1
|
Araniti F, Graña E, Krasuska U, Bogatek R, Reigosa MJ, Abenavoli MR, Sánchez-Moreiras AM. Loss of Gravitropism in Farnesene-Treated Arabidopsis Is Due to Microtubule Malformations Related to Hormonal and ROS Unbalance. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160202. [PMID: 27490179 PMCID: PMC4974009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mode of action of farnesene, a volatile sesquiterpene commonly found in the essential oils of several plants, was deeply studied on the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. The effects of farnesene on the Arabidopsis root morphology were evaluated by different microscopic techniques. As well, microtubules immunolabeling, phytohormone measurements and ROS staining helped us to elucidate the single or multi-modes of action of this sesquiterpene on plant metabolism. Farnesene-treated roots showed a strong growth inhibition and marked modifications on morphology, important tissue alterations, cellular damages and anisotropic growth. Left-handed growth of farnesene-treated roots, reverted by taxol (a known microtubule stabilizer), was related to microtubule condensation and disorganization. As well, the inhibition of primary root growth, lateral root number, lateral root length, and both root hairs length and density could be explained by the strong increment in ethylene production and auxin content detected in farnesene-treated seedlings. Microtubule alteration and hormonal unbalance appear as important components in the mode of action of farnesene and confirm the strong phytotoxic potential of this sesquiterpene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Araniti
- Dipartimento di AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Facoltà di Agraria – Salita Melissari, Lotto-D, I-89124, Reggio Calabria RC, Italy
- * E-mail: (FA); (AMSM)
| | - Elisa Graña
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, E-36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Urszula Krasuska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Bogatek
- Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Manuel J. Reigosa
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, E-36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Maria Rosa Abenavoli
- Dipartimento di AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Facoltà di Agraria – Salita Melissari, Lotto-D, I-89124, Reggio Calabria RC, Italy
| | - Adela M. Sánchez-Moreiras
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, E-36310, Vigo, Spain
- * E-mail: (FA); (AMSM)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jöst M, Esfeld K, Burian A, Cannarozzi G, Chanyalew S, Kuhlemeier C, Assefa K, Tadele Z. Semi-dwarfism and lodging tolerance in tef (Eragrostis tef) is linked to a mutation in the α-Tubulin 1 gene. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:933-944. [PMID: 25399019 PMCID: PMC4321551 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Genetic improvement of native crops is a new and promising strategy to combat hunger in the developing world. Tef is the major staple food crop for approximately 50 million people in Ethiopia. As an indigenous cereal, it is well adapted to diverse climatic and soil conditions; however, its productivity is extremely low mainly due to susceptibility to lodging. Tef has a tall and weak stem, liable to lodge (or fall over), which is aggravated by wind, rain, or application of nitrogen fertilizer. To circumvent this problem, the first semi-dwarf lodging-tolerant tef line, called kegne, was developed from an ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS)-mutagenized population. The response of kegne to microtubule-depolymerizing and -stabilizing drugs, as well as subsequent gene sequencing and segregation analysis, suggests that a defect in the α-Tubulin gene is functionally and genetically tightly linked to the kegne phenotype. In diploid species such as rice, homozygous mutations in α-Tubulin genes result in extreme dwarfism and weak stems. In the allotetraploid tef, only one homeologue is mutated, and the presence of the second intact α-Tubulin gene copy confers the agriculturally beneficial semi-dwarf and lodging-tolerant phenotype. Introgression of kegne into locally adapted and popular tef cultivars in Ethiopia will increase the lodging tolerance in the tef germplasm and, as a result, will improve the productivity of this valuable crop.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Jöst
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Korinna Esfeld
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Agata Burian
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gina Cannarozzi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Solomon Chanyalew
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center, PO Box 32, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Cris Kuhlemeier
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kebebew Assefa
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center, PO Box 32, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Zerihun Tadele
