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Moin M, Bommineni PR, Tyagi W. Exploration of the pearl millet phospholipase gene family to identify potential candidates for grain quality traits. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:581. [PMID: 38858648 PMCID: PMC11165789 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10504-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phospholipases constitute a diverse category of enzymes responsible for the breakdown of phospholipids. Their involvement in signal transduction with a pivotal role in plant development and stress responses is well documented. RESULTS In the present investigation, a thorough genome-wide analysis revealed that the pearl millet genome contains at least 44 phospholipase genes distributed across its 7 chromosomes, with chromosome one harbouring the highest number of these genes. The synteny analysis suggested a close genetic relationship of pearl millet phospholipases with that of foxtail millet and sorghum. All identified genes were examined to unravel their gene structures, protein attributes, cis-regulatory elements, and expression patterns in two pearl millet genotypes contrasting for rancidity. All the phospholipases have a high alpha-helix content and distorted regions within the predicted secondary structures. Moreover, many of these enzymes possess binding sites for both metal and non-metal ligands. Additionally, the putative promoter regions associated with these genes exhibit multiple copies of cis-elements specifically responsive to biotic and abiotic stress factors and signaling molecules. The transcriptional profiling of 44 phospholipase genes in two genotypes contrasting for rancidity across six key tissues during pearl millet growth revealed a predominant expression in grains, followed by seed coat and endosperm. Specifically, the genes PgPLD-alpha1-1, PgPLD-alpha1-5, PgPLD-delta1-7a, PgPLA1-II-1a, and PgPLD-delta1-2a exhibited notable expression in grains of both the genotypes while showing negligible expression in the other five tissues. The sequence alignment of putative promoters revealed several variations including SNPs and InDels. These variations resulted in modifications to the corresponding cis-acting elements, forming distinct transcription factor binding sites suggesting the transcriptional-level regulation for these five genes in pearl millet. CONCLUSIONS The current study utilized a genome-wide computational analysis to characterize the phospholipase gene family in pearl millet. A comprehensive expression profile of 44 phospholipases led to the identification of five grain-specific candidates. This underscores a potential role for at least these five genes in grain quality traits including the regulation of rancidity in pearl millet. Therefore, this study marks the first exploration highlighting the possible impact of phospholipases towards enhancing agronomic traits in pearl millet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazahar Moin
- Cell and Molecular Biology and Trait Engineering, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Patancheru, Telangana, 502324, India
| | - Pradeep Reddy Bommineni
- Cell and Molecular Biology and Trait Engineering, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Patancheru, Telangana, 502324, India
| | - Wricha Tyagi
- Cell and Molecular Biology and Trait Engineering, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, Patancheru, Telangana, 502324, India.
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2
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Wang Y, Wakelam MJO, Bankaitis VA, McDermott MI. The wide world of non-mammalian phospholipase D enzymes. Adv Biol Regul 2024; 91:101000. [PMID: 38081756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2023.101000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyses phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) to produce free choline and the critically important lipid signaling molecule phosphatidic acid (PtdOH). Since the initial discovery of PLD activities in plants and bacteria, PLDs have been identified in a diverse range of organisms spanning the taxa. While widespread interest in these proteins grew following the discovery of mammalian isoforms, research into the PLDs of non-mammalian organisms has revealed a fascinating array of functions ranging from roles in microbial pathogenesis, to the stress responses of plants and the developmental patterning of flies. Furthermore, studies in non-mammalian model systems have aided our understanding of the entire PLD superfamily, with translational relevance to human biology and health. Increasingly, the promise for utilization of non-mammalian PLDs in biotechnology is also being recognized, with widespread potential applications ranging from roles in lipid synthesis, to their exploitation for agricultural and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98109, USA
| | - M J O Wakelam
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - V A Bankaitis
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA; Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - M I McDermott
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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3
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Kim SC, Yao S, Zhang Q, Wang X. Phospholipase Dδ and phosphatidic acid mediate heat-induced nuclear localization of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:786-799. [PMID: 36111506 PMCID: PMC9831026 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPC) is a glycolytic enzyme, but undergoes stress-induced nuclear translocation for moonlighting. We previously reported that in response to heat stress, GAPC accumulated in the nucleus to modulate transcription and thermotolerance. Here we show a cellular and molecular mechanism that mediates heat-induced nuclear translocation of cytosolic GAPC in Arabidopsis thaliana. Heat-induced GAPC nuclear accumulation and plant heat tolerance were reduced in Arabidopsis phospholipase D (PLD) knockout mutants of pldδ and pldα1pldδ, but not of pldα1. These changes were restored to wild type by genetic complementation with active PLDδ, but not with catalytically inactive PLDδ. GAPC overexpression enhanced the seedling thermotolerance and the expression of heat-inducible genes, but this effect was abolished in the pldδ background. Heat stress elevated the levels of the PLD product phosphatidic acid (PA) in the nucleus in wild type, but not in pldδ plants. Lipid labeling demonstrated the heat-induced nuclear co-localization of PA and GAPC, which was impaired by zinc, which inhibited the PA-GAPC interaction, and by the membrane trafficking inhibitor brefeldin A (BFA). The GAPC nuclear accumulation and seedling thermotolerance were also decreased by treatment with zinc or BFA. Our data suggest that PLDδ and PA are critical for the heat-induced nuclear translocation of GAPC. We propose that PLDδ-produced PA mediates the process via lipid-protein interaction and that the lipid mediation acts as a cellular conduit linking stress perturbations at cell membranes to nuclear functions in plants coping with heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Chul Kim
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA, and
| | - Shuaibing Yao
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA, and
| | - Qun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA, and
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4
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Zhang K, Shi W, Zheng X, Liu X, Wang L, Riemann M, Heintz D, Nick P. A rice tubulin tyrosine ligase like 12 regulates phospholipase D activity and tubulin synthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 316:111155. [PMID: 35151438 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
All plant α-tubulins encode a C-terminal tyrosine. An elusive tubulin tyrosine carboxypeptidase can cleave off, and a tubulin tyrosine ligase (TTL) re-ligate this tyrosine. The biological function of this cycle remains unclear but may correlate with microtubule stability. To get insight into the functional context of this phenomenon, we used cold-induced elimination of microtubules as experimental model. In previous work, we had analysed a rice TTL-like 12 (OsTTLL12), the only potential candidate of plant TTL. To follow the effect of OsTTLL12 upon microtubule responses in vivo, we expressed OsTTLL12-RFP into tobacco BY-2 cells stably overexpressing NtTUA3-GFP. We found that overexpression of OsTTLL12-RFP made microtubules disappear faster in response to cold stress, accompanied with more rapid Ca2+ influx, culminating in reduced cold tolerance. Treatment with different butanols indicated that α-tubulin detyrosination/tyrosination differently interacts with phospholipase D (PLD) dependent signalling. In fact, rice PLDα1 decorated microtubules and increased detyrosinated α-tubulin. Unexpectedly, overexpression of the two proteins (OsTTLL12-RFP, NtTUA3-GFP) mutually regulated the accumulation of their transcripts, leading us to a model, where tubulin detyrosination feeds back upon tubulin transcripts and defines a subset of microtubules for interaction with PLD dependent stress signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunxi Zhang
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wenjing Shi
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Xuan Liu
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lixin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, Hebei, China
| | - Michael Riemann
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dimitri Heintz
- Plant Imaging and Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National du Recherche Scientifique (CNRS-IBMP), Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Bar-Sinai S, Belausov E, Dwivedi V, Sadot E. Collisions of Cortical Microtubules with Membrane Associated Myosin VIII Tail. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010145. [PMID: 35011707 PMCID: PMC8750215 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The distribution of myosin VIII ATM1 tail in association with the plasma membrane is often observed in coordination with that of cortical microtubules (MTs). The prevailing hypothesis is that coordination between the organization of cortical MTs and proteins in the membrane results from the inhibition of free lateral diffusion of the proteins by barriers formed by MTs. Since the positioning of myosin VIII tail in the membrane is relatively stable, we ask: can it affect the organization of MTs? Myosin VIII ATM1 tail co-localized with remorin 6.6, the position of which in the plasma membrane is also relatively stable. Overexpression of myosin VIII ATM1 tail led to a larger fraction of MTs with a lower rate of orientation dispersion. In addition, collisions between MTs and cortical structures labeled by ATM1 tail or remorin 6.6 were observed. Collisions between EB1 labeled MTs and ATM1 tail clusters led to four possible outcomes: 1—Passage of MTs through the cluster; 2—Decreased elongation rate; 3—Disengagement from the membrane followed by a change in direction; and 4—retraction. EB1 tracks became straighter in the presence of ATM1 tail. Taken together, collisions of MTs with ATM1 tail labeled structures can contribute to their coordinated organization.
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6
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Colin L, Hamant O. The plasma membrane as a mechanotransducer in plants. C R Biol 2021; 344:389-407. [PMID: 35787608 DOI: 10.5802/crbiol.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane is a physical boundary made of amphiphilic lipid molecules, proteins and carbohydrates extensions. Its role in mechanotransduction generates increasing attention in animal systems, where membrane tension is mainly induced by cortical actomyosin. In plant cells, cortical tension is of osmotic origin. Yet, because the plasma membrane in plant cells has comparable physical properties, findings from animal systems likely apply to plant cells too. Recent results suggest that this is indeed the case, with a role of membrane tension in vesicle trafficking, mechanosensitive channel opening or cytoskeleton organization in plant cells. Prospects for the plant science community are at least three fold: (i) to develop and use probes to monitor membrane tension in tissues, in parallel with other biochemical probes, with implications for protein activity and nanodomain clustering, (ii) to develop single cell approaches to decipher the mechanisms operating at the plant cell cortex at high spatio-temporal resolution, and (iii) to revisit the role of membrane composition at cell and tissue scale, by considering the physical implications of phospholipid properties and interactions in mechanotransduction.
