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Saha B, Nayak J, Srivastava R, Samal S, Kumar D, Chanwala J, Dey N, Giri MK. Unraveling the involvement of WRKY TFs in regulating plant disease defense signaling. PLANTA 2023; 259:7. [PMID: 38012461 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This review article explores the intricate role, regulation, and signaling mechanisms of WRKY TFs in response to biotic stress, particularly emphasizing their pivotal role in the trophism of plant-pathogen interactions. Transcription factors (TFs) play a vital role in governing both plant defense and development by controlling the expression of various downstream target genes. Early studies have shown the differential expression of certain WRKY transcription factors by microbial infections. Several transcriptome-wide studies later demonstrated that diverse sets of WRKYs are significantly activated in the early stages of viral, bacterial, and fungal infections. Furthermore, functional investigations indicated that overexpression or silencing of certain WRKY genes in plants can drastically alter disease symptoms as well as pathogen multiplication rates. Hence the new aspects of pathogen-triggered WRKY TFs mediated regulation of plant defense can be explored. The already recognized roles of WRKYs include transcriptional regulation of defense-related genes, modulation of hormonal signaling, and participation in signal transduction pathways. Some WRKYs have been shown to directly bind to pathogen effectors, acting as decoys or resistance proteins. Notably, the signaling molecules like salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene which are associated with plant defense significantly increase the expression of several WRKYs. Moreover, induction of WRKY genes or heightened WRKY activities is also observed during ISR triggered by the beneficial microbes which protect the plants from subsequent pathogen infection. To understand the contribution of WRKY TFs towards disease resistance and their exact metabolic functions in infected plants, further studies are required. This review article explores the intrinsic transcriptional regulation, signaling mechanisms, and hormonal crosstalk governed by WRKY TFs in plant disease defense response, particularly emphasizing their specific role against different biotrophic, hemibiotrophic, and necrotrophic pathogen infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baisista Saha
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Jagatjeet Nayak
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Richa Srivastava
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Swarnmala Samal
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Jeky Chanwala
- Institute of Life Sciences, NALCO Nagar Road, NALCO Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India
| | - Nrisingha Dey
- Institute of Life Sciences, NALCO Nagar Road, NALCO Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India
| | - Mrunmay Kumar Giri
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.
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2
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Hall RA, Wallace EW. Post-transcriptional control of fungal cell wall synthesis. Cell Surf 2022; 8:100074. [PMID: 35097244 PMCID: PMC8783092 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2022.100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi hide from their hosts by camouflage, obscuring immunogenic cell wall components such as beta-glucan with innocuous coverings such as mannoproteins and alpha-glucan that are less readily recognised by the host. Attempts to understand how such processes are regulated have met with varying success. Typically studies focus on understanding the transcriptional response of fungi to either their reservoir environment or the host. However, such approaches do not fully address this research question, due to the layers of post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation that occur within a cell. Although in animals the impact of post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation has been well characterised, our knowledge of these processes in the fungal kingdom is more limited. Mutations in RNA-binding proteins, like Ssd1 and Candida albicans Slr1, affect cell wall composition and fungal virulence indicating that post-transcriptional regulation plays a key role in these processes. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of fungal post-transcriptional regulation, and link this to potential mechanisms of immune evasion by drawing on studies from model yeast and plant pathogenic fungi. We highlight several RNA-binding proteins that regulate cell wall synthesis and could be involved in local translation of cell wall components. Expanding our knowledge on post-transcriptional regulation in human fungal pathogens is essential to fully comprehend fungal virulence strategies and for the design of novel antifungal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Hall
- Kent Fungal Group, Division of Natural Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Edward W.J. Wallace
- Institute for Cell Biology and SynthSys, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, United Kingdom
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Jiang L, Zhang S, Su J, Peck SC, Luo L. Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways in Plant- Colletotrichum Interaction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:829645. [PMID: 35126439 PMCID: PMC8811371 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.829645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthracnose is a fungal disease caused by members of Colletotrichum that affect a wide range of crop plants. Strategies to improve crop resistance are needed to reduce the yield losses; and one strategy is to manipulate protein kinases that catalyze reversible phosphorylation of proteins regulating both plant immune responses and fungal pathogenesis. Hence, in this review, we present a summary of the current knowledge of protein kinase signaling pathways in plant-Colletotrichum interaction as well as the relation to a more general understanding of protein kinases that contribute to plant immunity and pathogen virulence. We highlight the potential of combining genomic resources and phosphoproteomics research to unravel the key molecular components of plant-Colletotrichum interactions. Understanding the molecular interactions between plants and Colletotrichum would not only facilitate molecular breeding of resistant cultivars but also help the development of novel strategies for controlling the anthracnose disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Jiang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Shizi Zhang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jianbin Su
- Division of Plant Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Scott C. Peck
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Lijuan Luo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Dangol S, Nguyen NK, Singh R, Chen Y, Wang J, Lee HG, Hwang BK, Jwa NS. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase OsMEK2 and OsMPK1 Signaling Is Required for Ferroptotic Cell Death in Rice- Magnaporthe oryzae Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:710794. [PMID: 34408766 PMCID: PMC8365360 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.710794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling is required for plant cell death responses to invading microbial pathogens. Iron- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent ferroptotic cell death occurs in rice (Oryza sativa) during an incompatible rice-Magnaporthe oryzae interaction. Here, we show that rice MAP kinase (OsMEK2 and OsMPK1) signaling cascades are involved in iron- and ROS-dependent ferroptotic cell death responses of rice to M. oryzae infection using OsMEK2 knock-out mutant and OsMEK2 and OsMPK1 overexpression rice plants. The OsMPK1:GFP and OsWRKY90:GFP transcription factor were localized to the nuclei, suggesting that OsMPK1 in the cytoplasm moves into the nuclei to interact with the WRKY90. M. oryzae infection in ΔOsmek2 knock-out plants did not trigger iron and ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation, and also downregulated OsMPK1, OsWRKY90, OsRbohB, and OsPR-1b expression. However, 35S:OsMEK2 overexpression induced ROS- and iron-dependent cell death in rice. The downstream MAP kinase (OsMPK1) overexpression induced ROS- and iron-dependent ferroptotic cell death response to virulent M. oryzae infection. The small-molecule ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 suppressed iron- and ROS-dependent ferroptotic cell death in 35S:OsMPK1 overexpression plants. However, the small-molecule inducer erastin triggered iron- and lipid ROS-dependent, but OsMEK2-independent, ferroptotic cell death during M. oryzae infection. Disease (susceptibility)-related cell death was lipid ROS-dependent, but iron-independent in the ΔOsmek2 knock-out mutant during the late M. oryzae infection stage. These combined results suggest that OsMEK2 and OsMPK1 expression positively regulates iron- and ROS-dependent ferroptotic cell death, and blast disease (susceptibility)-related cell death was ROS-dependent but iron-independent in rice-M. oryzae interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmina Dangol