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dostál V, Libusová L. Microtubule drugs: action, selectivity, and resistance across the kingdoms of life. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:991-1005. [PMID: 24652407 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule drugs such as paclitaxel, colchicine, vinblastine, trifluralin, or oryzalin form a chemically diverse group that has been reinforced by a large number of novel compounds over time. They all share the ability to change microtubule properties. The profound effects of disrupted microtubule systems on cell physiology can be used in research as well as anticancer treatment and agricultural weed control. The activity of microtubule drugs generally depends on their binding to α- and β-tubulin subunits. The microtubule drugs are often effective only in certain taxonomic groups, while other organisms remain resistant. Available information on the molecular basis of this selectivity is summarized. In addition to reviewing published data, we performed sequence data mining, searching for kingdom-specific signatures in plant, animal, fungal, and protozoan tubulin sequences. Our findings clearly correlate with known microtubule drug resistance determinants and add more amino acid positions with a putative effect on drug-tubulin interaction. The issue of microtubule network properties in plant cells producing microtubule drugs is also addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Dostál
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mara C, Dempsey E, Bell A, Barlow JW. Synthesis and evaluation of phosphoramidate and phosphorothioamidate analogues of amiprophos methyl as potential antimalarial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6180-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
5
|
Yemets AI, Baird WV, Nyporko AY, Swire-Clark GA, Blume YB. Molecular and structural-biological analysis of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia mutants for identification of the site on their β-tubulins of interaction with dinitroanilines and phosphorothioamides. CYTOL GENET+ 2009. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452709050107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
6
|
Ozheredov SP, Yemets AI, Brytsun VM, Ozheredova IP, Lozynsky MO, Blume YB. Screening of new 2,4- and 2,6-dinitroaniline derivates for phytotoxicity and antimitotic activity. CYTOL GENET+ 2009. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452709050016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
7
|
Yemets AI, Blume YB. Mutant genes of plant tubulins as selective marker genes for genetic engineering. CYTOL GENET+ 2007. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452707030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
8
|
Bharathi P, . DP, . SC. Antimitotic Effect of Colchicine from Six Different Species of Gloriosa in Onion Roots (Allium cepa). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2006.420.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
9
|
Arias RS, Dayan FE, Michel A, Howell J, Scheffler BE. Characterization of a higher plant herbicide-resistant phytoene desaturase and its use as a selectable marker. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2006; 4:263-73. [PMID: 17177802 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2006.00179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Three natural somatic mutations at codon 304 of the phytoene desaturase gene (pds) of Hydrilla verticillata (L. f. Royle) have been reported to provide resistance to the herbicide fluridone. We substituted the arginine 304 present in the wild-type H. verticillata phytoene desaturase (PDS) with all 19 other natural amino acids and tested PDS against fluridone. In in vitro assays, the threonine (Thr), cysteine (Cys), alanine (Ala) and glutamine (Gln) mutations imparted the highest resistance to fluridone. Thr, the three natural mutations [Cys, serine (Ser), histidine (His)] and the wild-type PDS protein were tested in vitro against seven inhibitors of PDS representing several classes of herbicides. These mutations conferred cross-resistance to norflurazon and overall negative cross-resistance to beflubutamid, picolinafen and diflufenican. The T3 generation of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants harbouring the four selected mutations and wild-type pds had similar patterns of cross-resistance to the herbicides as observed in the in vitro assays. The Thr304 Hydrilla pds mutant proved to be an excellent marker for the selection of transgenic plants. Seedlings harbouring Thr304 pds had a maximum resistance to sensitivity (R/S) ratio of 57 and 14 times higher than that of the wild-type for treatments with norflurazon and fluridone, respectively. These plants exhibited normal growth and development, even after long-term exposure to herbicide. As Thr304 pds is of plant origin, it could become more acceptable than other selectable markers for use in genetically modified food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renée S Arias
