study whether the cytokinin responses observed in A. thaliana are conserved in the same plant family. Here, we observed that cytokinin treatment in B. napus affects different traits of flower and fruit development. It increases ovule and seed number, affects stamen filament elongation and anther maturation, and causes a conspicuous overgrowth of tissue in petals and gynoecia. Furthermore, cytokinin recovers replum development in both wild type B. napus and in the A. thaliana rpl ntt double mutant, in which no replum is visible. These results indicate both conserved and novel responses to cytokinin in B. napus. Moreover, in this species, some cytokinin-induced phenotypes are inherited to the next, untreated generation, suggesting that cytokinins may trigger epigenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Zuñiga-Mayo
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Cesar R Baños-Bayardo
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - David Díaz-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, CINVESTAV-IPN, Irapuato, 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Nayelli Marsch-Martínez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, CINVESTAV-IPN, Irapuato, 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, 36824, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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Zheng M, He J, Wang Y, Wang C, Ma S, Sun X. Colorimetric recognition of 6-benzylaminopurine in environmental samples by using thioglycolic acid functionalized silver nanoparticles. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 192:27-33. [PMID: 29126005 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A simple and selective colorimetric sensor thioglycolic acid capped silver nanoparticles (TGA-AgNPs) was developed for the detection of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP). The synthesized TGA-AgNPs were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) techniques. The TGA-AgNPs as a sensor for binding 6-BAP through hydrogen-bonding and π-π bonding that causes large conjugate clusters, resulting in a color change from yellow to reddish orange. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band of TGA-AgNPs at 397nm is red-shifted to 510nm, which confirms that 6-BAP induces the aggregation of TGA-AgNPs. Under the optimized conditions, a linear relationship between the absorption ratio (A510nm/A397nm) and 6-BAP concentration was found in the range of 4-26μM. The detection limit of 6-BAP was 0.2μM, which is lower than the other analytical techniques. Moreover, the proposed sensor was successfully applied for the detection of 6-BAP in environmental samples with good recoveries. The proposed assay provides a simple and cost-effective method for the analysis of 6-BAP in vegetable and water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingda Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiang He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yingying Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chenge Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shuang Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaohan Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Ni J, Bai S, Gao L, Qian M, Zhong L, Teng Y. Identification, classification, and transcription profiles of the B-type response regulator family in pear. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171523. [PMID: 28207822 PMCID: PMC5312876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-B response regulators (B-RRs) are transcription factors that function in the final step of two-component signaling systems. In model plants, B-RRs have been shown to play important roles in cytokinin signal transduction. However, the functions of B-RRs in pear have not been well studied. In this report, we conducted a genome-wide analysis and identified 11 putative genes encoding B-PpRR proteins based on the published genome sequence of Pyrus bretschneideri. A phylogenetic tree of the B-PpRR family was constructed, and the motif distribution, chromosome localization, and gene structure of B-PpRR family genes were determined. Gene transcript profiles, which were determined from transcriptome data, indicated that B-PpRR genes potentially function during pear fruit development, bud dormancy, and light/hormone-induced anthocyanin accumulation. Treatment of the fruitlets of ‘Cuiguan’ pear (Pyrus pyrifolia), which never accumulates anthocyanin, with the cytokinin N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)- N′-phenylurea (CPPU) clearly induced anthocyanin accumulation. Anthocyanins accumulated in the skin of fruitlets by 16 days after CPPU treatment, along with the significant activation of most anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. Analyses of B-PpRR transcript levels suggested that B-PpRR genes mediated this accumulation of anthocyanins. These findings enrich our understanding of the function of B-PpRR genes in the physiological processes of pear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbei Ni
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Songling Bai
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Minjie Qian
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Linbing Zhong
- Tonglu Extension Center of Agricultural and Forestal Technology, Tonglu, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yuanwen Teng
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
- * E-mail:
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Smitha Ninan A, Shah A, Song J, Jameson PE. Differential Gene Expression in the Meristem and during Early Fruit Growth of Pisum sativum L. Identifies Potential Targets for Breeding. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E428. [PMID: 28212324 PMCID: PMC5343962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