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Gorelova V, Sprakel J, Weijers D. Plant cell polarity as the nexus of tissue mechanics and morphogenesis. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:1548-1559. [PMID: 34887521 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-01021-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
How reproducible body patterns emerge from the collective activity of individual cells is a key question in developmental biology. Plant cells are encaged in their walls and unable to migrate. Morphogenesis thus relies on directional cell division, by precise positioning of division planes, and anisotropic cellular growth, mediated by regulated mechanical inhomogeneity of the walls. Both processes require the prior establishment of cell polarity, marked by the formation of polar domains at the plasma membrane, in a number of developmental contexts. The establishment of cell polarity involves biochemical cues, but increasing evidence suggests that mechanical forces also play a prominent instructive role. While evidence for mutual regulation between cell polarity and tissue mechanics is emerging, the nature of this bidirectional feedback remains unclear. Here we review the role of cell polarity at the interface of tissue mechanics and morphogenesis. We also aim to integrate biochemistry-centred insights with concepts derived from physics and physical chemistry. Lastly, we propose a set of questions that will help address the fundamental nature of cell polarization and its mechanistic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Gorelova
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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8
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Jang JH, Seo HS, Lee OR. The Reduced Longitudinal Growth Induced by Overexpression of pPLAIIIγ Is Regulated by Genes Encoding Microtubule-Associated Proteins. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122615. [PMID: 34961086 PMCID: PMC8706840 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There are three subfamilies of patatin-related phospholipase A (pPLA) group of genes: pPLAI, pPLAII, and pPLAIII. Among the four members of pPLAIIIs (α, β, γ, δ), the overexpression of three isoforms (α, β, and δ) displayed distinct morphological growth patterns, in which the anisotropic cell expansion was disrupted. Here, the least studied pPLAIIIγ was characterized, and it was found that the overexpression of pPLAIIIγ in Arabidopsis resulted in longitudinally reduced cell expansion patterns, which are consistent with the general phenotype induced by pPLAIIIs overexpression. The microtubule-associated protein MAP18 was found to be enriched in a pPLAIIIδ overexpressing line in a previous study. This indicates that factors, such as microtubules and ethylene biosynthesis, are involved in determining the radial cell expansion patterns. Microtubules have long been recognized to possess functional key roles in the processes of plant cells, including cell division, growth, and development, whereas ethylene treatment was reported to induce the reorientation of microtubules. Thus, the possible links between the altered anisotropic cell expansion and microtubules were studied. Our analysis revealed changes in the transcriptional levels of microtubule-associated genes, as well as phospholipase D (PLD) genes, upon the overexpression of pPLAIIIγ. Overall, our results suggest that the longitudinally reduced cell expansion observed in pPLAIIIγ overexpression is driven by microtubules via transcriptional modulation of the PLD and MAP genes. The altered transcripts of the genes involved in ethylene-biosynthesis in pPLAIIIγOE further support the conclusion that the typical phenotype is derived from the link with microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hoon Jang
- Department of Applied Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (J.H.J.); (H.S.S.)
- AgriBio Institute of Climate Change Management, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Hae Seong Seo
- Department of Applied Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (J.H.J.); (H.S.S.)
- AgriBio Institute of Climate Change Management, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Ok Ran Lee
- Department of Applied Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (J.H.J.); (H.S.S.)
- AgriBio Institute of Climate Change Management, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-(0)-62-530-2054; Fax: +82-(0)-62-530-2059
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9
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Deepika D, Singh A. Plant phospholipase D: novel structure, regulatory mechanism, and multifaceted functions with biotechnological application. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:106-124. [PMID: 34167393 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1924113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases D (PLDs) are important membrane lipid-modifying enzymes in eukaryotes. Phosphatidic acid, the product of PLD activity, is a vital signaling molecule. PLD-mediated lipid signaling has been the subject of extensive research leading to discovery of its crystal structure. PLDs are involved in the pathophysiology of several human diseases, therefore, viewed as promising targets for drug design. The availability of a eukaryotic PLD crystal structure will encourage PLD targeted drug designing. PLDs have been implicated in plants response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the molecular mechanism of response is not clear. Recently, several novel findings have shown that PLD mediated modulation of structural and developmental processes, such as: stomata movement, root growth and microtubule organization are crucial for plants adaptation to environmental stresses. Involvement of PLDs in regulating membrane remodeling, auxin mediated alteration of root system architecture and nutrient uptake to combat nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies and magnesium toxicity is established. PLDs via vesicle trafficking modulate cytoskeleton and exocytosis to regulate self-incompatibility (SI) signaling in flowering plants, thereby contributes to plants hybrid vigor and diversity. In addition, the important role of PLDs has been recognized in biotechnologically important functions, including oil/TAG synthesis and maintenance of seed quality. In this review, we describe the crystal structure of a plant PLD and discuss the molecular mechanism of catalysis and activity regulation. Further, the role of PLDs in regulating plant development under biotic and abiotic stresses, nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency, magnesium ion toxicity, SI signaling and pollen tube growth and in important biotechnological applications has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Deepika
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Amarjeet Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
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10
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Song P, Jia Q, Xiao X, Tang Y, Liu C, Li W, Li T, Li L, Chen H, Zhang W, Zhang Q. HSP70-3 Interacts with Phospholipase Dδ and Participates in Heat Stress Defense. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1148-1165. [PMID: 33793918 PMCID: PMC8133648 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiaa083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) function as molecular chaperones and are key components responsible for protein folding, assembly, translocation, and degradation under stress conditions. However, little is known about how HSPs stabilize proteins and membranes in response to different hormonal or environmental cues in plants. Here, we combined molecular, biochemical, and genetic approaches to elucidate the involvement of cytosolic HSP70-3 in plant stress responses and the interplay between HSP70-3 and plasma membrane (PM)-localized phospholipase Dδ (PLDδ) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Analysis using pull-down, coimmunoprecipitation, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation revealed that HSP70-3 specifically interacted with PLDδ. HSP70-3 bound to microtubules, such that it stabilized cortical microtubules upon heat stress. We also showed that heat shock induced recruitment of HSP70-3 to the PM, where HSP70-3 inhibited PLDδ activity to mediate microtubule reorganization, phospholipid metabolism, and plant thermotolerance, and this process depended on the HSP70-3-PLDδ interaction. Our results suggest a model whereby the interplay between HSP70-3 and PLDδ facilitates the re-establishment of cellular homeostasis during plant responses to external stresses and reveal a regulatory mechanism in regulating membrane lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Song
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Qianru Jia
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xingkai Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yiwen Tang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Chengjian Liu
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Wenyan Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Teng Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Memorial Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, P.R. China
| | - Huatao Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, P.R. China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Qun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
- Author for communication: (Q.Z.)