- USDA-ARS, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, PO Box 8048, University, MS 38677, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Délye C, Menchari Y, Michel S, Darmency H. Molecular bases for sensitivity to tubulin-binding herbicides in green foxtail. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 136:3920-32. [PMID: 15531712 PMCID: PMC535825 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.037432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2003] [Revised: 06/29/2004] [Accepted: 08/04/2004] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the molecular bases for resistance to several classes of herbicides that bind tubulins in green foxtail (Setaria viridis L. Beauv.). We identified two alpha- and two beta-tubulin genes in green foxtail. Sequence comparison between resistant and sensitive plants revealed two mutations, a leucine-to-phenylalanine change at position 136 and a threonine-to-isoleucine change at position 239, in the gene encoding alpha2-tubulin. Association of mutation at position 239 with herbicide resistance was demonstrated using near-isogenic lines derived from interspecific pairings between green foxtail and foxtail millet (Setaria italica L. Beauv.), and herbicide sensitivity bioassays combined with allele-specific PCR-mediated genotyping. Association of mutation at position 136 with herbicide resistance was demonstrated using herbicide sensitivity bioassays combined with allele-specific PCR-mediated genotyping. Both mutations were associated with recessive cross resistance to dinitroanilines and benzoic acids, no change in sensitivity to benzamides, and hypersensitivity to carbamates. Using three-dimensional modeling, we found that the two mutations are adjacent and located into a region involved in tubulin dimer-dimer contact. Comparison of three-dimensional alpha-tubulin models for organisms with contrasted sensitivity to tubulin-binding herbicides enabled us to propose that residue 253 and the vicinity of the side chain of residue 251 are critical determinants for the differences in herbicide sensitivity observed between organisms, and that positions 16, 24, 136, 239, 252, and 268 are involved in modulating sensitivity to these herbicides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Délye
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie et Gestion des Adventices, F-21065 Dijon cedex, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vaughn KC. Herbicide resistance work in the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2003; 59:764-769. [PMID: 12846327 DOI: 10.1002/ps.696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide-resistant weed biotypes are an increasing problem in agriculture, with reports of resistance to almost every herbicide class at some place in the world, and the total number of resistant biotypes at over 250. Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists have been key players in this area since the first substantiated occurrence of these resistant biotypes in the 1970s. The most significant of their contributions is the complete unraveling of the mechanism of triazine resistance by Arntzen and colleagues, then with ARS at the University of Illinois. These studies established a high benchmark for research in this area and are a model for all studies in this area. Other ARS scientists have investigated a large number of weed biotypes with resistance to a wide range of herbicide classes and mechanisms of resistance. Collectively, these studies have been used to generate herbicide resistance-management schemes for growers, based upon the herbicide site and the potential for resistance development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Vaughn
- Southern Weed Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, PO Box 350, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dow GS, Armson A, Boddy MR, Itenge T, McCarthy D, Parkin JE, Thompson RCA, Reynoldson JA. Plasmodium: assessment of the antimalarial potential of trifluralin and related compounds using a rat model of malaria, Rattus norvegicus. Exp Parasitol 2002; 100:155-60. [PMID: 12173400 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4894(02)00016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A rodent model of malaria, Plasmodium berghei was used to assess the antimalarial potential of dinitroaniline herbicides. Trifluralin, pendimethalin, oryzalin, and benfluralin were all active against P. berghei in vitro at, or close to, submicromolar concentrations, with a rank order of potency similar to that against other protozoa. The dinitroanilines did not elicit a cytotoxic effect against a mammalian cell line at concentrations 100-fold higher than those for activity against P. berghei. Neither trifluralin nor oryzalin exhibited any antimalarial activity in vivo after oral administration at the maximum dose tolerated by the host. In a pharmacokinetic study, it was found that the lack of in vivo antimalarial activity was due to poor absorption. Other DNs which have better absorption characteristics than either trifluralin or oryzalin may offer more scope for antimalarial activity in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G S Dow
- Centre for Biomolecular Control of Disease, Western Australian Biomedical Research Institute, Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
|
15
|
|
16
|