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nam Khoa Nguyen
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Raksha Singh
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
- Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Yafei Chen
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Juan Wang
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Gu Lee
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung KooK Hwang
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nam-Soo Jwa
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
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Harata K, Shinonaga H, Nishiyama Y, Okuno T. CoGRIM19 is required for invasive hyphal growth of Colletotrichum orbiculare inside epidermal cells of cucumber cotyledons. Microb Pathog 2021; 154:104847. [PMID: 33713749 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Colletotrichum orbiculare, an anthracnose disease fungus of cucurbit plants, extends penetration hyphae inside the epidermal cells of host plants. Unlike vegetative hyphae formed on a nutrient rich medium, this pathogen initially develops biotrophic penetration hyphae, which acquire nutrient resources from living host cells and secret effector proteins to suppress host defense responses. Subsequently, the nature of penetration hyphae changes from biotrophy to necrotrophy in response to the interaction with a host plant. Hence, controlling the extension of penetration hyphae is crucial for C. orbiculare infection. Here, we identified CoGRIM19 encoding Nadh-ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit as a pathogenicity gene. Pathogenicity assays showed that the cogrim19 mutant caused no visible symptoms on cucumber cotyledons. Microscopic observations revealed that the cogrim19 mutant developed an appressorium and penetration hyphae under artificial conditions such as on coverslips or cellulose membranes, but the penetration hyphae of the mutant were retarded in the cucumber cotyledons. Microscopic observations of biotrophy-specific expression fluorescent signals revealed that the biotrophic stage was maintained in the retarded penetration hyphae of the cogrim19 mutant as the penetration of the wild type. In addition to cytological observations, pathogenicity assays using wounded leaves showed that the cogrim19 mutant had an attenuated pathogenesis. Taking our results together, CoGRIM19 is required for invasive hyphal growth inside the epidermal cells of cucumber cotyledons in C. orbiculare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Harata
- Department of Plant Life Science, Ryukoku University, Seta, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan.
| | - Hayato Shinonaga
- Department of Plant Life Science, Ryukoku University, Seta, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Yuudai Nishiyama
- Department of Plant Life Science, Ryukoku University, Seta, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Okuno
- Department of Plant Life Science, Ryukoku University, Seta, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
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6
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Lv B, Jiang N, Hasan R, Chen Y, Sun M, Li S. Cell Wall Biogenesis Protein Phosphatase CrSsd1 Is Required for Conidiation, Cell Wall Integrity, and Mycoparasitism in Clonostachys rosea. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1640. [PMID: 32760382 PMCID: PMC7373758 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell wall biogenesis protein phosphatases play important roles in various cellular processes in fungi. However, their functions in the widely distributed mycoparasitic fungus Clonostachys rosea remain unclear, as do their potential for controlling plant fungal diseases. Herein, the function of cell wall biogenesis protein phosphatase CrSsd1 in C. rosea 67-1 was investigated using gene disruption and complementation approaches. The gene-deficient mutant ΔCrSsd1 exhibited much lower conidiation, hyphal growth, mycoparasitic ability, and biocontrol efficacy than the wild-type (WT) strain, and it was more sensitive to sorbitol and Congo red. The results indicate that CrSsd1 is involved in fungal conidiation, osmotic stress adaptation, cell wall integrity, and mycoparasitism in C. rosea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binna Lv
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Jiang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rakibul Hasan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Manhong Sun
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shidong Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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7
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Shimada TL, Betsuyaku S, Inada N, Ebine K, Fujimoto M, Uemura T, Takano Y, Fukuda H, Nakano A, Ueda T. Enrichment of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate in the Extra-Invasive Hyphal Membrane Promotes Colletotrichum Infection of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1514-1524. [PMID: 30989198 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi from the genus Colletotrichum form invasive hyphae; the hyphae are surrounded by an extra-invasive hyphal membrane (EIHM), which is continuous with the plant plasma membrane. Although the EIHM plays a crucial role as the interface between plant and fungal cells, its precise function during Colletotrichum infection remains elusive. Here, we show that enrichment of phosphoinositides (PIs) has a crucial role in Colletotrichum infection. We observed the localization of PIs in Arabidopsis thaliana cells infected by A. thaliana-adapted Colletotrichum higginsianum (Ch), and found that phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] was extremely enriched in the EIHM during Ch infection. We also found that phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate-5 kinase (PIP5K), which catalyzes production of PI(4,5)P2, also accumulated at the EIHM. The overexpression of PIP5K3 in A. thaliana increased hyphal invasion by Ch. An exocytic factor, EXO84b, was targeted to the EIHM during Ch infection, although endocytic factors such as CLATHRIN LIGHT CHAIN 2 and FLOTILLIN 1 did not. Intriguingly, the interfacial membranes between A. thaliana and powdery mildew- or downy mildew-causing pathogens did not accumulate PI(4,5)P2. These results suggest that Ch could modify the PI(4,5)P2 levels in the EIHM to increase the exocytic membrane/protein supply of the EIHM for successful infection. Our results also suggest that PI(4,5)P2 biosynthesis is a promising target for improved defense against Colletotrichum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi L Shimada
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Betsuyaku
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Present address: Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Noriko Inada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ebine
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masaru Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Takano
