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Li H, Chen R, Zhu X, Ye D, Yang Y, Li W, Li D, Liao Q. Light Controlled 3D Crystal Morphology for Droplet Evaporative Crystallization on Photosensitive Hydrophobic Substrate. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:5910-5917. [PMID: 35730790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Controlling crystal morphology is crucial in analytical chemistry and smart materials synthesis, etc. However, flexible manipulation of 3D crystal morphology still remains challenging. Herein, we present a novel and facile light strategy for droplet evaporative crystallization to manipulate macroscopic crystal morphology on photosensitive hydrophobic substrate possessing photothermal conversion property. We demonstrate that the spherical coronal shell and alms bowl-like crystal skeletons can be achieved on smooth photosensitive hydrophobic substrate, depending on the salt concentration. Rough photosensitive hydrophobic substrate further creates a bubble-assisted light strategy, by which a cylindrical shell-like crystal skeleton with a directionally controllable cavity is achieved. Amazingly, the proper additive endows droplet evaporative crystallization to form a closed crystal skeleton with the solution wrapped inside. The present study provides new ideas for designing a novel optical droplet microfluidic platform for controlling crystal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Li
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Dingding Ye
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Dongliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Qiang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
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Candoni N, Grossier R, Lagaize M, Veesler S. Advances in the Use of Microfluidics to Study Crystallization Fundamentals. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2019; 10:59-83. [PMID: 31018097 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060718-030312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review compares droplet-based microfluidic systems used to study crystallization fundamentals in chemistry and biology. An original high-throughput droplet-based microfluidic platform is presented. It uses nanoliter droplets, generates a chemical library, and directly solubilizes powder, thus economizing both material and time. It is compatible with all solvents without the need for surfactant. Its flexibility permits phase diagram determination and crystallization studies (screening and optimizing experiments) and makes it easy to use for nonspecialists in microfluidics. Moreover, it allows concentration measurement via ultraviolet spectroscopy and solid characterization via X-ray diffraction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Candoni
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, 13288 Marseille, France; , , ,
| | - Romain Grossier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, 13288 Marseille, France; , , ,
| | - Mehdi Lagaize
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, 13288 Marseille, France; , , ,
| | - Stéphane Veesler
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, 13288 Marseille, France; , , ,
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Simone E, McVeigh J, Reis NM, Nagy ZK. A high-throughput multi-microfluidic crystal generator (MMicroCryGen) platform for facile screening of polymorphism and crystal morphology for pharmaceutical compounds. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2235-2245. [PMID: 29946616 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00301g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel multi-microfluidic crystallization platform called MMicroCryGen is presented, offering a facile methodology for generating individual crystals for fast and easy screening of the polymorphism and crystal habit of solid compounds. The MMicroCryGen device is capable of performing 8 × 10 cooling crystallization experiments in parallel using 8 disposable microcapillary film strips, each requiring less than 25 μL of solution. Compared to traditional microfluidic systems, the MMicroCryGen platform does not require complex fluid handling; it can be directly integrated with a 96-well microplate and it can also work in a "dipstick" mode. The produced crystals can be safely and directly observed inside the capillaries by optical and spectroscopic techniques. The platform was validated by performing a number of independent experimental runs for: (1) polymorph and hydrate screening of ortho-aminobenzoic acid, succinic acid and piroxicam; (2) co-crystal form screening of the p-toluenesulfonamide/triphenylphosphine oxide system; (3) studying the effect of o-toluic acid on ortho-aminobenzoic cooling crystallization (effect of structurally related additives). In all three cases, all known solid forms were identified with a single experiment using ∼200 μL of solvent and just a few micrograms of the solid material. The MMicroCryGen is simple to use, inexpensive and it provides increased flexibility compared to traditional crystallization techniques, being an effective new microfluidic solution for solid form screening in pharmaceutical, fine chemicals, food and agrochemical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Simone