Anthony RG, Reichelt S, Hussey PJ. Dinitroaniline herbicide-resistant transgenic tobacco plants generated by co-overexpression of a mutant alpha-tubulin and a beta-tubulin. Nat Biotechnol 1999; 17:712-6. [PMID: 10404167 DOI: 10.1038/10931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dinitroaniline herbicides are used for the selective control of weeds in arable crops. Dinitroaniline herbicide resistance in the invasive weed goosegrass was previously shown to stem from a spontaneous mutation in an alpha-tubulin gene. We transformed and regenerated tobacco plants with an alpha/beta-tubulin double gene construct containing the mutant alpha-tubulin gene and showed that expression of this construct confers a stably inherited dinitroaniline-resistant phenotype in tobacco. In all transformed lines, the transgene alpha- and beta-tubulins increased the cytoplasmic pool of tubulin approximately 1.5-fold while repressing endogenous alpha- and beta-tubulin synthesis by up to 45% in some tissues. Transgene alpha- and beta-tubulin were overexpressed in every plant tissue analyzed and comprised approximately 66% of the total tubulin in these tissues. Immunolocalization studies revealed that transgene alpha- and beta-tubulins were incorporated into all four microtubule arrays, indicating that they are functional. The majority of the alpha/beta-tubulin pools are encoded by the transgenes, which implies that the mutant alpha-tubulin and the beta-tubulin can perform the majority, if not all, of the roles of microtubules in both juvenile and adult tobacco plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R G Anthony
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Anthony RG, Hussey PJ. Dinitroaniline herbicide resistance and the microtubule cytoskeleton. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 1999; 4:112-116. [PMID: 10322543 DOI: 10.1016/s1360-1385(99)01378-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Dinitroaniline herbicides have been used for pre-emergence weed control for the past 25 years in cotton, soybean, wheat and oilseed crops. Considering their long persistence and extensive use, resistance to dinitroanilines is fairly rare. However, the most widespread dinitroaniline-resistant weeds, the highly resistant (R) and the intermediate (I) biotypes of the invasive goosegrass Eleusine indica, are now infesting more than 1000 cotton fields in the southern states of the USA. The molecular basis of this resistance has been identified, and found to be a point mutation in a major microtubule cytoskeletal protein, alpha-tubulin. These studies have served both to explain the establishment of resistance and to reveal fundamental properties of tubulin gene expression and microtubule structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- RG Anthony
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK TW20 0EX
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Anthony RG, Waldin TR, Ray JA, Bright SW, Hussey PJ. Herbicide resistance caused by spontaneous mutation of the cytoskeletal protein tubulin. Nature 1998; 393:260-3. [PMID: 9607761 DOI: 10.1038/30484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The dinitroaniline herbicides (such as trifluralin and oryzalin) have been developed for the selective control of weeds in arable crops. However, prolonged use of these chemicals has resulted in the selection of resistant biotypes of goosegrass, a major weed. These herbicides bind to the plant tubulin protein but not to mammalian tubulin. Here we show that the major alpha-tubulin gene of the resistant biotype has three base changes within the coding sequence. These base changes swap cytosine and thymine, most likely as the result of the spontaneous deamination of methylated cytosine. One of these base changes causes an amino-acid change in the protein: normal threonine at position 239 is changed to isoleucine. This position is close to the site of interaction between tubulin dimers in the microtubule protofilament. We show that the mutated gene is the cause of the herbicide resistance by using it to transform maize and confer resistance to dinitroaniline herbicides. Our results provide a molecular explanation for the resistance of goosegrass to dinitroanaline herbicides, a phenomenon that has arisen, and been selected for, as a result of repeated exposure to this class of herbicide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R G Anthony
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nick P. Signaling to The Microtubular Cytoskeleton in Plants. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
20
|
Callahan HL, Kelley C, Pereira T, Grogl M. Microtubule inhibitors: structure-activity analyses suggest rational models to identify potentially active compounds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:947-52. [PMID: 8849257 PMCID: PMC163236 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.4.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Trifluralin, a dinitroaniline microtubule inhibitor currently in use as an herbicide, has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma brucei, and several species of Leishmania, in vitro. As a topical formulation, trifluralin is also effective in vivo (in BALB/c mice) against Leishmania major and Leishmania mexicana. Although trifluralin and other dinitroaniline herbicides show significant activity as antiparasitic compounds, disputed indications of potential carcinogenicity will probably limit advanced development of these substances. However, researchers have suggested that the activity of trifluralin is due to an impurity or contaminant, not to trifluralin itself. We have pursued this lead and identified the structure of the active impurity. This compound, chloralin, is 100 times more active than trifluralin. On the basis of its structure, we developed a rational structure-activity model for chloralin. Using this model, we have successfully predicted and tested active analogs in a Leishmania promastigote assay; thus, we have identified the putative mechanism of action of this class of drugs in Leishmania species. Potentially, this will allow the design of noncarcinogenic, active drugs.