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Rodas-Junco BA, Racagni-Di-Palma GE, Canul-Chan M, Usorach J, Hernández-Sotomayor SMT. Link between Lipid Second Messengers and Osmotic Stress in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2658. [PMID: 33800808 PMCID: PMC7961891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are subject to different types of stress, which consequently affect their growth and development. They have developed mechanisms for recognizing and processing an extracellular signal. Second messengers are transient molecules that modulate the physiological responses in plant cells under stress conditions. In this sense, it has been shown in various plant models that membrane lipids are substrates for the generation of second lipid messengers such as phosphoinositide, phosphatidic acid, sphingolipids, and lysophospholipids. In recent years, research on lipid second messengers has been moving toward using genetic and molecular approaches to reveal the molecular setting in which these molecules act in response to osmotic stress. In this sense, these studies have established that second messengers can transiently recruit target proteins to the membrane and, therefore, affect protein conformation, activity, and gene expression. This review summarizes recent advances in responses related to the link between lipid second messengers and osmotic stress in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz A. Rodas-Junco
- CONACYT—Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Campus de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY), Periférico Norte Kilómetro 33.5, Tablaje Catastral 13615 Chuburná de Hidalgo Inn, C.P. 97203 Mérida, Mexico
| | | | - Michel Canul-Chan
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Prolongación de Avenida Oriente 6 Num. 1009, Rafael Alvarado, C.P. 94340 Orizaba, Mexico;
| | - Javier Usorach
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205 Mérida, Mexico;
| | - S. M. Teresa Hernández-Sotomayor
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205 Mérida, Mexico;
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12
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Song P, Jia Q, Chen L, Jin X, Xiao X, Li L, Chen H, Qu Y, Su Y, Zhang W, Zhang Q. Involvement of Arabidopsis phospholipase D δ in regulation of ROS-mediated microtubule organization and stomatal movement upon heat shock. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6555-6570. [PMID: 32725150 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are plant metabolic and signaling molecules involved in responses to various external stresses, but the existence of ROS receptors and how plants respond to ROS remain largely unknown. Here we report that the plasma membrane-localized phospholipase D δ (PLDδ) protein is crucial for sensing heat shock-induced ROS to initiate reorganization of guard cell microtubules in Arabidopsis cotyledons. Heat shock of wild-type Arabidopsis cotyledons stimulated ROS production which disrupted microtubule organization and induced stomatal closure, whereas this process was markedly impaired in pldδ mutants. Moreover, wild-type PLDδ, but not the Arg622-mutated PLDδ, complemented the pldδ phenotypes in heat shock-treated plants. ROS activated PLDδ by oxidizing cysteine residues, an action that was required for its functions in ROS-induced depolymerization of guard cell microtubules, stomatal closure, and plant thermotolerance. Additionally, lipid profiling reveals involvement of microtubule organization in the feedback regulation of glycerolipid metabolism upon heat stress. Together, our findings highlight a potential mechanosensory role for PLDδ in regulating the dynamic organization of microtubules and stomatal movement, as part of the ROS-sensing pathway, during the response to external stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Song
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianru Jia
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Long Chen
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Jin
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingkai Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden, Memorial Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Huatao Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yana Qu
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinghua Su
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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13
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True JH, Shaw SL. Exogenous Auxin Induces Transverse Microtubule Arrays Through TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE1/AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX Receptors. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:892-907. [PMID: 31767691 PMCID: PMC6997688 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Auxin plays a central role in controlling plant cell growth and morphogenesis. Application of auxin to light-grown seedlings elicits both axial growth and transverse patterning of the cortical microtubule cytoskeleton in hypocotyl cells. Microtubules respond to exogenous auxin within 5 min, although repatterning of the array does not initiate until 30 min after application and is complete by 2 h. To examine the requirements for auxin-induced microtubule array patterning, we used an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) double auxin f-box (afb) receptor mutant, afb4-8 afb5-5, that responds to conventional auxin (indole-3-acetic acid) but has a strongly diminished response to the auxin analog, picloram. We show that 5 µm picloram induces immediate changes to microtubule density and later transverse microtubule patterning in wild-type plants, but does not cause microtubule array reorganization in the afb4-8 afb5-5 mutant. Additionally, a dominant mutant (axr2-1) for the auxin coreceptor AUXIN RESPONSIVE2 (AXR2) was strongly suppressed for auxin-induced microtubule array reorganization, providing additional evidence that auxin functions through a transcriptional pathway for transverse patterning. We observed that brassinosteroid application mimicked the auxin response, showing both early and late microtubule array effects, and induced transverse patterning in the axr2-1 mutant. Application of auxin to the brassinosteroid synthesis mutant, diminuto1, induced transverse array patterning but did not produce significant axial growth. Thus, exogenous auxin induces transverse microtubule patterning through the TRANSPORT INHIBITOR 1/AUXIN F-BOX (TIR1/AFB) transcriptional pathway and can act independently of brassinosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian H True
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Sidney L Shaw
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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14
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Buschmann H, Borchers A. Handedness in plant cell expansion: a mutant perspective on helical growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:53-69. [PMID: 31254400 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many plant mutants are known that exhibit some degree of helical growth. This 'twisted' phenotype has arisen frequently in mutant screens of model organisms, but it is also found in cultivars of ornamental plants, including trees. The phenomenon, in many cases, is based on defects in cell expansion symmetry. Any complete model which explains the anisotropy of plant cell growth must ultimately explain how helical cell expansion comes into existence - and how it is normally avoided. While the mutations observed in model plants mainly point to the microtubule system, additional affected components involve cell wall functions, auxin transport and more. Evaluation of published data suggests a two-way mechanism underlying the helical growth phenomenon: there is, apparently, a microtubular component that determines handedness, but there is also an influence arising in the cell wall that feeds back into the cytoplasm and affects cellular handedness. This idea is supported by recent reports demonstrating the involvement of the cell wall integrity pathway. In addition, there is mounting evidence that calcium is an important relayer of signals relating to the symmetry of cell expansion. These concepts suggest experimental approaches to untangle the phenomenon of helical cell expansion in plant mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Buschmann
- Botanical Institute, Biology and Chemistry Department, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Agnes Borchers
- Botanical Institute, Biology and Chemistry Department, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
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15
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Xing J, Li X, Wang X, Lv X, Wang L, Zhang L, Zhu Y, Shen Q, Baluška F, Šamaj J, Lin J. Secretion of Phospholipase Dδ Functions as a Regulatory Mechanism in Plant Innate Immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:3015-3032. [PMID: 31597687 PMCID: PMC6925013 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant phospholipase Ds (PLDs), essential regulators of phospholipid signaling, function in multiple signal transduction cascades; however, the mechanisms regulating PLDs in response to pathogens remain unclear. Here, we found that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PLDδ accumulated in cells at the entry sites of the barley powdery mildew fungus, Blumeria graminis f. sp hordei Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and single-molecule analysis, we observed higher PLDδ density in the plasma membrane after chitin treatment; PLDδ also underwent rapid exocytosis. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy showed that the interaction between PLDδ and the microdomain marker AtREMORIN1.3 (AtREM1.3) increased in response to chitin, indicating that exocytosis facilitates rapid, efficient sorting of PLDδ into microdomains upon pathogen stimulus. We further unveiled a trade-off between brefeldin A (BFA)-resistant and -sensitive pathways in secretion of PLDδ under diverse conditions. Upon pathogen attack, PLDδ secretion involved syntaxin-associated VAMP721/722-mediated exocytosis sensitive to BFA. Analysis of phosphatidic acid (PA), hydrogen peroxide, and jasmonic acid (JA) levels and expression of related genes indicated that the relocalization of PLDδ is crucial for its activation to produce PA and initiate reactive oxygen species and JA signaling pathways. Together, our findings revealed that the translocation of PLDδ to papillae is modulated by exocytosis, thus triggering PA-mediated signaling in plant innate immunity.plantcell;31/12/3015/FX1F1fx1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xing
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 457004, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design and College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xueqin Lv
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design and College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yingfang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 457004, China
| | - Qianhua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Centre for Molecular Agrobiology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, Department of Plant Cell Biology, Bonn D-53115, Germany
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc 78301, Czech Republic
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design and College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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16
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Lee YRJ, Liu B. Microtubule nucleation for the assembly of acentrosomal microtubule arrays in plant cells. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1705-1718. [PMID: 30681146 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary I. Introduction II. MT arrays in plant cells III. γ-Tubulin and MT nucleation IV. MT nucleation sites or flexible MTOCs in plant cells V. MT-dependent MT nucleation VI. Generating new MTs for spindle assembly VII. Generation of MTs for phragmoplast expansion during cytokinesis VIII. MT generation for the cortical MT array IX. MT nucleation: looking forward Acknowledgements References SUMMARY: Cytoskeletal microtubules (MTs) have a multitude of functions including intracellular distribution of molecules and organelles, cell morphogenesis, as well as segregation of the genetic material and separation of the cytoplasm during cell division among eukaryotic organisms. In response to internal and external cues, eukaryotic cells remodel their MT network in a regulated manner in order to assemble physiologically important arrays for cell growth, cell proliferation, or for cells to cope with biotic or abiotic stresses. Nucleation of new MTs is a critical step for MT remodeling. Although many key factors contributing to MT nucleation and organization are well conserved in different kingdoms, the centrosome, representing the most prominent microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs), disappeared during plant evolution as angiosperms lack the structure. Instead, flexible MTOCs may emerge on the plasma membrane, the nuclear envelope, and even organelles depending on types of cells and organisms and/or physiological conditions. MT-dependent MT nucleation is particularly noticeable in plant cells because it accounts for the primary source of MT generation for assembling spindle, phragmoplast, and cortical arrays when the γ-tubulin ring complex is anchored and activated by the augmin complex. It is intriguing what proteins are associated with plant-specific MTOCs and how plant cells activate or inactivate MT nucleation activities in spatiotemporally regulated manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Ru Julie Lee
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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17
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Li J, Wang X. Phospholipase D and phosphatidic acid in plant immunity. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 279:45-50. [PMID: 30709492 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids to generate phosphatidic acid (PA). Both PLD and its lipid product PA are involved in various physiological processes, including plant response to pathogens. The PLD family is comprised of multiple members in higher plants, and PLDs have been reported to play positive and/or negative roles in plant immunity, depending on the types of pathogens and specific PLDs involved. Individual PLDs have distinguishable biochemical properties, such as Ca2+ and phosphatidylinositide requirements. In addition, PLDs and PA are found to interact with various proteins in hormone and stress signaling. The different biochemical and regulatory properties of PLDs and PA shed light on the mechanisms for the functional diversity of PLDs in plant defense signaling and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwu Li
- Henan Agricultural University, Henan, 450002, China; Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO 63121, United States; Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, United States.
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO 63121, United States; Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, United States.