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Gerard CJJ, Ferry G, Vuillard LM, Boutin JA, Chavas LMG, Huet T, Ferte N, Grossier R, Candoni N, Veesler S. Crystallization via tubing microfluidics permits both in situ and ex situ X-ray diffraction. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2017; 73:574-578. [PMID: 28994406 PMCID: PMC5633925 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x17013826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A microfluidic platform was used to address the problems of obtaining diffraction-quality crystals and crystal handling during transfer to the X-ray diffractometer. Crystallization conditions of a protein of pharmaceutical interest were optimized and X-ray data were collected both in situ and ex situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline J. J. Gerard
- CINaM–CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, Case 913, 13288 Marseille CEDEX 09, France
| | - Gilles Ferry
- Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Laurent M. Vuillard
- Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jean A. Boutin
- Institut de Recherches Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | | | - Tiphaine Huet
- PROXIMA-1, Synchrotron SOLEIL, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nathalie Ferte
- CINaM–CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, Case 913, 13288 Marseille CEDEX 09, France
| | - Romain Grossier
- CINaM–CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, Case 913, 13288 Marseille CEDEX 09, France
| | - Nadine Candoni
- CINaM–CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, Case 913, 13288 Marseille CEDEX 09, France
| | - Stéphane Veesler
- CINaM–CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Campus de Luminy, Case 913, 13288 Marseille CEDEX 09, France
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Shi HH, Xiao Y, Ferguson S, Huang X, Wang N, Hao HX. Progress of crystallization in microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2167-2185. [PMID: 28585942 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01225f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technology provides a unique environment for the investigation of crystallization processes at the nano or meso scale. The convenient operation and precise control of process parameters, at these scales of operation enabled by microfluidic devices, are attracting significant and increasing attention in the field of crystallization. In this paper, developments and applications of microfluidics in crystallization research including: crystal nucleation and growth, polymorph and cocrystal screening, preparation of nanocrystals, solubility and metastable zone determination, are summarized and discussed. The materials used in the construction and the structure of these microfluidic devices are also summarized and methods for measuring and modelling crystal nucleation and growth process as well as the enabling analytical methods are also briefly introduced. The low material consumption, high efficiency and precision of microfluidic crystallizations are of particular significance for active pharmaceutical ingredients, proteins, fine chemicals, and nanocrystals. Therefore, it is increasingly adopted as a mainstream technology in crystallization research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Huan Shi
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Crystallization Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Application of in situ diffraction in high-throughput structure determination platforms. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1261:233-53. [PMID: 25502203 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2230-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Macromolecular crystallography (MX) is the most powerful technique available to structural biologists to visualize in atomic detail the macromolecular machinery of the cell. Since the emergence of structural genomics initiatives, significant advances have been made in all key steps of the structure determination process. In particular, third-generation synchrotron sources and the application of highly automated approaches to data acquisition and analysis at these facilities have been the major factors in the rate of increase of macromolecular structures determined annually. A plethora of tools are now available to users of synchrotron beamlines to enable rapid and efficient evaluation of samples, collection of the best data, and in favorable cases structure solution in near real time. Here, we provide a short overview of the emerging use of collecting X-ray diffraction data directly from the crystallization experiment. These in situ experiments are now routinely available to users at a number of synchrotron MX beamlines. A practical guide to the use of the method on the MX suite of beamlines at Diamond Light Source is given.