For successful molecular breeding it is important to identify targets to the gene family level, and in the specific species of interest, in this case Pisum sativum L. The cytokinins have been identified as a key breeding target due to their influence on plant architecture, and on seed size and sink activity. We focused on the cytokinin biosynthetic gene family (the IPTs) and the gene family key to the destruction of cytokinins (the CKXs), as well as other gene families potentially affected by changing cytokinin levels. These included key meristem genes (WUS and BAM1) and the transporter gene families, sucrose transporters (SUTs) and amino acid permeases (AAPs). We used reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to monitor gene expression in the vegetative meristem and in pre- and post-fertilisation young pea fruits. PsWUS expression was specific to the shoot apical meristem while PsBAM1 was highly expressed in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) but was also expressed at a low level in the young fruit. Differential expression was shown between genes and within gene families for IPT, CKX, SUT, and AAP. PsCKX7 showed strong gene family member-specific expression in the SAM, and was also expressed in young pea fruits. We suggest that PsCKX7 is a potential target for downregulation via molecular breeding or gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Smitha Ninan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Anish Shah
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Jiancheng Song
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
- School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
| | - Paula E Jameson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
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5
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Zhang W, He L, Zhang R, Guo S, Yue H, Ning X, Tan G, Li QX, Wang B. Development of a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the analysis of 6-benzylaminopurine and its ribose adduct in bean sprouts. Food Chem 2016; 207:233-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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6
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Costa AP, Vendrame W, Nietsche S, Crane J, Moore K, Schaffer B. Branching, flowering and fruiting of Jatropha curcas treated with ethephon or benzyladenine and gibberellins. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2016; 88:989-98. [PMID: 27254447 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201620140635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Jatropha curcas L. has been identified for biofuel production but it presents limited commercial yields due to limited branching and a lack of yield uniformity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of single application of ethephon or a combination of 6-benzyladenine (BA) with gibberellic acid isomers A4 and A7 (GA4+7) on branch induction, flowering and fruit production in jatropha plants with and without leaves. Plants with and without leaves showed differences for growth and reproductive variables. For all variables except inflorescence set, there were no significant statistical interactions between the presence of leaves and plant growth regulators concentration. The total number of flowers per inflorescence was reduced as ethephon concentration was increased. As BA + GA4 +7 concentration increased, seed dry weight increased. Thus, ethephon and BA + GA4 +7 applications appeared to affect flowering and seed production to a greater extent than branching. The inability to discern significant treatment effects for most variables might have been due to the large variability within plant populations studied and thus resulting in an insufficient sample size. Therefore, data collected from this study were used for statistical estimations of sample sizes to provide a reference for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne P Costa
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 18905 SW 280 St., Homestead, FL, 33031-3314 USA, University of Florida, University of Florida, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead FL , USA
| | - Wagner Vendrame
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 18905 SW 280 St., Homestead, FL, 33031-3314 USA, University of Florida, University of Florida, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead FL , USA
| | - Sílvia Nietsche
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Av. Reinaldo Viana, 2630, 39440-000 Janaúba, MG, Brasil, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Janaúba MG , Brasil
| | - Jonathan Crane
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 18905 SW 280 St., Homestead, FL, 33031-3314 USA, University of Florida, University of Florida, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead FL , USA
| | - Kimberly Moore
- Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 3205 College Ave, Davie, FL, 33314-7799 USA, University of Florida, University of Florida, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, USA
| | - Bruce Schaffer
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 18905 SW 280 St., Homestead, FL, 33031-3314 USA, University of Florida, University of Florida, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead FL , USA
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WHELAN ROBERTJ, DENHAM ANDREWJ. Causes of spatial patterns of fruit set in waratah: Temporal vs. spatial interactions between flowers on an inflorescence. AUSTRAL ECOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01876.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Production of High Solids Tomatoes Through Molecular Modification of Levels of the Plant Growth Regulator Cytokinin. Nat Biotechnol 1995. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt0395-250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Reed AJ, Singletary GW. Roles of carbohydrate supply and phytohormones in maize kernel abortion. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1989; 91:986-92. [PMID: 16667166 PMCID: PMC1062106 DOI: 10.1104/pp.91.3.986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Kernels at the ear tip of field grown maize (Zea mays L.) often abort during flowering, resulting in significant yield loss. The objective of this study was to determine if abortion is initiated by an inadequate supply of carbohydrates for growth of ear tip kernels, and/or by a hormonal signal. Field grown maize plants were either unshaded or shaded during flowering to increase kernel abortion. Nonstructural carbohydrates, indoleacetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), and cytokinins were measured in aborting and nonaborting kernels, before and after abortion occurred. Kernel abortion was initiated 8 days after anthesis (DAA) and was complete by 12 DAA, when kernels ceased dry weight accumulation. Concentrations of reducing sugars, sucrose, and starch in aborting kernels were not significantly different from those in nonaborting kernels up to 12 DAA. Also, total carbohydrate concentrations were higher in the cob of aborting than of nonaborting kernels from 8 to 26 DAA. These data suggest that kernel abortion is not initiated by an inadequate supply of carbohydrates. However, accumulation of reducing sugars in the cob of aborting kernels suggests that transfer of sugars from cob to kernels is impaired early in the abortion process. Differences in IAA, ABA, and cytokinin concentrations between aborting and nonaborting kernels were only observed after abortion was complete. Kernel abortion is apparently not initiated by a signal of these hormones. After completion of abortion, aborted kernels contained higher concentrations of ABA and lower concentrations of IAA than nonaborted kernels. There was also a trend toward higher concentrations of zeatin riboside in nonaborted kernels. Abscisic acid may promote kernel abortion after the process has been initiated. A mechanism for kernel abortion is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Reed