Collapse
|
21
|
Waldin TR, Ellis JR, Hussey PJ. Tubulin-isotype analysis of two grass species-resistant to dinitroaniline herbicides. PLANTA 1992; 188:258-64. [PMID: 24178263 DOI: 10.1007/bf00216822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/1992] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Trifluralin-resistant biotypes of Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. (goosegrass) and Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. (green foxtail) exhibit cross-resistance to other dinitroaniline herbicides. Since microtubules are considered the primary target site for dinitroaniline herbicides we investigated whether the differential sensitivity of resistant and susceptible biotypes of these species results from modified tubulin polypeptides. One-dimensional and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis combined with immunoblotting using well-characterised anti-tubulin monoclonal antibodies were used to display the family of tubulin isotypes in each species. Seedlings of E. indica exhibited four β-tubulin isotypes and one α-tubulin isotype, whereas those of S. viridis exhibited two β-tubulin and two α-tubulin isotypes. Comparison of the susceptible and resistant biotypes within each species revealed no differences in electrophoretic properties of the multiple tubulin isotypes. These results provide no evidence that resistance to dinitroaniline herbicides is associated with a modified tubulin polypeptide in these biotypes of E. indica or S. viridis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T R Waldin
- Department of Biochemistry, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, University of London, Egham Hill, TW20 OEX, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Stargell LA, Heruth DP, Gaertig J, Gorovsky MA. Drugs affecting microtubule dynamics increase alpha-tubulin mRNA accumulation via transcription in Tetrahymena thermophila. Mol Cell Biol 1992; 12:1443-50. [PMID: 1347905 PMCID: PMC369585 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.12.4.1443-1450.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In cultured mammalian cells, an increase in the amount of tubulin monomer due to treatment with a microtubule-depolymerizing agent results in a rapid decline in tubulin synthesis. This autoregulatory response is mediated through a posttranscriptional mechanism which decreases the stability of tubulin message with no change in transcriptional activity of tubulin genes. Conversely, treatment with a microtubule-polymerizing drug, such as taxol, results in a slight increase in the synthesis of tubulin. Surprisingly, we find that two microtubule-depolymerizing agents, colchicine and oryzalin, actually cause an increase in alpha-tubulin synthesis and alpha-tubulin message in starved Tetrahymena thermophila. This increase is paralleled by an increase in transcription of alpha-tubulin sequences measured by run-on transcription, while the half-life of tubulin message measured by decay in the presence of actinomycin D does not change appreciably. Treatment of starved cells with taxol also produces an increase in alpha-tubulin synthesis via an increase in message abundance due to an increase in transcription of the alpha-tubulin gene. These results indicate that tubulin synthesis in T. thermophila is regulated very differently than in cultured mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A Stargell
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, New York 14627
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Drugs affecting microtubule dynamics increase alpha-tubulin mRNA accumulation via transcription in Tetrahymena thermophila. Mol Cell Biol 1992. [PMID: 1347905 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.12.4.1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In cultured mammalian cells, an increase in the amount of tubulin monomer due to treatment with a microtubule-depolymerizing agent results in a rapid decline in tubulin synthesis. This autoregulatory response is mediated through a posttranscriptional mechanism which decreases the stability of tubulin message with no change in transcriptional activity of tubulin genes. Conversely, treatment with a microtubule-polymerizing drug, such as taxol, results in a slight increase in the synthesis of tubulin. Surprisingly, we find that two microtubule-depolymerizing agents, colchicine and oryzalin, actually cause an increase in alpha-tubulin synthesis and alpha-tubulin message in starved Tetrahymena thermophila. This increase is paralleled by an increase in transcription of alpha-tubulin sequences measured by run-on transcription, while the half-life of tubulin message measured by decay in the presence of actinomycin D does not change appreciably. Treatment of starved cells with taxol also produces an increase in alpha-tubulin synthesis via an increase in message abundance due to an increase in transcription of the alpha-tubulin gene. These results indicate that tubulin synthesis in T. thermophila is regulated very differently than in cultured mammalian cells.
Collapse
|
24
|
Schibler MJ, Huang B. The colR4 and colR15 beta-tubulin mutations in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii confer altered sensitivities to microtubule inhibitors and herbicides by enhancing microtubule stability. J Cell Biol 1991; 113:605-14. [PMID: 1673126 PMCID: PMC2288959 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.113.3.