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18
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Meng F, Xiao Y, Guo L, Zeng H, Yang X, Qiu D. A DREPP protein interacted with PeaT1 from Alternaria tenuissima and is involved in elicitor-induced disease resistance in Nicotiana plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:827-837. [PMID: 29730747 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-018-1038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PeaT1 is a proteinaceous elicitor from fungal pathogen Alternaria tenuissima. Our previous research revealed that this elicitor could induce defense response and enhance disease resistance in various plants including Nicotiana plants. However, immune activation mechanisms whereby PeaT1 elicits defense response remain unclear. In this study, the association between elicitor protein PeaT1 and the plasma membrane was assessed using the FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) labeling method. A PeaT1-interacting protein was isolated via 125I-PeaT1 cross-linking and Far Western blot analyses, and designated PtBP1 (PeaT1 Binding Protein 1). From the data of Mass spectrometry (MS) and bioinformatics analysis, the 22 kDa plasma membrane protein PtBP1 was inferred to be a member of DREPP (developmentally regulated plasma membrane polypeptide) family that is induced in plants under stress conditions and might get involved in downstream signaling. For further verification of this association, Far Western blot, co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analyses were performed, showing PtBP1 could bind with PeaT1 in vitro and in vivo. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) analysis exhibited that PtBP1 silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana attenuated tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) resistance compared to the tobacco rattle virus (TRV) control after PeaT1 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanlu Meng
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lihua Guo
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongmei Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiufen Yang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Dewen Qiu
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
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19
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Angelini J, Vosolsobě S, Skůpa P, Ho AYY, Bellinvia E, Valentová O, Marc J. Phospholipase Dδ assists to cortical microtubule recovery after salt stress. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:1195-1204. [PMID: 29455366 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic microtubule cytoskeleton plays fundamental roles in the growth and development of plants including regulation of their responses to environmental stress. Plants exposed to hyper-osmotic stress commonly acclimate, acquiring tolerance to variable stress levels. The underlying cellular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we show, for the first time, by in vivo imaging approach that linear patterns of phospholipase Dδ match the localization of microtubules in various biological systems, validating previously predicted connection between phospholipase Dδ and microtubules. Both the microtubule and linear phospholipase Dδ structures were disintegrated in a few minutes after treatment with oryzalin or salt. Moreover, by using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy of the cells in the root elongation zone of Arabidopsis, we have shown that the cortical microtubules rapidly depolymerized within 30 min of treatment with 150 or 200 mM NaCl. Within 5 h of treatment, the density of microtubule arrays was partially restored. A T-DNA insertional mutant lacking phospholipase Dδ showed poor recovery of microtubule arrays following salt exposition. The restoration of microtubules was significantly retarded as well as the rate of root growth, but roots of overexpressor GFP-PLDδ prepared in our lab, have grown slightly better compared to wild-type plants. Our results indicate that phospholipase Dδ is involved in salt stress tolerance, possibly by direct anchoring and stabilization of de novo emerging microtubules to the plasma membrane, providing novel insight into common molecular mechanism during various stress events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindřiška Angelini
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Stanislav Vosolsobě
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skůpa
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Angela Yeuan Yen Ho
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erica Bellinvia
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Valentová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Marc
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
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20
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The self-organization of plant microtubules inside the cell volume yields their cortical localization, stable alignment, and sensitivity to external cues. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006011. [PMID: 29462151 PMCID: PMC5834207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cell functions rely on the ability of microtubules to self-organize as complex networks. In plants, cortical microtubules are essential to determine cell shape as they guide the deposition of cellulose microfibrils, and thus control mechanical anisotropy of the cell wall. Here we analyze how, in turn, cell shape may influence microtubule behavior. Building upon previous models that confined microtubules to the cell surface, we introduce an agent model of microtubules enclosed in a three-dimensional volume. We show that the microtubule network has spontaneous aligned configurations that could explain many experimental observations without resorting to specific regulation. In particular, we find that the preferred cortical localization of microtubules emerges from directional persistence of the microtubules, and their interactions with each other and with the stiff wall. We also identify microtubule parameters that seem relatively insensitive to cell shape, such as length or number. In contrast, microtubule array anisotropy depends on local curvature of the cell surface and global orientation follows robustly the longest axis of the cell. Lastly, we find that geometric cues may be overcome, as the network is capable of reorienting toward weak external directional cues. Altogether our simulations show that the microtubule network is a good transducer of weak external polarity, while at the same time, easily reaching stable global configurations. Plants exhibit an astonishing diversity in architecture and morphology. A key to such diversity is the ability of their cells to coordinate and grow to reach a broad spectrum of sizes and shapes. Cell growth in plants is guided by the microtubule cytoskeleton. Here, we seek to understand how microtubules self-organize close to the cell surface. We build upon previous two-dimensional models and we consider microtubules as lines growing in three dimensions, accounting for interactions between microtubules or between microtubules and the cell surface. We show that microtubule arrays are able to adapt to various cell shapes and to reorient in response to external signals. Altogether, our results help to understand how the microtubule cytoskeleton contributes to the diversity of plant shapes and to how these shapes adapt to environment.
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21
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Stanislas T, Platre MP, Liu M, Rambaud-Lavigne LES, Jaillais Y, Hamant O. A phosphoinositide map at the shoot apical meristem in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Biol 2018; 16:20. [PMID: 29415713 PMCID: PMC5803925 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0490-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In plants, the shoot apical meristem (SAM) has two main functions, involving the production of all aerial organs on the one hand and self-maintenance on the other, allowing the production of organs during the entire post-embryonic life of the plant. Transcription factors, microRNA, hormones, peptides and forces have been involved in meristem function. Whereas phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs) have been involved in almost all biological functions, including stem cell maintenance and organogenesis in animals, the processes in meristem biology to which PIPs contribute still need to be delineated. RESULTS Using biosensors for PI4P and PI(4,5)P2, the two most abundant PIPs at the plasma membrane, we reveal that meristem functions are associated with a stereotypical PIP tissue-scale pattern, with PI(4,5)P2 always displaying a more clear-cut pattern than PI4P. Using clavata3 and pin-formed1 mutants, we show that stem cell maintenance is associated with reduced levels of PIPs. In contrast, high PIP levels are signatures for organ-meristem boundaries. Interestingly, this pattern echoes that of cortical microtubules and stress anisotropy at the meristem. Using ablations and pharmacological approaches, we further show that PIP levels can be increased when the tensile stress pattern is altered. Conversely, we find that katanin mutant meristems, with increased isotropy of microtubule arrays and slower response to mechanical perturbations, exhibit reduced PIP gradients within the SAM. Comparable PIP pattern defects were observed in phospholipase A3β overexpressor lines, which largely phenocopy katanin mutants at the whole plant level. CONCLUSIONS Using phospholipid biosensors, we identified a stereotypical PIP accumulation pattern in the SAM that negatively correlates with stem cell maintenance and positively correlates with organ-boundary establishment. While other cues are very likely to contribute to the final PIP pattern, we provide evidence that the patterns of PIP, cortical microtubules and mechanical stress are positively correlated, suggesting that the PIP pattern, and its reproducibility, relies at least in part on the mechanical status of the SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stanislas
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Matthieu Pierre Platre
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Mengying Liu
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Léa E S Rambaud-Lavigne
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, Cedex 07, France.
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22
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Oda Y. Emerging roles of cortical microtubule-membrane interactions. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:5-14. [PMID: 29170834 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant cortical microtubules have crucial roles in cell wall development. Cortical microtubules are tightly anchored to the plasma membrane in a highly ordered array, which directs the deposition of cellulose microfibrils by guiding the movement of the cellulose synthase complex. Cortical microtubules also interact with several endomembrane systems to regulate cell wall development and other cellular events. Recent studies have identified new factors that mediate interactions between cortical microtubules and endomembrane systems including the plasma membrane, endosome, exocytic vesicles, and endoplasmic reticulum. These studies revealed that cortical microtubule-membrane interactions are highly dynamic, with specialized roles in developmental and environmental signaling pathways. A recent reconstructive study identified a novel function of the cortical microtubule-plasma membrane interaction, which acts as a lateral fence that defines plasma membrane domains. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms and functions of cortical microtubule-membrane interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Oda
- Center for Frontier Research, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan.
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan.