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroo Fukuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Live Cell Super-resolution Live Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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8
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Kodama S, Nishiuchi T, Kubo Y. Colletotrichum orbiculare MTF4 Is a Key Transcription Factor Downstream of MOR Essential for Plant Signal-Dependent Appressorium Development and Pathogenesis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:313-324. [PMID: 30398907 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-18-0118-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The cucumber anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum orbiculare forms a specialized infection structure, called an appressorium. Appressorium differentiation relies on fungal perception of physical and biochemical signals at the plant surface. Our previous report showed that the morphogenesis-related NDR (nuclear Dbf2-related) kinase pathway (MOR) is crucial for translating plant-derived signals for appressorium development. Here, we focused on identifying transcriptional regulators downstream of MOR that are involved in plant signal sensing and transduction for appressorium development. Based on whole-genome transcript profiling, we identified a Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factor, CoMTF4, as a potential downstream factor of MOR. CoMTF4 was expressed in planta rather than in vitro under the control of the NDR kinase CoCbk1. Phenotypes of comtf4 mutants, strains with constitutively active CoCbk1 and strains with constitutive overexpression of CoMTF4 suggested that CoMtf4 acts downstream of MOR. Furthermore, nuclear localization of CoMtf4 was dependent on the MOR and responsive to plant-derived signals that lead to appressorium morphogenesis. Thus, we conclude that CoMtf4 is a transcription factor downstream of MOR that is essential for appressorium morphogenesis and pathogenesis and is regulated in response to plant-derived signals. This study provides insights into fungal sensing of plant signals and subsequent responses critical for appressorium formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayo Kodama
- 1 Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan; and
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- 2 Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0934, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kubo
- 1 Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan; and
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Azmi NSA, Singkaravanit-Ogawa S, Ikeda K, Kitakura S, Inoue Y, Narusaka Y, Shirasu K, Kaido M, Mise K, Takano Y. Inappropriate Expression of an NLP Effector in Colletotrichum orbiculare Impairs Infection on Cucurbitaceae Cultivars via Plant Recognition of the C-Terminal Region. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:101-111. [PMID: 29059009 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-17-0085-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The hemibiotrophic pathogen Colletotrichum orbiculare preferentially expresses a necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1 (Nep1)-like protein named NLP1 during the switch to necrotrophy. Here, we report that the constitutive expression of NLP1 in C. orbiculare blocks pathogen infection in multiple Cucurbitaceae cultivars via their enhanced defense responses. NLP1 has a cytotoxic activity that induces cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. However, C. orbiculare transgenic lines constitutively expressing a mutant NLP1 lacking the cytotoxic activity still failed to infect cucumber, indicating no clear relationship between cytotoxic activity and the NLP1-dependent enhanced defense. NLP1 also possesses the microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) sequence called nlp24, recognized by Arabidopsis thaliana at its central region, similar to NLPs of other pathogens. Surprisingly, inappropriate expression of a mutant NLP1 lacking the MAMP signature is also effective for blocking pathogen infection, uncoupling the infection block from the corresponding MAMP. Notably, the deletion analyses of NLP1 suggested that the C-terminal region of NLP1 is critical to enhance defense in cucumber. The expression of mCherry fused with the C-terminal 32 amino acids of NLP1 was enough to trigger the defense of cucurbits, revealing that the C-terminal region of the NLP1 protein is recognized by cucurbits and, then, terminates C. orbiculare infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kyoko Ikeda
- 1 Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saeko Kitakura
- 1 Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Inoue
- 1 Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Narusaka
- 2 Research Institute for Biological Sciences Okayama, Okayama, Japan; and
| | - Ken Shirasu
- 3 RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masanori Kaido
- 1 Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Mise
- 1 Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Takano
- 1 Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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10
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Patel A, Dey N, Chaudhuri S, Pal A. Molecular and biochemical characterization of a Vigna mungo MAP kinase associated with Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus infection and deciphering its role in restricting the virus multiplication. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 262:127-140. [PMID: 28716408 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Yellow Mosaic Disease caused by the begomovirus Mungbean Yellow Mosaic India Virus (MYMIV) severely affects many economically important legumes. Recent investigations in Vigna mungo - MYMIV incompatible interaction identified a MAPK homolog in the defense signaling pathway. An important branch of immunity involves phosphorylation by evolutionary conserved Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) that transduce signals of pathogen invasion to downstream molecules leading to diverse immune responses. However, most of the knowledge of MAPKs is derived from model crops, and functions of these versatile kinases are little explored in legumes. Here we report characterization of a MAP kinase (VmMAPK1), which was induced upon MYMIV-inoculation in resistant V. mungo. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that VmMAPK1 is closely related to other plant-stress-responsive MAPKs. Both mRNA and protein of VmMAPK1 were accumulated upon MYMIV infection. The VmMAPK1 protein localized in the nucleus as well as cytoplasm and possessed phosphorylation activity in vitro. A detailed biochemical characterization of purified recombinant VmMAPK1 demonstrated an intramolecular mechanism of autophosphorylation and self-catalyzed phosphate incorporation on both threonine and tyrosine residues. The Vmax and Km values of recombinant VmMAPK1 for ATP were 6.292nmol/mg/min and 0.7978μM, respectively. Furthermore, the ability of VmMAPK1 to restrict MYMIV multiplication was validated by its ectopic expression in transgenic tobacco. Importantly, overexpression of VmMAPK1 resulted in the considerable upregulation of defense-responsive marker PR genes. Thus, the present data suggests the critical role of VmMAPK1 in suppressing MYMIV multiplication presumably through SA-mediated signaling pathway and inducing PR genes establishing the significant implications in understanding MAP kinase gene function during Vigna-MYMIV interaction; and hence paves the way for introgression of resistance in leguminous crops susceptible to MYMIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Patel
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P 1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Nrisingha Dey
- Division of Gene Function and Regulation, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751023, India
| | - Shubho Chaudhuri
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P 1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Amita Pal
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P 1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India.