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Deller MC, Rupp B. Approaches to automated protein crystal harvesting. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:133-55. [PMID: 24637746 PMCID: PMC3936438 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The harvesting of protein crystals is almost always a necessary step in the determination of a protein structure using X-ray crystallographic techniques. However, protein crystals are usually fragile and susceptible to damage during the harvesting process. For this reason, protein crystal harvesting is the single step that remains entirely dependent on skilled human intervention. Automation has been implemented in the majority of other stages of the structure-determination pipeline, including cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and data collection. The gap in automation between crystallization and data collection results in a bottleneck in throughput and presents unfortunate opportunities for crystal damage. Several automated protein crystal harvesting systems have been developed, including systems utilizing microcapillaries, microtools, microgrippers, acoustic droplet ejection and optical traps. However, these systems have yet to be commonly deployed in the majority of crystallography laboratories owing to a variety of technical and cost-related issues. Automation of protein crystal harvesting remains essential for harnessing the full benefits of fourth-generation synchrotrons, free-electron lasers and microfocus beamlines. Furthermore, automation of protein crystal harvesting offers several benefits when compared with traditional manual approaches, including the ability to harvest microcrystals, improved flash-cooling procedures and increased throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C. Deller
- The Joint Center for Structural Genomics, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bernhard Rupp
- Department of Forensic Crystallography, k.-k. Hofkristallamt, 991 Audrey Place, Vista, CA 92084, USA
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Schöpfstrasse 41, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Carruthers Jr CW, Gerdts C, Johnson MD, Webb P. A microfluidic, high throughput protein crystal growth method for microgravity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82298. [PMID: 24278480 PMCID: PMC3836816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The attenuation of sedimentation and convection in microgravity can sometimes decrease irregularities formed during macromolecular crystal growth. Current terrestrial protein crystal growth (PCG) capabilities are very different than those used during the Shuttle era and that are currently on the International Space Station (ISS). The focus of this experiment was to demonstrate the use of a commercial off-the-shelf, high throughput, PCG method in microgravity. Using Protein BioSolutions' microfluidic Plug Maker™/CrystalCard™ system, we tested the ability to grow crystals of the regulator of glucose metabolism and adipogenesis: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (apo-hPPAR-γ LBD), as well as several PCG standards. Overall, we sent 25 CrystalCards™ to the ISS, containing ~10,000 individual microgravity PCG experiments in a 3U NanoRacks NanoLab (1U = 10(3) cm.). After 70 days on the ISS, our samples were returned with 16 of 25 (64%) microgravity cards having crystals, compared to 12 of 25 (48%) of the ground controls. Encouragingly, there were more apo-hPPAR-γ LBD crystals in the microgravity PCG cards than the 1g controls. These positive results hope to introduce the use of the PCG standard of low sample volume and large experimental density to the microgravity environment and provide new opportunities for macromolecular samples that may crystallize poorly in standard laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl W. Carruthers Jr
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Department of Genomic Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Cory Gerdts
- Protein BioSolutions, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Paul Webb
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Department of Genomic Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Nitahara S, Maeki M, Yamaguchi H, Yamashita K, Miyazaki M, Maeda H. Three-dimensional Raman spectroscopic imaging of protein crystals deposited on a nanodroplet. Analyst 2012; 137:5730-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35942a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Christensen J, Gerdts CJ, Clifton MC, Stewart L. Salvage and storage of infectious disease protein targets in the SSGCID high-throughput crystallization pathway using microfluidics. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:1022-6. [PMID: 21904044 PMCID: PMC3169396 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111023232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
SSGCID protein crystals were salvaged and stored using the MPCS Plug Maker and CrystalCards when high-throughput traditional sitting-drop vapor diffusion initially failed. The MPCS Plug Maker is a microcapillary-based protein-crystallization system for generating diffraction-ready crystals from nanovolumes of protein. Crystallization screening using the Plug Maker was used as a salvage pathway for proteins that failed to crystallize during the initial observation period using the traditional sitting-drop vapor-diffusion method. Furthermore, the CrystalCards used to store the crystallization experiments set up by the Plug Maker are shown be a viable container for long-term storage of protein crystals without a discernable loss of diffraction quality with time. Use of the Plug Maker with SSGCID proteins is demonstrated to be an effective crystal-salvage and storage method.