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23
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Elliott A, Shaw SL. Update: Plant Cortical Microtubule Arrays. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:94-105. [PMID: 29184029 PMCID: PMC5761819 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cortical microtubules play a critical role in plant morphogenesis by creating array patterns that template the deposition of cellulose microfibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Elliott
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Sidney L Shaw
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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Pareek A, Khurana A, Sharma AK, Kumar R. An Overview of Signaling Regulons During Cold Stress Tolerance in Plants. Curr Genomics 2017; 18:498-511. [PMID: 29204079 PMCID: PMC5684653 DOI: 10.2174/1389202918666170228141345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants, being sessile organisms, constantly withstand environmental fluctuations, including low-temperature, also referred as cold stress. Whereas cold poses serious challenges at both physiological and developmental levels to plants growing in tropical or sub-tropical regions, plants from temperate climatic regions can withstand chilling or freezing temperatures. Several cold inducible genes have already been isolated and used in transgenic approach to generate cold tolerant plants. The conventional breeding methods and marker assisted selection have helped in developing plant with improved cold tolerance, however, the development of freezing tolerant plants through cold acclimation remains an unaccomplished task. Therefore, it is essential to have a clear understanding of how low temperature sensing strategies and corresponding signal transduction act during cold acclimation process. Herein, we synthesize the available information on the molecular mechanisms underlying cold sensing and signaling with an aim that the summarized literature will help develop efficient strategies to obtain cold tolerant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Pareek
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi-110021, India
| | - Ashima Khurana
- Ashima Khurana, Botany Department, Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110002, India
| | - Arun K. Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi-110021, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Repository of Tomato Genomics Resources, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad500046, India
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Ben Othman A, Ellouzi H, Planchais S, De Vos D, Faiyue B, Carol P, Abdelly C, Savouré A. Phospholipases Dζ1 and Dζ2 have distinct roles in growth and antioxidant systems in Arabidopsis thaliana responding to salt stress. PLANTA 2017; 246:721-735. [PMID: 28667438 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases Dζ play different roles in Arabidopsis salt tolerance affecting the regulation of ion transport and antioxidant responses. Lipid signalling mediated by phospholipase D (PLD) plays essential roles in plant growth including stress and hormonal responses. Here we show that PLDζ1 and PLDζ2 have distinct effects on Arabidopsis responses to salinity. A transcriptome analysis of a double pldζ1pldζ2 mutant revealed a cluster of genes involved in abiotic and biotic stresses, such as the high salt-stress responsive genes DDF1 and RD29A. Another cluster of genes with a common expression pattern included ROS detoxification genes involved in electron transport and biotic and abiotic stress responses. Total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was induced early in the shoots and roots of all pldζ mutants exposed to mild or severe salinity with the highest SOD activity measured in pldζ2 at 14 days. Lipid peroxidation in shoots and roots was higher in the pldζ1 mutant upon salt treatment and pldζ1 accumulated H2O2 earlier than other genotypes in response to salt. Salinity caused less deleterious effects on K+ accumulation in shoots and roots of the pldζ2 mutant than of wild type, causing only a slight variation in Na+/K+ ratio. Relative growth rates of wild-type plants, pldζ1, pldζ2 and pldζ1pldζ2 mutants were similar in control conditions, but strongly affected by salt in WT and pldζ1. The efficiency of photosystem II, estimated by measuring the ratio of chlorophyll fluorescence (F v/F m ratio), was strongly decreased in pldζ1 under salt stress. In conclusion, PLDζ2 plays a key role in determining Arabidopsis sensitivity to salt stress allowing ion transport and antioxidant responses to be finely regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlem Ben Othman
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, iEES, UMR 7618 (UPMC, UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Paris Diderot), Case 237, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France
- Laboratoire des Plantes Extrêmophiles, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cedria (CBBC), BP 901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Hasna Ellouzi
- Laboratoire des Plantes Extrêmophiles, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cedria (CBBC), BP 901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Séverine Planchais
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, iEES, UMR 7618 (UPMC, UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Paris Diderot), Case 237, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Delphine De Vos
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, iEES, UMR 7618 (UPMC, UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Paris Diderot), Case 237, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, INRA-AgroParisTech, Centre INRA Versailles, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Bualuang Faiyue
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, iEES, UMR 7618 (UPMC, UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Paris Diderot), Case 237, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France
- Department of Biology, Mahidol Wittayanusorn School, Salaya, Phuttamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Pierre Carol
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, iEES, UMR 7618 (UPMC, UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Paris Diderot), Case 237, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Chedly Abdelly
- Laboratoire des Plantes Extrêmophiles, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cedria (CBBC), BP 901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Arnould Savouré
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, iEES, UMR 7618 (UPMC, UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Paris Diderot), Case 237, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252, Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Barrero-Sicilia C, Silvestre S, Haslam RP, Michaelson LV. Lipid remodelling: Unravelling the response to cold stress in Arabidopsis and its extremophile relative Eutrema salsugineum. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 263:194-200. [PMID: 28818375 PMCID: PMC5567406 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmental constraints limit the geographic distribution of many economically important crops. Cold stress is an important abiotic stress that affects plant growth and development, resulting in loss of vigour and surface lesions. These symptoms are caused by, among other metabolic processes, the altered physical and chemical composition of cell membranes. As a major component of cell membranes lipids have been recognized as having a significant role in cold stress, both as a mechanical defence through leaf surface protection and plasma membrane remodelling, and as signal transduction molecules. We present an overview integrating gene expression and lipidomic data published so far in Arabidopsis and its relative the extremophile Eutrema salsugineum. This data enables a better understanding of the contribution of the lipidome in determining the ability to tolerate suboptimal temperature conditions. Collectively this information will allow us to identify the key lipids and pathways responsible for resilience, enabling the development of new approaches for crop tolerance to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana Silvestre
- Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Richard P Haslam
- Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK.
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Ji T, Li S, Huang M, Di Q, Wang X, Wei M, Shi Q, Li Y, Gong B, Yang F. Overexpression of Cucumber Phospholipase D alpha Gene ( CsPLDα) in Tobacco Enhanced Salinity Stress Tolerance by Regulating Na +-K + Balance and Lipid Peroxidation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:499. [PMID: 28439282 PMCID: PMC5383712 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant phospholipase D (PLD), which can hydrolyze membrane phospholipids to produce phosphatidic acid (PA), a secondary signaling molecule, has been proposed to function in diverse plant stress responses. In this research, we characterized the roles of the cucumber phospholipase D alpha gene (PLDα, GenBank accession number EF363796) in growth and tolerance to short- and long-term salt stress in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Fresh and dry weights of roots, PLD activity and content, mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene expression, Na+-K+ homeostasis, expression of genes encoding ion exchange, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and osmotic adjustment substances were investigated in wild type (WT) and CsPLDα-overexpression tobacco lines grown under short- and long-term high salt (250 mM) stress. Under short-term stress (5 h), in both overexpression lines, the PA content, and the expression levels of MAPK and several genes related to ion exchange (NtNHX1, NtNKT1, NtHAK1, NtNHA1, NtVAG1), were promoted by high PLD activity. Meanwhile, the Na+/K+ ratio decreased. Under long-term stress (16 days), ROS scavenging systems (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase activities) in leaves of transgenic lines were more active than those in WT plants. Meanwhile, the contents of proline, soluble sugar, and soluble protein significantly increased. In contrast, the contents of O2•- and H2O2, the electrolytic leakage and the accumulation of malondialdehyde in leaves significantly decreased. The root fresh and dry weights of the overexpression lines increased significantly. Na+-K+ homeostasis had the same trend as under the short-term treatment. These findings suggested that CsPLDα-produced PA can activate the downstream signals' adaptive response to alleviate the damage of salt stress, and the main strategies for adaptation to salt stress are the accumulation of osmoprotective compounds, maintaining Na+-K+ homeostasis and the scavenging of ROS, which function in the osmotic balancing and structural stabilization of membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, China
| | - Shuzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, China
| | - Meili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, China
| | - Qinghua Di
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, China
| | - Xiufeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Huanghuai Region), Ministry of AgricultureTai’an, China
| | - Min Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, China
| | - Qinghua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Huanghuai Region), Ministry of AgricultureTai’an, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, China
| | - Biao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, China
| | - Fengjuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Huanghuai Region), Ministry of AgricultureTai’an, China
- *Correspondence: Fengjuan Yang,
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Bhaskara GB, Wen TN, Nguyen TT, Verslues PE. Protein Phosphatase 2Cs and Microtubule-Associated Stress Protein 1 Control Microtubule Stability, Plant Growth, and Drought Response. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:169-191. [PMID: 28011693 PMCID: PMC5304354 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth is coordinated with environmental factors, including water availability during times of drought. Microtubules influence cell expansion; however, the mechanisms by which environmental signals impinge upon microtubule organization and whether microtubule-related factors limit growth during drought remains unclear. We found that three Clade E Growth-Regulating (EGR) Type 2C protein phosphatases act as negative growth regulators to restrain growth during drought. Quantitative phosphoproteomics indicated that EGRs target cytoskeleton and plasma membrane-associated proteins. Of these, Microtubule-Associated Stress Protein 1 (MASP1), an uncharacterized protein, increased in abundance during stress treatment and could bind, bundle, and stabilize microtubules in vitro. MASP1 overexpression enhanced growth, in vivo microtubule stability, and recovery of microtubule organization during drought acclimation. These MASP1 functions in vivo were dependent on phosphorylation of a single serine. For all EGR and MASP1 mutants and transgenic lines examined, enhanced microtubule recovery and stability were associated with increased growth during drought stress. The EGR-MASP1 system selectively regulates microtubule recovery and stability to adjust plant growth and cell expansion in response to changing environmental conditions. Modification of EGR-MASP1 signaling may be useful to circumvent negative growth regulation limiting plant productivity. EGRs are likely to regulate additional proteins involved in microtubule stability and stress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuan-Nan Wen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Thao Thi Nguyen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Paul E Verslues