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11
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Harata K, Nishiuchi T, Kubo Y. Colletotrichum orbiculare WHI2, a Yeast Stress-Response Regulator Homolog, Controls the Biotrophic Stage of Hemibiotrophic Infection Through TOR Signaling. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:468-483. [PMID: 27018615 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-16-0030-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The hemibiotrophic fungus Colletotrichum orbiculare first establishes a biotrophic infection stage in cucumber (Cucumber sativus) epidermal cells and subsequently transitions to a necrotrophic stage. Here, we found that C. orbiculare established hemibiotrophic infection via C. orbiculare WHI2, a yeast stress regulator homolog, and TOR (target of rapamycin) signaling. Plant defense responses such as callose deposition, H2O2, and antimicrobial proteins were strongly induced by the C. orbiculare whi2Δ mutant, resulting in defective pathogenesis. Expression analysis of biotrophy-specific genes evaluated by the promoter VENUS fusion gene indicated weaker VENUS signal intensity in the whi2Δ mutant, thereby suggesting that C. orbiculare WHI2 plays a key role in regulating biotrophic infection of C. orbiculare. The involvement of CoWHI2 in biotrophic infection was further explored with a DNA microarray. In the Cowhi2Δ mutant, TOR-dependent ribosomal protein-related genes were strikingly upregulated compared with the wild type. Moreover, callose deposition in the host plant after inoculation with the Cowhi2Δ mutant treated with rapamycin, which inhibits TOR activity, was reduced, and the mutant remained biotrophic in contrast to the untreated mutant. Thus, regulation of TOR by Whi2 is apparently crucial to the biotrophic stage of hemibiotrophic infection in C. orbiculare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Harata
- 1 Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan; and
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- 2 Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Centre, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kubo
- 1 Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan; and
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Taga M, Tanaka K, Kato S, Kubo Y. Cytological analyses of the karyotypes and chromosomes of three Colletotrichum species, C. orbiculare, C. graminicola and C. higginsianum. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 82:238-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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13
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Adachi H, Nakano T, Miyagawa N, Ishihama N, Yoshioka M, Katou Y, Yaeno T, Shirasu K, Yoshioka H. WRKY Transcription Factors Phosphorylated by MAPK Regulate a Plant Immune NADPH Oxidase in Nicotiana benthamiana. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:2645-63. [PMID: 26373453 PMCID: PMC4815087 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen attack sequentially confers pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) after sensing of pathogen patterns and effectors by plant immune receptors, respectively. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play pivotal roles in PTI and ETI as signaling molecules. Nicotiana benthamiana RBOHB, an NADPH oxidase, is responsible for both the transient PTI ROS burst and the robust ETI ROS burst. Here, we show that RBOHB transactivation mediated by MAPK contributes to R3a/AVR3a-triggered ETI (AVR3a-ETI) ROS burst. RBOHB is markedly induced during the ETI and INF1-triggered PTI (INF1-PTI), but not flg22-tiggered PTI (flg22-PTI). We found that the RBOHB promoter contains a functional W-box in the R3a/AVR3a and INF1 signal-responsive cis-element. Ectopic expression of four phospho-mimicking mutants of WRKY transcription factors, which are MAPK substrates, induced RBOHB, and yeast one-hybrid analysis indicated that these mutants bind to the cis-element. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated direct binding of the WRKY to the cis-element in plants. Silencing of multiple WRKY genes compromised the upregulation of RBOHB, resulting in impairment of AVR3a-ETI and INF1-PTI ROS bursts, but not the flg22-PTI ROS burst. These results suggest that the MAPK-WRKY pathway is required for AVR3a-ETI and INF1-PTI ROS bursts by activation of RBOHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Adachi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takaaki Nakano
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | | | | | - Miki Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuri Katou
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Yaeno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN CSRS, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Ras GTPase activating protein CoIra1 is involved in infection-related morphogenesis by regulating cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways through CoRas2 in Colletotrichum orbiculare. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109045. [PMID: 25275394 PMCID: PMC4183519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum orbiculare is the causative agent of anthracnose disease on cucurbitaceous plants. Several signaling pathways, including cAMP–PKA and mitogen-activating protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are involved in the infection-related morphogenesis and pathogenicity of C. orbiculare. However, upstream regulators of these pathways for this species remain unidentified. In this study, CoIRA1, encoding RAS GTPase activating protein, was identified by screening the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (AtMT) mutant, which was defective in the pathogenesis of C. orbiculare. The coira1 disrupted mutant showed an abnormal infection-related morphogenesis and attenuated pathogenesis. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ira1/2 inactivates Ras1/2, which activates adenylate cyclase, leading to the synthesis of cAMP. Increase in the intracellular cAMP levels in coira1 mutants and dominant active forms of CoRAS2 introduced transformants indicated that CoIra1 regulates intracellular cAMP levels through CoRas2. Moreover, the phenotypic analysis of transformants that express dominant active form CoRAS2 in the comekk1 mutant or a dominant active form CoMEKK1 in the coras2 mutant indicated that CoRas2 regulates the MAPK CoMekk1–Cmk1 signaling pathway. The CoRas2 localization pattern in vegetative hyphae of the coira1 mutant was similar to that of the wild-type, expressing a dominant active form of RFP–CoRAS2. Moreover, we demonstrated that bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) signals between CoIra1 and CoRas2 were detected in the plasma membrane of vegetative hyphae. Therefore, it is likely that CoIra1 negatively regulates CoRas2 in vegetative hyphae. Furthermore, cytological analysis of the localization of CoIraI and CoRas2 revealed the dynamic cellular localization of the proteins that leads to proper assembly of F-actin at appressorial pore required for successful penetration peg formation through the pore. Thus, our results indicated that CoIra1 is involved in infection-related morphogenesis and pathogenicity by proper regulation of cAMP and MAPK signaling pathways through CoRas2.