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The colR4 and colR15 beta 2-tubulin missense mutations for lysine-350 in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Lee and Huang, 1990) were originally isolated by selection for resistance to the growth inhibitory effects of colchicine. The colR4 and colR15 mutants have been found to be cross resistant to vinblastine and several classes of antimitotic herbicides, including the dinitroanilines (oryzalin, trifluralin, profluralin, and ethafluralin); the phosphoric amide amiprophos methyl; and the dimethyl propynl benzamide pronamide. Like colchicine and vinblastine, the antimitotic effects of these plant-specific herbicides have been associated with the depolymerization of microtubules. In contrast to their resistance to microtubule-depolymerizing drugs, the mutants have an increased sensitivity to taxol, a drug which enhances the polymerization and stability of microtubules. This pattern of altered sensitivity to different microtubule inhibitors was found to cosegregate and corevert with the beta-tubulin mutations providing the first genetic evidence that the in vivo herbicidal effects of the dinitroanilines, amiprophos methyl, and pronamide are related to microtubule function. Although wild-type like in their growth characteristics, the colR4 and colR15 mutants were found to have an altered pattern of microtubules containing acetylated alpha-tubulin, a posttranslational modification that has been associated with stable subsets of microtubules found in a variety of cells. Microtubules in the interphase cytoplasm and those of the intranuclear spindle of mitotic cells, which in wild-type Chlamydomonas cells do not contain acetylated alpha-tubulin, were found to be acetylated in the mutants. These data taken together suggest that the colR4 and colR15 missense mutations increase the stability of the microtubules into which the mutant beta-tubulins are incorporated and that the altered drug sensitivities of the mutants are a consequence of this enhanced microtubule stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Schibler
- Department of Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92037
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Abstract
Commercial herbicides exhibit many different mechanisms of action. Several enzymes involved in biosynthesis of amino acids are sites of action for herbicides. A large number of different herbicide classes inhibit photosynthesis by binding to the quinone-binding protein, D-1, to prevent photosynthetic electron transfer. Several different types of herbicides apparently cause accumulation of photodynamic porphyrins by inhibiting protoporphyrinogen oxidase. Bipyridyliums and heteropentalenes cause the production of superoxide radicals by energy diversion from photosystem I of photosynthesis. Lipid synthesis is the site of action of a broad array of herbicides used in controlling monocot weeds. Herbicides of several classes apparently act by inhibiting mitosis through direct interaction with tubulin. Several other molecular sites of herbicide action are known. Despite a growing body of knowledge, the exact molecular sites of action of many herbicides are unknown. Some herbicides are known to have more than one site of action. Virtually all knowledge of herbicide structure-activity relationships is semiempirical. In addition to site of action structure-activity relationships, herbicide structure and chemical properties also strongly influence absorption, translocation, bioactivation, and environmental stability. Considering how little is known about all the potential sites of herbicide action, it is unlikely that during the next decade more than a relatively small number of site-specific herbicide structure-activity relationships will be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S O Duke
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Southern Weed Science Laboratory, Stoneville, MS 38776
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Morejohn LC, Bureau TE, Molè-Bajer J, Bajer AS, Fosket DE. Oryzalin, a dinitroaniline herbicide, binds to plant tubulin and inhibits microtubule polymerization in vitro. PLANTA 1987; 172:252-64. [PMID: 24225878 DOI: 10.1007/bf00394595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/1987] [Accepted: 05/14/1987] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of oryzalin, a dinitroaniline herbicide, on chromosome behavior and on cellular microtubules (MTs) were examined by light microscopy and immunogold staining, respectively, in endosperm cells from Haemanthus katherinae Bak. Brief treatments with 1.0·10(-8) M oryzalin reduced markedly the migration rate of anaphase chromosomes and 1.0·10(-7) M oryzalin stopped migration abruptly. Oryzalin (1.0·10(-7) M) depolymerized MTs and prevented the polymerization of new MTs at all stages of the mitotic cycle. The chromosome condensation cycle was unaffected by oryzalin. Endothelial cells from the heart of Xenopus leavis showed no chromosomal or microtubular rearrangements after oryzalin treatment. The inhibition by oryzalin of the polymerization of tubulin isolated from cultured cells of Rosa sp. cv. Paul's scarlet was examined in vitro by turbidimetry, electron microscopy and polymer sedimentation analysis. Oryzalin inhibited the rapid phase of taxol-induced polymerization of rose MTs at 24°C with an apparent inhibition constant (K i ) of 2.59·10(6) M. Shorter and fewer MTs were formed with increasing oryzalin concentrations, and maximum inhibition of taxol-induced polymerization occurred at approx. 1:1 molar ratios of oryzalin and tubulin. Oryzalin partially depolymerized taxol-stabilized rose MTs. Ligand-binding experiments with [(14)C]oryzalin demonstrated the formation of a tubulin-oryzalin complex that was time- and pH-dependent. The tubulin-oryzalin interaction (24°C, pH 7.1) had an apparent affinity constant (K app) of 1.19·10(5) M(-1). Oryzalin did not inhibit taxol-induced polymerization of bovinebrain MTs and no appreciable binding of oryzalin to brain tubulin or other proteins was detected. The results demonstrate pharmacological differences between plant and animal tubulins and indicate that the most sensitive mode of action of the dinitroaniline herbicides is the direct poisoning of MT dynamics in cells of higher plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C Morejohn
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, 92717, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Silflow CD, Oppenheimer DG, Kopozak SD, Ploense SE, Ludwig SR, Haas N, Peter Snustad D. Plant tubulin genes: Structure and differential expression during development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.1020080511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|