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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29
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Hong Y, Zhao J, Guo L, Kim SC, Deng X, Wang G, Zhang G, Li M, Wang X. Plant phospholipases D and C and their diverse functions in stress responses. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 62:55-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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30
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Zhang Q, Zhang W. Regulation of developmental and environmental signaling by interaction between microtubules and membranes in plant cells. Protein Cell 2016; 7:81-8. [PMID: 26687389 PMCID: PMC4742386 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division and expansion require the ordered arrangement of microtubules, which are subject to spatial and temporal modifications by developmental and environmental factors. Understanding how signals translate to changes in cortical microtubule organization is of fundamental importance. A defining feature of the cortical microtubule array is its association with the plasma membrane; modules of the plasma membrane are thought to play important roles in the mediation of microtubule organization. In this review, we highlight advances in research on the regulation of cortical microtubule organization by membrane-associated and membrane-tethered proteins and lipids in response to phytohormones and stress. The transmembrane kinase receptor Rho-like guanosine triphosphatase, phospholipase D, phosphatidic acid, and phosphoinositides are discussed with a focus on their roles in microtubule organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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31
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Fu Y. The cytoskeleton in the pollen tube. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 28:111-9. [PMID: 26550939 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton in pollen tubes has been intensively studied, because of its abundance and prominent roles and because the pollen tube is an excellent experimental system for cell biological studies. Pollen actin microfilaments (MFs) exist as multiple distinct populations, each participating in a specific cellular trafficking or organization process. Consequently, MFs are essential for pollen tube growth and are tightly regulated in response to various signals. Pollen microtubules (MTs) are non-essential and less characterized, but recent studies have implicated MTs in vesicle trafficking and cell wall construction in pollen tubes. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the organization and regulation of both MFs and MTs and discusses their roles in cellular trafficking and the modulation of pollen-tube tip growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Derbyshire P, Ménard D, Green P, Saalbach G, Buschmann H, Lloyd CW, Pesquet E. Proteomic Analysis of Microtubule Interacting Proteins over the Course of Xylem Tracheary Element Formation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:2709-26. [PMID: 26432860 PMCID: PMC4682315 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant vascular cells, or tracheary elements (TEs), rely on circumferential secondary cell wall thickenings to maintain sap flow. The patterns in which TE thickenings are organized vary according to the underlying microtubule bundles that guide wall deposition. To identify microtubule interacting proteins present at defined stages of TE differentiation, we exploited the synchronous differentiation of TEs in Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cultures. Quantitative proteomic analysis of microtubule pull-downs, using ratiometric (14)N/(15)N labeling, revealed 605 proteins exhibiting differential accumulation during TE differentiation. Microtubule interacting proteins associated with membrane trafficking, protein synthesis, DNA/RNA binding, and signal transduction peaked during secondary cell wall formation, while proteins associated with stress peaked when approaching TE cell death. In particular, CELLULOSE SYNTHASE-INTERACTING PROTEIN1, already associated with primary wall synthesis, was enriched during secondary cell wall formation. RNAi knockdown of genes encoding several of the identified proteins showed that secondary wall formation depends on the coordinated presence of microtubule interacting proteins with nonoverlapping functions: cell wall thickness, cell wall homogeneity, and the pattern and cortical location of the wall are dependent on different proteins. Altogether, proteins linking microtubules to a range of metabolic compartments vary specifically during TE differentiation and regulate different aspects of wall patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Derbyshire
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Delphine Ménard
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Porntip Green
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard Saalbach
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Buschmann
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Clive W Lloyd
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Edouard Pesquet
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Liu Z, Persson S, Zhang Y. The connection of cytoskeletal network with plasma membrane and the cell wall. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:330-40. [PMID: 25693826 PMCID: PMC4405036 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall provides external support of the plant cells, while the cytoskeletons including the microtubules and the actin filaments constitute an internal framework. The cytoskeletons contribute to the cell wall biosynthesis by spatially and temporarily regulating the transportation and deposition of cell wall components. This tight control is achieved by the dynamic behavior of the cytoskeletons, but also through the tethering of these structures to the plasma membrane. This tethering may also extend beyond the plasma membrane and impact on the cell wall, possibly in the form of a feedback loop. In this review, we discuss the linking components between the cytoskeletons and the plasma membrane, and/or the cell wall. We also discuss the prospective roles of these components in cell wall biosynthesis and modifications, and aim to provide a platform for further studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengyu Liu
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology14476 Potsdam, Germany
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, University of MelbourneParkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yi Zhang
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Zhao J. Phospholipase D and phosphatidic acid in plant defence response: from protein-protein and lipid-protein interactions to hormone signalling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1721-36. [PMID: 25680793 PMCID: PMC4669553 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase Ds (PLDs) and PLD-derived phosphatidic acids (PAs) play vital roles in plant hormonal and environmental responses and various cellular dynamics. Recent studies have further expanded the functions of PLDs and PAs into plant-microbe interaction. The molecular diversities and redundant functions make PLD-PA an important signalling complex regulating lipid metabolism, cytoskeleton dynamics, vesicle trafficking, and hormonal signalling in plant defence through protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions or hormone signalling. Different PLD-PA signalling complexes and their targets have emerged as fast-growing research topics for understanding their numerous but not yet established roles in modifying pathogen perception, signal transduction, and downstream defence responses. Meanwhile, advanced lipidomics tools have allowed researchers to reveal further the mechanisms of PLD-PA signalling complexes in regulating lipid metabolism and signalling, and their impacts on jasmonic acid/oxylipins, salicylic acid, and other hormone signalling pathways that essentially mediate plant defence responses. This review attempts to summarize the progress made in spatial and temporal PLD/PA signalling as well as PLD/PA-mediated modification of plant defence. It presents an in-depth discussion on the functions and potential mechanisms of PLD-PA complexes in regulating actin filament/microtubule cytoskeleton, vesicle trafficking, and hormonal signalling, and in influencing lipid metabolism-derived metabolites as critical signalling components in plant defence responses. The discussion puts PLD-PA in a broader context in order to guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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35
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Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are highly conserved polar polymers that are key elements of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton and are essential for various cell functions. αβ-tubulin, a heterodimer containing one structural GTP and one hydrolysable and exchangeable GTP, is the building block of MTs and is formed by the sequential action of several molecular chaperones. GTP hydrolysis in the MT lattice is mechanistically coupled with MT growth, thus giving MTs a metastable and dynamic nature. MTs adopt several distinct higher-order organizations that function in cell division and cell morphogenesis. Small molecular weight compounds that bind tubulin are used as herbicides and as research tools to investigate MT functions in plant cells. The de novo formation of MTs in cells requires conserved γ-tubulin-containing complexes and targeting/activating regulatory proteins that contribute to the geometry of MT arrays. Various MT regulators and tubulin modifications control the dynamics and organization of MTs throughout the cell cycle and in response to developmental and environmental cues. Signaling pathways that converge on the regulation of versatile MT functions are being characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Address correspondence to
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36
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Distéfano AM, Valiñas MA, Scuffi D, Lamattina L, ten Have A, García-Mata C, Laxalt AM. Phospholipase D δ knock-out mutants are tolerant to severe drought stress. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1089371. [PMID: 26340512 PMCID: PMC4883880 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1089371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) is involved in different plant processes, ranging from responses to abiotic and biotic stress to plant development. Phospholipase Dδ (PLDδ) is activated in dehydration and salt stress, producing the lipid second messenger phosphatidic acid. In this work we show that pldδ Arabidopsis mutants were more tolerant to severe drought than wild-type plants. PLDδ has been shown to be required for ABA regulation of stomatal closure of isolated epidermal peels. However, there was no significant difference in stomatal conductance at the whole plant level between wild-type and pldδ mutants. Since PLD hydrolyses structural phospholipids, then we looked at membrane integrity. Ion leakage measurements showed that during dehydration of leaf discs pldδ mutant has less membrane degradation compared to the wild-type. We further analyzed the mutants and showed that pldδ have higher mRNA levels of RAB18 and RD29A compared to wild-type plants under normal growth conditions. Transient expression of AtPLDδ in Nicotiana benthamiana plants induced a wilting phenotype. These findings suggest that, in wt plants PLDδ disrupt membranes in severe drought stress and, in the absence of the protein (PLDδ knock-out) might drought-prime the plants, making them more tolerant to severe drought stress. The results are discussed in relation to PLDδ role in guard cell signaling and drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelen M Distéfano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Matías A Valiñas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Denise Scuffi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Lorenzo Lamattina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Arjen ten Have
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Carlos García-Mata
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Ana M Laxalt
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas-CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Mar del Plata, Argentina
- Correspondence to: Ana M Laxalt;
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Qu Y, An Z, Zhuang B, Jing W, Zhang Q, Zhang W. Copper amine oxidase and phospholipase D act independently in abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure in Vicia faba and Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2014; 127:533-544. [PMID: 24817219 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0633-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has demonstrated that both copper amine oxidase (CuAO; EC 1.4.3.6) and phospholipase D (PLD; EC 3.1.4.4) are involved in abscisic acid (ABA)-induced stomatal closure. In this study, we investigated the interaction between CuAO and PLD in the ABA response. Pretreatment with either CuAO or PLD inhibitors alone or that with both additively led to impairment of ABA-induced H2O2 production and stomatal closure in Vicia faba. ABA-stimulated PLD activation could not be inhibited by the CuAO inhibitor, and CuAO activity was not affected by the PLD inhibitor. These data suggest that CuAO and PLD act independently in the ABA response. To further examine PLD and CuAO activities in ABA responses, we used the Arabidopsis mutants cuaoζ and pldα1. Ablation of guard cell-expressed CuAOζ or PLDα1 gene retarded ABA-induced H2O2 generation and stomatal closure. As a product of PLD, phosphatidic acid (PA) substantially enhanced H2O2 production and stomatal closure in wide type, pldα1, and cuaoζ. Moreover, putrescine (Put), a substrate of CuAO as well as an activator of PLD, induced H2O2 production and stomatal closure in WT but not in both mutants. These results suggest that CuAO and PLD act independently in ABA-induced stomatal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Qu