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Chujo T, Miyamoto K, Ogawa S, Masuda Y, Shimizu T, Kishi-Kaboshi M, Takahashi A, Nishizawa Y, Minami E, Nojiri H, Yamane H, Okada K. Overexpression of phosphomimic mutated OsWRKY53 leads to enhanced blast resistance in rice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98737. [PMID: 24892523 PMCID: PMC4043820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades have been shown to play pivotal roles in the regulation of plant defense responses. We previously reported that OsWRKY53-overexpressing rice plants showed enhanced resistance to the rice blast fungus. In this study, we identified OsWRKY53 as a substrate of OsMPK3/OsMPK6, components of a fungal PAMP-responsive MAPK cascade in rice, and analyzed the effect of OsWRKY53 phosphorylation on the regulation of basal defense responses to a virulence race of rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae strain Ina86-137. An in vitro phosphorylation assay revealed that the OsMPK3/OsMPK6 activated by OsMKK4 phosphorylated OsWRKY53 recombinant protein at its multiple clustered serine-proline residues (SP cluster). When OsWRKY53 was coexpressed with a constitutively active mutant of OsMKK4 in a transient reporter gene assay, the enhanced transactivation activity of OsWRKY53 was found to be dependent on phosphorylation of the SP cluster. Transgenic rice plants overexpressing a phospho-mimic mutant of OsWRKY53 (OsWRKY53SD) showed further-enhanced disease resistance to the blast fungus compared to native OsWRKY53-overexpressing rice plants, and a substantial number of defense-related genes, including pathogenesis-related protein genes, were more upregulated in the OsWRKY53SD-overexpressing plants compared to the OsWRKY53-overexpressing plants. These results strongly suggest that the OsMKK4-OsMPK3/OsMPK6 cascade regulates transactivation activity of OsWRKY53, and overexpression of the phospho-mimic mutant of OsWRKY53 results in a major change to the rice transcriptome at steady state that leads to activation of a defense response against the blast fungus in rice plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Chujo
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Miyamoto
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogawa
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Masuda
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimizu
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Kishi-Kaboshi
- Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akira Takahashi
- Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoko Nishizawa
- Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Eiichi Minami
- Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nojiri
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Yamane
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazunori Okada
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Moriguchi K, Yamamoto S, Tanaka K, Kurata N, Suzuki K. Trans-kingdom horizontal DNA transfer from bacteria to yeast is highly plastic due to natural polymorphisms in auxiliary nonessential recipient genes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74590. [PMID: 24058593 PMCID: PMC3772842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid accumulation of genomic information from various eukaryotes in the last decade, genes proposed to have been derived from recent horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events have been reported even in non-phagotrophic unicellular and multicellular organisms, but the molecular pathways underlying HGT remain to be explained. The development of in vitro HGT detection systems, which permit the molecular and genetic analyses of donor and recipient organisms and quantify HGT, are helpful in order to gain insight into mechanisms that may contribute to contemporary HGT events or may have contributed to past HGT events. We applied a horizontal DNA transfer system model based on conjugal gene transfer called trans-kingdom conjugation (TKC) from the prokaryote Escherichia coli to the eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and assessed whether and to what extent genetic variations in the eukaryotic recipient affect its receptivity to TKC. Strains from a collection of 4,823 knock-out mutants of S. cerevisiae MAT-α haploids were tested for their individual TKC receptivity. Two types of mutants, an ssd1 mutant and respiratory mutants, which are also found in experimental strains and in nature widely, were identified as highly receptive mutants. The TKC efficiency for spontaneously accrued petite (rho−/0) mutants of the functional allele (SSD1-V) strain showed increased receptivity. The TKC efficiency of the ssd1Δ mutant was 36% for bacterial conjugation, while that of the petite/ssd1Δ double mutants was even higher (220% in average) compared to bacterial conjugation. This increased TKC receptivity was also observed when other conjugal transfer systems were applied and the donor bacterium was changed to Agrobacterium tumefaciens. These results support the idea that the genomes of certain eukaryotes have been exposed to exogenous DNA more frequently and continuously than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Moriguchi
- Department of Biological Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shinji Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Tanaka
- Department of Biological Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nori Kurata
- Plant Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Katsunori Suzuki
- Department of Biological Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
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The Colletotrichum orbiculare species complex: Important pathogens of field crops and weeds. FUNGAL DIVERS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-013-0255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Nakai Y, Nakahira Y, Sumida H, Takebayashi K, Nagasawa Y, Yamasaki K, Akiyama M, Ohme-Takagi M, Fujiwara S, Shiina T, Mitsuda N, Fukusaki E, Kubo Y, Sato MH. Vascular plant one-zinc-finger protein 1/2 transcription factors regulate abiotic and biotic stress responses in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 73:761-75. [PMID: 23167462 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants adapt to abiotic and biotic stresses by activating abscisic acid-mediated (ABA) abiotic stress-responsive and salicylic acid-(SA) or jasmonic acid-mediated (JA) biotic stress-responsive pathways, respectively. Although the abiotic stress-responsive pathway interacts antagonistically with the biotic stress-responsive pathways, the mechanisms that regulate these pathways remain largely unknown. In this study, we provide insight into the function of vascular plant one-zinc-finger proteins (VOZs) that modulate various stress responses in Arabidopsis. The expression of many stress-responsive genes was changed in the voz1voz2 double mutant under normal growth conditions. Consistent with altered stress-responsive gene expression, freezing- and drought-stress tolerances were increased in the voz1voz2 double mutant. In contrast, resistance to a fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum higginsianum, and to a bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae, was severely impaired. Thus, impairing VOZ function simultaneously conferred increased abiotic tolerance and biotic stress susceptibility. In a chilling stress condition, both the VOZ1 and VOZ2 mRNA expression levels and the VOZ2 protein level gradually decreased. VOZ2 degradation during cold exposure was completely inhibited by the addition of the 26S proteasome inhibitor, MG132, a finding that suggested that VOZ2 degradation is dependent on the ubiquitin/26S proteasome system. In voz1voz2, ABA-inducible transcription factor CBF4 expression was enhanced significantly even under normal growth conditions, despite an unchanged endogenous ABA content. A finding that suggested that VOZs negatively affect CBF4 expression in an ABA-independent manner. These results suggest that VOZs function as both negative and positive regulators of the abiotic and biotic stress-responsive pathways, and control Arabidopsis adaptation to various stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nakai