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Stacy R, Begley DW, Phan I, Staker BL, Van Voorhis WC, Varani G, Buchko GW, Stewart LJ, Myler PJ. Structural genomics of infectious disease drug targets: the SSGCID. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:979-84. [PMID: 21904037 PMCID: PMC3169389 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111029204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID) is a consortium of researchers at Seattle BioMed, Emerald BioStructures, the University of Washington and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory that was established to apply structural genomics approaches to drug targets from infectious disease organisms. The SSGCID is currently funded over a five-year period by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) to determine the three-dimensional structures of 400 proteins from a variety of Category A, B and C pathogens. Target selection engages the infectious disease research and drug-therapy communities to identify drug targets, essential enzymes, virulence factors and vaccine candidates of biomedical relevance to combat infectious diseases. The protein-expression systems, purified proteins, ligand screens and three-dimensional structures produced by SSGCID constitute a valuable resource for drug-discovery research, all of which is made freely available to the greater scientific community. This issue of Acta Crystallographica Section F, entirely devoted to the work of the SSGCID, covers the details of the high-throughput pipeline and presents a series of structures from a broad array of pathogenic organisms. Here, a background is provided on the structural genomics of infectious disease, the essential components of the SSGCID pipeline are discussed and a survey of progress to date is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Stacy
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, USA
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109-5219, USA
| | - Darren W. Begley
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, USA
- Emerald BioStructures, 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - Isabelle Phan
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, USA
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109-5219, USA
| | - Bart L. Staker
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, USA
- Emerald BioStructures, 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Box 357185, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Gabriele Varani
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, USA
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98185, USA
| | - Garry W. Buchko
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, USA
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Lance J. Stewart
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, USA
- Emerald BioStructures, 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - Peter J. Myler
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease, USA
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109-5219, USA
- Departments of Global Health and Medical Education and Biomedical Informatics, University of Washington, Box 357238, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Begley DW, Edwards TE, Raymond AC, Smith ER, Hartley RC, Abendroth J, Sankaran B, Lorimer DD, Myler PJ, Staker BL, Stewart LJ. Inhibitor-bound complexes of dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase from Babesia bovis. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:1070-7. [PMID: 21904052 PMCID: PMC3169404 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111029009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Babesiosis is a tick-borne disease caused by eukaryotic Babesia parasites which are morphologically similar to Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria in humans. Like Plasmodium, different species of Babesia are tuned to infect different mammalian hosts, including rats, dogs, horses and cattle. Most species of Plasmodium and Babesia possess an essential bifunctional enzyme for nucleotide synthesis and folate metabolism: dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase. Although thymidylate synthase is highly conserved across organisms, the bifunctional form of this enzyme is relatively uncommon in nature. The structural characterization of dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase in Babesia bovis, the causative agent of babesiosis in livestock cattle, is reported here. The apo state is compared with structures that contain dUMP, NADP and two different antifolate inhibitors: pemetrexed and raltitrexed. The complexes reveal modes of binding similar to that seen in drug-resistant malaria strains and point to the utility of applying structural studies with proven cancer chemotherapies towards infectious disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren W Begley
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (http://www.ssgcid.org), USA.
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Abendroth J, Gardberg AS, Robinson JI, Christensen JS, Staker BL, Myler PJ, Stewart LJ, Edwards TE. SAD phasing using iodide ions in a high-throughput structural genomics environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 12:83-95. [PMID: 21359836 PMCID: PMC3123459 DOI: 10.1007/s10969-011-9101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
The Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID) focuses on the structure elucidation of potential drug targets from class A, B, and C infectious disease organisms. Many SSGCID targets are selected because they have homologs in other organisms that are validated drug targets with known structures. Thus, many SSGCID targets are expected to be solved by molecular replacement (MR), and reflective of this, all proteins are expressed in native form. However, many community request targets do not have homologs with known structures and not all internally selected targets readily solve by MR, necessitating experimental phase determination. We have adopted the use of iodide ion soaks and single wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD) experiments as our primary method for de novo phasing. This method uses existing native crystals and in house data collection, resulting in rapid, low cost structure determination. Iodide ions are non-toxic and soluble at molar concentrations, facilitating binding at numerous hydrophobic or positively charged sites. We have used this technique across a wide range of crystallization conditions with successful structure determination in 16 of 17 cases within the first year of use (94% success rate). Here we present a general overview of this method as well as several examples including SAD phasing of proteins with novel folds and the combined use of SAD and MR for targets with weak MR solutions. These cases highlight the straightforward and powerful method of iodide ion SAD phasing in a high-throughput structural genomics environment.
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