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
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Jiang Y, Wu K, Lin F, Qu Y, Liu X, Zhang Q. Phosphatidic acid integrates calcium signaling and microtubule dynamics into regulating ABA-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis. PLANTA 2014; 239:565-75. [PMID: 24271006 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1999-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Specific cellular components have been identified to function in abscisic acid (ABA) regulation of stomatal apertures, including calcium, the cytoskeleton, and phosphatidic acid. In this study, the regulation and dynamic organization of microtubules during ABA-induced stomatal closure by phospholipase D (PLD) and its product PA were investigated. ABA induced microtubule depolymerization and stomatal closure in wide-type (WT) Arabidopsis, whereas these processes were impaired in PLD mutant (pldα1). The microtubule-disrupting drugs oryzalin or propyzamide induced microtubule depolymerization, but did not affect the stomatal aperture, whereas their co-treatment with ABA resulted in stomatal closure in both WT and pldα1. In contrast, the microtubule-stabilizing drug paclitaxel arrested ABA-induced microtubule depolymerization and inhibited ABA-induced stomatal closure in both WT and pldα1. In pldα1, ABA-induced cytoplasmic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]cyt) elevation was partially blocked, and exogenous Ca(2+)-induced microtubule depolymerization and stomatal closure were impaired. These results suggested that PLDα1 and PA regulate microtubular organization and Ca(2+) increases during ABA-induced stomatal closing and that crosstalk among signaling lipid, Ca(2+), and microtubules are essential for ABA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
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Lin F, Qu Y, Zhang Q. Phospholipids: molecules regulating cytoskeletal organization in plant abiotic stress tolerance. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e28337. [PMID: 24589893 PMCID: PMC4091320 DOI: 10.4161/psb.28337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytoskeleton serves as structural, membrane-bound and highly nonlinear dynamics element that basically functions in abiotic and biotic stresses. The study of phospholipid-regulated cytoskeletal organization to strengthen plants against stresses is emerging. Phospholipids in lipid bilayers, as the main compound of cellular membranes, have roles in modulation of membrane curvature and anchoring, cross-linking or regulating particular cytoskeletal proteins to modulate cytoskeletal dynamics. In this review, we highlight the role of phospholipids and their metabolic enzymes through regulating cytoskeletal organization and dynamics in response to abiotic stresses, such as salt, drought and low/high temperature stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lin
- College of Life Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yana Qu
- College of Life Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing, PR China
| | - Qun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing, PR China
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Wang H, Zou Z, Wang S, Gong M. Global analysis of transcriptome responses and gene expression profiles to cold stress of Jatropha curcas L. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82817. [PMID: 24349370 PMCID: PMC3857291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jatropha curcas L., also called the Physic nut, is an oil-rich shrub with multiple uses, including biodiesel production, and is currently exploited as a renewable energy resource in many countries. Nevertheless, because of its origin from the tropical MidAmerican zone, J. curcas confers an inherent but undesirable characteristic (low cold resistance) that may seriously restrict its large-scale popularization. This adaptive flaw can be genetically improved by elucidating the mechanisms underlying plant tolerance to cold temperatures. The newly developed Illumina Hiseq™ 2000 RNA-seq and Digital Gene Expression (DGE) are deep high-throughput approaches for gene expression analysis at the transcriptome level, using which we carefully investigated the gene expression profiles in response to cold stress to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms of cold response in J. curcas. RESULTS In total, 45,251 unigenes were obtained by assembly of clean data generated by RNA-seq analysis of the J. curcas transcriptome. A total of 33,363 and 912 complete or partial coding sequences (CDSs) were determined by protein database alignments and ESTScan prediction, respectively. Among these unigenes, more than 41.52% were involved in approximately 128 known metabolic or signaling pathways, and 4,185 were possibly associated with cold resistance. DGE analysis was used to assess the changes in gene expression when exposed to cold condition (12°C) for 12, 24, and 48 h. The results showed that 3,178 genes were significantly upregulated and 1,244 were downregulated under cold stress. These genes were then functionally annotated based on the transcriptome data from RNA-seq analysis. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a global view of transcriptome response and gene expression profiling of J. curcas in response to cold stress. The results can help improve our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying plant cold resistance and favor the screening of crucial genes for genetically enhancing cold resistance in J. curcas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
- College of Biological Resources and Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Zhurong Zou
- School of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Shasha Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Ming Gong
- School of Life Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Environmental Biotechnology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Iakimova ET, Michaeli R, Woltering EJ. Involvement of phospholipase D-related signal transduction in chemical-induced programmed cell death in tomato cell cultures. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:1169-1183. [PMID: 23604388 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) and its product phosphatidic acid (PA) are incorporated in a complex metabolic network in which the individual PLD isoforms are suggested to regulate specific developmental and stress responses, including plant programmed cell death (PCD). Despite the accumulating knowledge, the mechanisms through which PLD/PA operate during PCD are still poorly understood. In this work, the role of PLDα1 in PCD and the associated caspase-like proteolysis, ethylene and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) synthesis in tomato suspension cells was studied. Wild-type (WT) and PLDα1-silenced cell lines were exposed to the cell death-inducing chemicals camptothecin (CPT), fumonisin B1 (FB1) and CdSO(4). A range of caspase inhibitors effectively suppressed CPT-induced PCD in WT cells, but failed to alleviate cell death in PLDα1-deficient cells. Compared to WT, in CPT-treated PLDα1 mutant cells, reduced cell death and decreased production of H(2)O(2) were observed. Application of ethylene significantly enhanced CPT-induced cell death both in WT and PLDα1 mutants. Treatments with the PA derivative lyso-phosphatidic acid and mastoparan (agonist of PLD/PLC signalling downstream of G proteins) caused severe cell death. Inhibitors, specific to PLD and PLC, remarkably decreased the chemical-induced cell death. Taken together with our previous findings, the results suggest that PLDα1 contributes to caspase-like-dependent cell death possibly communicated through PA, reactive oxygen species and ethylene. The dead cells expressed morphological features of PCD such as protoplast shrinkage and nucleus compaction. The presented findings reveal novel elements of PLD/PA-mediated cell death response and suggest that PLDα1 is an important factor in chemical-induced PCD signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena T Iakimova
- Plant Sciences Group, Horticultural Supply Chains, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 630, 6700 AP, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Jia Y, Tao F, Li W. Lipid profiling demonstrates that suppressing Arabidopsis phospholipase Dδ retards ABA-promoted leaf senescence by attenuating lipid degradation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65687. [PMID: 23762411 PMCID: PMC3676348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence is the last phase of the plant life cycle and has an important role in plant development. Degradation of membrane lipids is an essential process during leaf senescence. Several studies have reported fundamental changes in membrane lipids and phospholipase D (PLD) activity as leaves senesce. Suppression of phospholipase Dα1 (PLDα1) retards abscisic acid (ABA)-promoted senescence. However, given the absence of studies that have profiled changes in the compositions of membrane lipid molecules during leaf senescence, there is no direct evidence that PLD affects lipid composition during the process. Here, we show that application of n-butanol, an inhibitor of PLD, and N-Acylethanolamine (NAE) 12∶0, a specific inhibitor of PLDα1, retarded ABA-promoted senescence to different extents. Furthermore, phospholipase Dδ (PLDδ) was induced in leaves treated with ABA, and suppression of PLDδ retarded ABA-promoted senescence in Arabidopsis. Lipid profiling revealed that detachment-induced senescence had different effects on plastidic and extraplastidic lipids. The accelerated degradation of plastidic lipids during ABA-induced senescence in wild-type plants was attenuated in PLDδ-knockout (PLDδ-KO) plants. Dramatic increases in phosphatidic acid (PA) and decreases in phosphatidylcholine (PC) during ABA-induced senescence were also suppressed in PLDδ-KO plants. Our results suggest that PLDδ-mediated hydrolysis of PC to PA plays a positive role in ABA-promoted senescence. The attenuation of PA formation resulting from suppression of PLDδ blocks the degradation of membrane lipids, which retards ABA-promoted senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Jia
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Faqing Tao
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Weiqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- * E-mail:
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Liu Q, Qiao F, Ismail A, Chang X, Nick P. The plant cytoskeleton controls regulatory volume increase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:2111-20. [PMID: 23660128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability to adjust cell volume is required for the adaptation to osmotic stress. Plant protoplasts can swell within seconds in response to hypoosmotic shock suggesting that membrane material is released from internal stores. Since the stability of plant membranes depends on submembraneous actin, we asked, whether this regulatory volume control depends on the cytoskeleton. As system we used two cell lines from grapevine which differ in their osmotic tolerance and observed that the cytoskeleton responded differently in these two cell lines. To quantify the ability for regulatory volume control, we used hydraulic conductivity (Lp) as readout and demonstrated a role of the cytoskeleton in protoplast swelling. Chelation of calcium, inhibition of calcium channels, or manipulation of membrane fluidity, did not significantly alter Lp, whereas direct manipulation of the cytoskeleton via specific chemical reagents, or indirectly, through the bacterial elicitor Harpin or activation of phospholipase D, was effective. By optochemical engineering of actin using a caged form of the phytohormone auxin we can break the symmetry of actin organisation resulting in a localised deformation of cell shape indicative of a locally increased Lp. We interpret our findings in terms of a model, where the submembraneous cytoskeleton controls the release of intracellular membrane stores during regulatory volume change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Liu
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 2, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Abstract
Over the past decade, tremendous progress has been made toward understanding the physiological functions of individual members of the diverse phospholipase D (PLD) family of enzymes in plants. For instance, the involvement of plant PLD members has been shown or suggested in a wide variety of the cellular and physiological processes such as regulating stomatal opening and closure; signaling plant responses to drought, salt, and other abiotic and biotic stresses; organizing microtubule and actin cytoskeletal structures; promoting pollen tube growth; cycling phosphorus; signaling nitrogen availability; regulating N-acylethanolamine stress signaling; and remodeling membrane phospholipids in plant responses to phosphate deprivation and during and after freezing. There are at least a dozen PLDs in Arabidopsis that can be separated into six classes, phospholipases Dα, Dβ, Dγ, Dδ, Dε, and Dζ, based on their molecular and enzymatic characteristics. Several of the classes have distinguishing enzymatic properties that can be used to discriminate among the various classes. Here we provide four variations of in vitro PLD activity assays using choline-labeled phosphatidylcholine to distinguish, to the extent possible, among the different PLD classes.