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
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Mine A, Hyodo K, Tajima Y, Kusumanegara K, Taniguchi T, Kaido M, Mise K, Taniguchi H, Okuno T. Differential roles of Hsp70 and Hsp90 in the assembly of the replicase complex of a positive-strand RNA plant virus. J Virol 2012; 86:12091-104. [PMID: 22933272 PMCID: PMC3486462 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01659-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Assembly of viral replicase complexes of eukaryotic positive-strand RNA viruses is a regulated process: multiple viral and host components must be assembled on intracellular membranes and ordered into quaternary complexes capable of synthesizing viral RNAs. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. In this study, we used a model virus, Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV), whose replicase complex can be detected readily as the 480-kDa functional protein complex. We found that host heat shock proteins Hsp70 and Hsp90 are required for RCNMV RNA replication and that they interact with p27, a virus-encoded component of the 480-kDa replicase complex, on the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Using a cell-free viral translation/replication system in combination with specific inhibitors of Hsp70 and Hsp90, we found that inhibition of p27-Hsp70 interaction inhibits the formation of the 480-kDa complex but instead induces the accumulation of large complexes that are nonfunctional in viral RNA synthesis. In contrast, inhibition of p27-Hsp90 interaction did not induce such large complexes but rendered p27 incapable of binding to a specific viral RNA element, which is a critical step for the assembly of the 480-kDa replicase complex and viral RNA replication. Together, our results suggest that Hsp70 and Hsp90 regulate different steps in the assembly of the RCNMV replicase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Mine
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Abstract
A review is provided of the current state of understanding of Colletotrichum systematics, focusing on species-level data and the major clades. The taxonomic placement of the genus is discussed, and the evolution of our approach to species concepts and anamorph-teleomorph relationships is described. The application of multilocus technologies to phylogenetic analysis of Colletotrichum is reviewed, and selection of potential genes/loci for barcoding purposes is discussed. Host specificity and its relation to speciation and taxonomy is briefly addressed. A short review is presented of the current status of classification of the species clusters that are currently without comprehensive multilocus analyses, emphasising the orbiculare and destructivum aggregates. The future for Colletotrichum biology will be reliant on consensus classification and robust identification tools. In support of these goals, a Subcommission on Colletotrichum has been formed under the auspices of the International Commission on Taxonomy of Fungi, which will administer a carefully curated barcode database for sequence-based identification of species within the BioloMICS web environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.F. Cannon
- CABI Europe-UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AB, UK
| | - U. Damm
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P.R. Johnston
- Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170 Auckland, New Zealand
| | - B.S. Weir
- Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170 Auckland, New Zealand
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Mase K, Mizuno T, Ishihama N, Fujii T, Mori H, Kodama M, Yoshioka H. Ethylene signaling pathway and MAPK cascades are required for AAL toxin-induced programmed cell death. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:1015-25. [PMID: 22512379 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-12-0036-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD), known as hypersensitive response cell death, has an important role in plant defense response. The signaling pathway of PCD remains unknown. We employed AAL toxin and Nicotiana umbratica to analysis plant PCD. AAL toxin is a pathogenicity factor of the necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici. N. umbratica is sensitive to AAL toxin, susceptible to pathogens, and effective in Tobacco rattle virus-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). VIGS analyses indicated that AAL toxin-triggered cell death (ACD) is dependent upon the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase MEK2, which is upstream of both salicylic acid-induced protein kinase (SIPK) and wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK) responsible for ethylene (ET) synthesis. ET treatment of MEK2-silenced N. umbratica re-established ACD. In SIPK- and WIPK-silenced N. umbratica, ACD was compromised and ET accumulation was not observed. However, in contrast to the case of MEK2-silenced plants, ET treatment did not induce cell death in SIPK- and WIPK-silenced plants. This work showed that ET-dependent pathway and MAP kinase cascades are required in ACD. Our results suggested that MEK2-SIPK/WIPK cascades have roles in ET biosynthesis; however, SIPK and WIPK have other roles in ET signaling or another pathway leading to cell death by AAL toxin.
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Ishihama N, Yoshioka H. Post-translational regulation of WRKY transcription factors in plant immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 15:431-7. [PMID: 22425194 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved immune system to protect themselves against invading pathogens. Recent research has illustrated that signaling networks, after perception of diverse pathogen-derived signals, facilitate transcriptional reprogramming through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. WRKY proteins, which comprise a large family of plant transcription factors, are key players in plant immune responses. WRKY transcription factors participate in the control of defense-related genes either as positive or as negative regulators, and essentially are regulated at the transcriptional level. Emerging evidence emphasizes that group I WRKY transcription factors, which contain a conserved motif in the N-terminal region, are also activated by MAPK-dependent phosphorylation, underlining their importance in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Ishihama
- Laboratory of Defense in Plant-Pathogen Interactions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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Yoshino K, Irieda H, Sugimoto F, Yoshioka H, Okuno T, Takano Y. Cell death of Nicotiana benthamiana is induced by secreted protein NIS1 of Colletotrichum orbiculare and is suppressed by a homologue of CgDN3. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2012; 25:625-36. [PMID: 22352720 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-11-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum orbiculare, the causal agent of cucumber anthracnose, infects Nicotiana benthamiana. Functional screening of C. orbiculare cDNAs in a virus vector-based plant expression system identified a novel secreted protein gene, NIS1, whose product induces cell death in N. benthamiana. Putative homologues of NIS1 are present in selected members of fungi belonging to class Sordariomycetes, Dothideomycetes, or Orbiliomycetes. Green fluorescent protein-based expression studies suggested that NIS1 is preferentially expressed in biotrophic invasive hyphae. NIS1 lacking signal peptide did not induce NIS1-triggered cell death (NCD), suggesting apoplastic recognition of NIS1. NCD was prevented by virus-induced gene silencing of SGT1 and HSP90, indicating the dependency of NCD on SGT1 and HSP90. Deletion of NIS1 had little effect on the virulence of C. orbiculare against N. benthamiana, suggesting possible suppression of NCD by C. orbiculare at the postinvasive stage. The CgDN3 gene of C. gloeosporioides was previously identified as a secreted protein gene involved in suppression of hypersensitive-like response in Stylosanthes guianensis. Notably, we found that NCD was suppressed by the expression of a CgDN3 homologue of C. orbiculare. Our findings indicate that C. orbiculare expresses NIS1 at the postinvasive stage and suggest that NCD could be repressed via other effectors, including the CgDN3 homologue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kae Yoshino