- Monsanto Agricultural Company, Mail Code GG5A, St. Louis, Missouri 63198
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10
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de Bouille P, Sotta B, Miginiac E, Merrien A. Hormones and Pod Development in Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1989; 90:876-80. [PMID: 16666891 PMCID: PMC1061814 DOI: 10.1104/pp.90.3.876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous levels of several plant growth substances (indole acetic acid, IAA; abscisic acid, ABA; zeatin, Z; zeatin riboside, [9R]Z; isopentenyladenine, iP; and isopentenyladenosine, [9R]iP were measured during pod development of field grown oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L. var oleifera cv Bienvenu) with high performance liquid chromatography and immunoenzymic (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) techniques. Results show that pod development is characterized by high levels of Z and [9R]Z in 3 day old fruits and of IAA on the fourth day. During pod maturation, initially a significant increase of IAA and cytokinins was observed, followed by a progressive rise of ABA levels and a concomitant decline of IAA and cytokinin (except iP) levels. The relationship between hormone levels and development, especially pod number, seed number per pod, and seed weight determination, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P de Bouille
- Laboratoire de Physiologie du Développement des Plantes, Université P. et M. Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, Tour 53, 5 ème étage, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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11
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Dyer DJ, Carlson DR, Cotterman CD, Sikorski JA, Ditson SL. Soybean pod set enhancement with synthetic cytokinin analogs. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1987; 84:240-3. [PMID: 16665423 PMCID: PMC1056563 DOI: 10.1104/pp.84.2.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The previously reported activity of benzyladenine and selected other cytokinin analogs to increase pod set in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) was further investigated to define the structure-activity relationship and evaluate the effects of the cytokinins on yield parameters. Enhancement of pod set was found to be greatest with N-6 saturated alkyl substituted analogs, and was only weakly associated with activity in a callus growth bioassay. The response of yield parameters to increasing pod load was evaluated by applying various cytokinin analogs having a range of pod set enhancement activity. The increased pod load at the treated nodes was not compensated by a reduction in pod number on the remainder of the plant. However, there was a compensatory decrease in seed size. Overall, a significant trend to greater total seed weight per plant was associated with the increased pod number. Initial evaluations indicated that foliar applications of select cytokinins could temporarily increase pod number. However, the increases in pod number obtained with foliar treatments were too small to be of practical utility and were not maintained to maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Dyer
- Monsanto Company, 700 Chesterfield Village Parkway, Chesterfield, Missouri 63198
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Carlson DR, Dyer DJ, Cotterman CD, Durley RC. The Physiological Basis for Cytokinin Induced Increases in Pod Set in IX93-100 Soybeans. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1987; 84:233-9. [PMID: 16665422 PMCID: PMC1056562 DOI: 10.1104/pp.84.2.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous investigations have shown the feasibility of increasing pod number on legumes by the application of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) directly to the raceme. These investigations were designed to determine what reproductive parameter was affected by cytokinin application, and if these applications were overcoming a deficiency in root-produced cytokinins during late flowering. Five individual main stem racemes on greenhouse grown soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) were treated with 2 millimolar BA. A single application of BA when pods appeared at 25 to 50% of the proximal floral positions resulted in a 58% increase in pod set due primarily to a 33% reduction in floral abscission. Applications of BA at later intervals also resulted in significant reductions in total abscission. When three applications of BA were imposed on the upper five nodes of field grown soybeans, total pod number and seed weight were significantly increased in this section of the canopy by 27 and 18%, respectively. Throughout the flowering period, root pressure exudate was sampled for the subsequent separation and quantification of zeatin, dihydrozeatin, zeatin riboside, dihydrozeatin riboside, and isopentenyladenine. Total cytokinin flux peaked from 0 to 9 days after flowering began, and then dropped to one-half of this level by 15 days postanthesis. The probability that a flower would initiate a pod was directly related to the concentration of total cytokinins present in the exudate when the flower opened.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Carlson
- Monsanto Agricultural Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63198
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Dathe W, Castro S, Lopez R, Sembdner G. Effect of Gibberellin A3 on Fruit Set and Yield Parameters in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) MERR.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(86)80063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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