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45
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Krtková J, Havelková L, Křepelová A, Fišer R, Vosolsobě S, Novotná Z, Martinec J, Schwarzerová K. Loss of membrane fluidity and endocytosis inhibition are involved in rapid aluminum-induced root growth cessation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 60:88-97. [PMID: 22922108 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is the main limiting factor in crop production on acid soils. The main symptom of Al toxicity is a rapid inhibition of root growth, but the mechanism of root growth cessation remains unclear. Here we examined the earliest changes in the plasma membrane and processes related to the membrane in the Arabidopsis thaliana root tip cells of roots grown in a hydropony. Al suppressed root growth within 2 min, inhibited endocytosis within 10 min of exposure and stabilized cortical microtubules within the first 30 min. Spectrofluorometric measurements of the plasma membrane isolated from Arabidopsis plants and labeled with the fluorescent probe laurdan showed that Al induced a reduction in membrane fluidity. Application of the membrane fluidizer, benzyl alcohol, restored partially membrane fluidity and also partially restored root growth during first 30 min of Al treatment. We concluded that Al-induced loss of membrane fluidity and endocytosis inhibition occurred very early during Al toxicity in plant roots and could be the earliest targets of Al treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Krtková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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46
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Zhang Q, Lin F, Mao T, Nie J, Yan M, Yuan M, Zhang W. Phosphatidic acid regulates microtubule organization by interacting with MAP65-1 in response to salt stress in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:4555-76. [PMID: 23150630 PMCID: PMC3531852 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.104182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Membrane lipids play fundamental structural and regulatory roles in cell metabolism and signaling. Here, we report that phosphatidic acid (PA), a product of phospholipase D (PLD), regulates MAP65-1, a microtubule-associated protein, in response to salt stress. Knockout of the PLDα1 gene resulted in greater NaCl-induced disorganization of microtubules, which could not be recovered during or after removal of the stress. Salt affected the association of MAP65-1 with microtubules, leading to microtubule disorganization in pldα1cells, which was alleviated by exogenous PA. PA bound to MAP65-1, increasing its activity in enhancing microtubule polymerization and bundling. Overexpression of MAP65-1 improved salt tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana cells. Mutations of eight amino acids in MAP65-1 led to the loss of its binding to PA, microtubule-bundling activity, and promotion of salt tolerance. The pldα1 map65-1 double mutant showed greater sensitivity to salt stress than did either single mutant. These results suggest that PLDα1-derived PA binds to MAP65-1, thus mediating microtubule stabilization and salt tolerance. The identification of MAP65-1 as a target of PA reveals a functional connection between membrane lipids and the cytoskeleton in environmental stress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feng Lin
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tonglin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianing Nie
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Min Yan
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Krtková J, Zimmermann A, Schwarzerová K, Nick P. Hsp90 binds microtubules and is involved in the reorganization of the microtubular network in angiosperms. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1329-39. [PMID: 22840326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are essential for many processes in plant cells. MT-associated proteins (MAPs) influence MT polymerization dynamics and enable them to perform their functions. The molecular chaperone Hsp90 has been shown to associate with MTs in animal and plant cells. However, the role of Hsp90-MT binding in plants has not yet been investigated. Here, we show that Hsp90 associates with cortical MTs in tobacco cells and decorates MTs in the phragmoplast. Further, we show that tobacco Hsp90_MT binds directly to polymerized MTs in vitro. The inhibition of Hsp90 by geldanamycin (GDA) severely impairs MT re-assembly after cold-induced de-polymerization. Our results indicate that the plant Hsp90 interaction with MTs plays a key role in cellular events, where MT re-organization is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Krtková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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48
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Das L, Bhattacharya B, Basu G. Rationalization of paclitaxel insensitivity of yeast β-tubulin and human βIII-tubulin isotype using principal component analysis. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:395. [PMID: 22849332 PMCID: PMC3477043 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel arrests cell division by binding to the hetero-dimeric protein tubulin. Subtle differences in tubulin sequences, across eukaryotes and among β-tubulin isotypes, can have profound impact on paclitaxel-tubulin binding. To capture the experimentally observed paclitaxel-resistance of human βIII tubulin isotype and yeast β-tubulin, within a common theoretical framework, we have performed structural principal component analyses of β-tubulin sequences across eukaryotes. Results The paclitaxel-resistance of human βIII tubulin isotype and yeast β-tubulin uniquely mapped on to the lowest two principal components, defining the paclitaxel-binding site residues of β-tubulin. The molecular mechanisms behind paclitaxel-resistance, mediated through key residues, were identified from structural consequences of characteristic mutations that confer paclitaxel-resistance. Specifically, Ala277 in βIII isotype was shown to be crucial for paclitaxel-resistance. Conclusions The present analysis captures the origin of two apparently unrelated events, paclitaxel-insensitivity of yeast tubulin and human βIII tubulin isotype, through two common collective sequence vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Das
- Department of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 70054, India
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49
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Uraji M, Katagiri T, Okuma E, Ye W, Hossain MA, Masuda C, Miura A, Nakamura Y, Mori IC, Shinozaki K, Murata Y. Cooperative function of PLDδ and PLDα1 in abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:450-60. [PMID: 22392280 PMCID: PMC3375977 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.195578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase D (PLD) is involved in responses to abiotic stress and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. To investigate the roles of two Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PLDs, PLDα1 and PLDδ, in ABA signaling in guard cells, we analyzed ABA responses in guard cells using Arabidopsis wild type, pldα1 and pldδ single mutants, and a pldα1 pldδ double mutant. ABA-induced stomatal closure was suppressed in the pldα1 pldδ double mutant but not in the pld single mutants. The pldα1 and pldδ mutations reduced ABA-induced phosphatidic acid production in epidermal tissues. Expression of either PLDα1 or PLDδ complemented the double mutant stomatal phenotype. ABA-induced stomatal closure in both pldα1 and pldδ single mutants was inhibited by a PLD inhibitor (1-butanol ), suggesting that both PLDα1 and PLDδ function in ABA-induced stomatal closure. During ABA-induced stomatal closure, wild-type guard cells accumulate reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide and undergo cytosolic alkalization, but these changes are reduced in guard cells of the pldα1 pldδ double mutant. Inward-rectifying K(+) channel currents of guard cells were inhibited by ABA in the wild type but not in the pldα1 pldδ double mutant. ABA inhibited stomatal opening in the wild type and the pldδ mutant but not in the pldα1 mutant. In wild-type rosette leaves, ABA significantly increased PLDδ transcript levels but did not change PLDα1 transcript levels. Furthermore, the pldα1 and pldδ mutations mitigated ABA inhibition of seed germination. These results suggest that PLDα1 and PLDδ cooperate in ABA signaling in guard cells but that their functions do not completely overlap.
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50
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Lee AHY, Hurley B, Felsensteiner C, Yea C, Ckurshumova W, Bartetzko V, Wang PW, Quach V, Lewis JD, Liu YC, Börnke F, Angers S, Wilde A, Guttman DS, Desveaux D. A bacterial acetyltransferase destroys plant microtubule networks and blocks secretion. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002523. [PMID: 22319451 PMCID: PMC3271077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is essential for structural support and intracellular transport, and is therefore a common target of animal pathogens. However, no phytopathogenic effector has yet been demonstrated to specifically target the plant cytoskeleton. Here we show that the Pseudomonas syringae type III secreted effector HopZ1a interacts with tubulin and polymerized microtubules. We demonstrate that HopZ1a is an acetyltransferase activated by the eukaryotic co-factor phytic acid. Activated HopZ1a acetylates itself and tubulin. The conserved autoacetylation site of the YopJ / HopZ superfamily, K289, plays a critical role in both the avirulence and virulence function of HopZ1a. Furthermore, HopZ1a requires its acetyltransferase activity to cause a dramatic decrease in Arabidopsis thaliana microtubule networks, disrupt the plant secretory pathway and suppress cell wall-mediated defense. Together, this study supports the hypothesis that HopZ1a promotes virulence through cytoskeletal and secretory disruption. Many bacterial pathogens disrupt key components of host physiology by injecting virulence proteins (or “effectors”) via a needle-like structure, called the type III secretion system, directly into eukaryotic cells. The YopJ / HopZ superfamily of type III secreted effector proteins is found in pathogens of both animals and plants providing an excellent opportunity to address how a family of type III secreted effectors can promote pathogenesis in hosts from two kingdoms. YopJ from the animal pathogen Yersinia pestis is an acetyltransferase that targets signaling components of innate immunity and prevents their activation. Here we show that HopZ1a, from the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae is an acetyltransferase that binds plant tubulin. Like YopJ, the eukaryotic cofactor phytic acid activates the acetyltransferase activity of HopZ1a. In addition, we demonstrate that activated HopZ1a can acetylate tubulin, a major constituent of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. In plants, activated HopZ1a causes a dramatic destruction of microtubule networks, inhibits protein secretion, and ultimately suppresses cell wall-mediated defense. Our study emphasizes the functional diversification of this important type III effector family in plant and animal hosts using a conserved acetyltransferase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Huei-Yi Lee
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brenden Hurley
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Corinna Felsensteiner
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carmen Yea
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Verena Bartetzko
- Institut für Biologie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Pauline W. Wang
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Van Quach
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer D. Lewis
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yulu C. Liu
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frederik Börnke
- Institut für Biologie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Friedrich Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Stephane Angers
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Wilde
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David S. Guttman
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (DSG); (DD)
| | - Darrell Desveaux
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (DSG); (DD)
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