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Appressorium Function in Colletotrichum orbiculare and Prospect for Genome Based Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-22916-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
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Ishihama N, Yamada R, Yoshioka M, Katou S, Yoshioka H. Phosphorylation of the Nicotiana benthamiana WRKY8 transcription factor by MAPK functions in the defense response. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:1153-70. [PMID: 21386030 PMCID: PMC3082260 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.081794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades have pivotal roles in plant innate immunity. However, downstream signaling of plant defense-related MAPKs is not well understood. Here, we provide evidence that the Nicotiana benthamiana WRKY8 transcription factor is a physiological substrate of SIPK, NTF4, and WIPK. Clustered Pro-directed Ser residues (SP cluster), which are conserved in group I WRKY proteins, in the N-terminal region of WRKY8 were phosphorylated by these MAPKs in vitro. Antiphosphopeptide antibodies indicated that Ser residues in the SP cluster of WRKY8 are phosphorylated by SIPK, NTF4, and WIPK in vivo. The interaction of WRKY8 with MAPKs depended on its D domain, which is a MAPK-interacting motif, and this interaction was required for effective phosphorylation of WRKY8 in plants. Phosphorylation of WRKY8 increased its DNA binding activity to the cognate W-box sequence. The phospho-mimicking mutant of WRKY8 showed higher transactivation activity, and its ectopic expression induced defense-related genes, such as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase 2 and NADP-malic enzyme. By contrast, silencing of WRKY8 decreased the expression of defense-related genes and increased disease susceptibility to the pathogens Phytophthora infestans and Colletotrichum orbiculare. Thus, MAPK-mediated phosphorylation of WRKY8 has an important role in the defense response through activation of downstream genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Ishihama
- Laboratory of Defense in Plant-Pathogen Interactions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Reiko Yamada
- Laboratory of Defense in Plant-Pathogen Interactions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Miki Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Defense in Plant-Pathogen Interactions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shinpei Katou
- International Young Researchers Empowerment Center, Shinshu University, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Defense in Plant-Pathogen Interactions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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Chaparro-Garcia A, Wilkinson RC, Gimenez-Ibanez S, Findlay K, Coffey MD, Zipfel C, Rathjen JP, Kamoun S, Schornack S. The receptor-like kinase SERK3/BAK1 is required for basal resistance against the late blight pathogen phytophthora infestans in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16608. [PMID: 21304602 PMCID: PMC3029390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The filamentous oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans causes late blight, an economically important disease, on members of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), such as the crop plants potato and tomato. The related plant Nicotiana benthamiana is a model system to study plant-pathogen interactions, and the susceptibility of N. benthamiana to Phytophthora species varies from susceptible to resistant. Little is known about the extent to which plant basal immunity, mediated by membrane receptors that recognise conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), contributes to P. infestans resistance. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We found that different species of Phytophthora have varying degrees of virulence on N. benthamiana ranging from avirulence (incompatible interaction) to moderate virulence through to full aggressiveness. The leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK) BAK1/SERK3 is a major modulator of PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) in Arabidopsis thaliana and N. benthamiana. We cloned two NbSerk3 homologs, NbSerk3A and NbSerk3B, from N. benthamiana based on sequence similarity to the A. thaliana gene. N. benthamiana plants silenced for NbSerk3 showed markedly enhanced susceptibility to P. infestans infection but were not altered in resistance to Phytophthora mirabilis, a sister species of P. infestans that specializes on a different host plant. Furthermore, silencing of NbSerk3 reduced the cell death response triggered by the INF1, a secreted P. infestans protein with features of PAMPs. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We demonstrated that N. benthamiana NbSERK3 significantly contributes to resistance to P. infestans and regulates the immune responses triggered by the P. infestans PAMP protein INF1. In the future, the identification of novel surface receptors that associate with NbSERK3A and/or NbSERK3B should lead to the identification of new receptors that mediate recognition of oomycete PAMPs, such as INF1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael D. Coffey
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Rathjen
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Tanaka S, Ichikawa A, Yamada K, Tsuji G, Nishiuchi T, Mori M, Koga H, Nishizawa Y, O'Connell R, Kubo Y. HvCEBiP, a gene homologous to rice chitin receptor CEBiP, contributes to basal resistance of barley to Magnaporthe oryzae. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:288. [PMID: 21190588 PMCID: PMC3020183 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice CEBiP recognizes chitin oligosaccharides on the fungal cell surface or released into the plant apoplast, leading to the expression of plant disease resistance against fungal infection. However, it has not yet been reported whether CEBiP is actually required for restricting the growth of fungal pathogens. Here we evaluated the involvement of a putative chitin receptor gene in the basal resistance of barley to the ssd1 mutant of Magnaporthe oryzae, which induces multiple host defense responses. RESULTS The mossd1 mutant showed attenuated pathogenicity on barley and appressorial penetration was restricted by the formation of callose papillae at attempted entry sites. When conidial suspensions of mossd1 mutant were spotted onto the leaves of HvCEBiP-silenced plants, small brown necrotic flecks or blast lesions were produced but these lesions did not expand beyond the inoculation site. Wild-type M. oryzae also produced slightly more severe symptoms on the leaves of HvCEBiP-silenced plants. Cytological observation revealed that these lesions resulted from appressorium-mediated penetration into plant epidermal cells. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that HvCEBiP is involved in basal resistance against appressorium-mediated infection and that basal resistance might be triggered by the recognition of chitin oligosaccharides derived from M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Tanaka
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
- Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology. Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Akari Ichikawa
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Kaori Yamada
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Gento Tsuji
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan
| | - Masashi Mori
- Department of Bioproduction Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Hironori Koga
- Department of Bioproduction Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Yoko Nishizawa
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
| | - Richard O'Connell
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linné Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Yasuyuki Kubo
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
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28
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Yoshioka H, Mase K, Yoshioka M, Kobayashi M, Asai S. Regulatory mechanisms of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species generation and their role in plant immunity. Nitric Oxide 2010; 25:216-21. [PMID: 21195205 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rapid production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in diverse physiological processes, such as programmed cell death, development, cell elongation and hormonal signaling, in plants. Much attention has been paid to the regulation of plant innate immunity by these signal molecules. Recent studies provide evidence that an NADPH oxidase, respiratory burst oxidase homolog, is responsible for pathogen-responsive ROS burst. However, we still do not know about NO-producing enzymes, except for nitrate reductase, although many studies suggest the existence of NO synthase-like activity responsible for NO burst in plants. Here, we introduce regulatory mechanisms of NO and ROS bursts by mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, calcium-dependent protein kinase or riboflavin and its derivatives, flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide, and we discuss the roles of the bursts in defense responses against plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Defense in Plant-Pathogen Interactions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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Sakaguchi A, Tsuji G, Kubo Y. A yeast STE11 homologue CoMEKK1 is essential for pathogenesis-related morphogenesis in Colletotrichum orbiculare. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:1563-1572. [PMID: 21039273 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-10-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Several signal transduction pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, are involved in appressorium development in Colletotrichum orbiculare, the causal agent of cucumber anthracnose disease. In this study, CoMEKK1, a yeast MAPK kinases (MAPKK) kinase STE11 homolog, was identified as a disrupted gene in an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation mutant. The phenotype of comekk1 disruptant was similar to that of cmk1, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fus3/Kss1 MAPK homolog mutant. Moreover, comekk1 and cmk1 mutants were sensitive to high osmotic and salinity stresses, indicating that Comekk1p/Cmk1p signal transduction is involved in stress tolerance. The transformants of the wild type and the comekk1 mutant expressing a constitutively active form of the CoMEKK1 showed slower hyphal growth and abnormal appressorium formation, whereas those of the cmk1 disruptant did not. A Cmk1p-green fluorescent protein (GFP) intracellular localization experiment indicated that nuclear localization of the Cmk1p-GFP fusion protein induced by salt stress was diminished in comekk1 mutants. These results indicate that Comekk1p functions upstream of Cmk1p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
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Damm U, Baroncelli R, Cai L, Kubo Y, O'Connell R, Weir B, Yoshino K, Cannon PF. Colletotrichum: species, ecology and interactions. IMA Fungus 2010; 1:161-5. [PMID: 22679575 PMCID: PMC3348780 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2010.01.02.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The presentations of the Special Interest Group meeting Colletotrichum: species, ecology and interactions, held on 1 August 2010 during IMC9 in Edinburgh, UK, are outlined. Seven research projects, ranged from systematics and population genetics to host-pathogen interactions and genome projects were presented. The meeting revealed that currently major species complexes in the genus Colletotrichum are being revised and the identities of many pathogens clarified on the basis of molecular phylogenies, and that the genomes of four species are sequenced and decoded providing an enormous amount of data that are used to increase our understanding of the biology of Colletotrichum species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Damm
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Ushimaru T, Terada H, Tsuboi K, Kogou Y, Sakaguchi A, Tsuji G, Kubo Y. Development of an efficient gene targeting system in Colletotrichum higginsianum using a non-homologous end-joining mutant and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer. Mol Genet Genomics 2010; 284:357-71. [PMID: 20853009 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-010-0572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hemibiotrophic ascomycete Colletotrichum higginsianum is the casual agent of anthracnose disease of cruciferous plants. High efficiency transformation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer has been established for this fungus. However, targeted gene mutagenesis through homologous recombination rarely occurs in C. higginsianum. We have identified and disrupted the C. higginsianum homologue of the human Ku70 gene, ChKU70, which encodes a protein that plays a role in non-homologous end-joining for repair of DNA breaks. chku70 mutants showed a dramatic increase in the frequency of integration of introduced exogenous DNA fragments by homologous recombination without any detectable phenotypic defects. This result demonstrates that the chku70 mutant is an efficient recipient for targeted gene mutagenesis in C. higginsianum. We have also developed a novel approach [named direct repeat recombination-mediated gene targeting (DRGT)] for targeted gene disruption through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer. DRGT utilizes homologous recombination between repeated sequences on the T-DNA flanking a partial fragment of the target gene. Our results suggest that DRGT in the chku70 mutant background could be a useful tool for rapid isolation of targeted gene disruptants in C. higginsianum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Ushimaru
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
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Yoshioka H, Asai S, Yoshioka M, Kobayashi M. Molecular mechanisms of generation for nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species, and role of the radical burst in plant immunity. Mol Cells 2009; 28:321-9. [PMID: 19830396 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in the regulation of innate immunity in plants. A potato calcium-dependent protein kinase (StCDPK5) activates an NADPH oxidase StRBOHA to D by direct phosphorylation of N-terminal regions, and heterologous expression of StCDPK5 and StRBOHs in Nicotiana benthamiana results in oxidative burst. The transgenic potato plants that carry a constitutively active StCDPK5 driven by a pathogen-inducible promoter of the potato showed high resistance to late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans accompanied by HR-like cell death and H(2)O(2) accumulation in the attacked cells. In contrast, these plants showed high susceptibility to early blight necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria solani, suggesting that oxidative burst confers high resistance to biotrophic pathogen, but high susceptibility to necrotrophic pathogen. NO and ROS synergistically function in defense responses. Two MAPK cascades, MEK2-SIPK and cytokinesis-related MEK1-NTF6, are involved in the induction of NbRBOHB gene in N. benthamiana. On the other hand, NO burst is regulated by the MEK2-SIPK cascade. Conditional activation of SIPK in potato plants induces oxidative and NO bursts, and confers resistance to both biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens, indicating the plants may have obtained during evolution the signaling pathway which regulates both NO and ROS production to adapt to wide-spectrum pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Defense in Plant-Pathogen Interactions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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