Cocrystals of 5-fluorocytosine. I. Coformers with fixed hydrogen-bonding sites

Hydrogen-bonding interactions in 5-fluorocytosine-urea (2/1), 5-fluorocytosine-5-fluorocytosinium 3,5-dinitrosalicylate-water (2/1/1) and 2-amino-4-chloro-6-methylpyrimidine-6-chloronicotinic acid (1/1)

Three new compounds, namely, 5-fluorocytosine-urea (2/1), 2C4H4FN3O·CH4N2O, (I), 5-fluorocytosine-5-fluorocytosinium 3,5-dinitrosalicylate-water (2/1/1), 2C4H4FN3O·C4H5FN3O+·C7H2N2O7-·H2O, (II), and 2-amino-4-chloro-6-methylpyrimidine-6-chloronicotinic acid (1/1), C6H4ClNO2·C5H6ClN3, (III), have been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In compound (I), 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) molecules A and B form two different homosynthons [R22(8) ring motif], one formed via N-H...O hydrogen bonds and the second via N-H...N hydrogen bonds. In addition to this interaction, a sequence of fused-ring motifs [R21(6), R33(8), R22(8), R43(10) and R22(8)] are formed, generating a supramolecular ladder-like hydrogen-bonded pattern. In compound (II), 5FC and 5-fluorocytosinium are linked by triple hydrogen bonds, generating two fused-ring motifs [R22(8)]. The neutral 5FC and protonated 5-fluorocytosinum cation form a dimeric synthon [R22(8) ring motif] via N-H...O and N-H...N hydrogen bonds. On either side of the dimeric synthon, the neutral 5FC, 5-fluorocytosinium cation, 3,5-dinitrosalicylate anion and water molecule are hydrogen bonded through N-H...O, N-H...N, N-H...OW and OW-HW...O hydrogen bonds, forming a large ring motif [R1010(56)], leading to a three-dimensional supramolecular network. In compound (III), 2-amino-4-chloro-6-methylpyrimidine (ACP) interacts with the carboxylic acid group of 6-chloronicotinic acid via N-H...O and O-H...O hydrogen bonds, generating an R22(8) primary ring motif. Furthermore, the ACP molecules form a base pair via N-H...N hydrogen bonds. The primary motif and base pair combine to form tetrameric units, which are further connected by Cl...Cl interactions. In addition to this hydrogen-bonding interaction, compounds (I) and (III) are further enriched by π-π stacking interactions.

Supramolecular synthesis and characterization of crystalline solids obtained from the reaction of 5-fluorocytosine with nitro compounds

In this manuscript we introduce a broad solid-state characterization of 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) solid forms obtained with picric (PA) and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic (DNSA) nitro acids.

Avoiding irreversible 5-fluorocytosine hydration via supramolecular synthesis of pharmaceutical cocrystals

Supramolecular reaction of 5-FC with caffeine, p-aminobenzoic and caprylic acid gave rise to solid forms physically stable in humid environments.

Synthesis of cocrystals/salts of flucytosine: Structure and stability

Three molecular salts and two cocrystals of FLC were synthesized with superior solid state stability.

Acyclovir as an Ionic Liquid Cation or Anion Can Improve Aqueous Solubility

Six ionic liquid (IL)-forming ions (choline, tetrabutylphosphonium, tetrabutylammonium, and trimethylhexadecylammonium cations, and chloride and docusate anions) were paired with acyclovir as the counterion to form four low melting solid salts and two waxes; five of these compounds could be classified as ILs. All of the newly synthesized acyclovir ILs exhibited increased aqueous solubilities by at least 2 orders of magnitude when compared to that of neutral acyclovir. For three of the prepared compounds, the solubilities in simulated body fluids (phosphate-buffered saline, simulated gastric, and simulated intestinal fluids) were also greatly enhanced when compared to that of neutral acyclovir. Acyclovir in its anionic form was more water- or buffer-soluble than acyclovir in its cationic form, though this might be the effect of the particular ions, indicating that the solubilities can be finely tuned by proper choice of the cationic or anionic form of acyclovir and the counterion paired with it.

Structural investigation of the cocrystal formed between 5-fluorocytosine and fumaric acid based on vibrational spectroscopic technique

The vibrational spectra of 5-fluorocytosine, fumaric acid and their cocrystal were measured using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) and Raman spectroscopy at room temperature. Experimental THz results show that the cocrystal has distinct fingerprint spectra in terahertz region. The absorption peaks observed in the terahertz spectra of the cocrystal were at 0.61 and 0.91THz. These are quite different from corresponding raw starting materials. Raman spectra also show similar results about differences between the cocrystal and corresponding raw starting materials. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to simulate the structure of the possible salt form and the cocrystal form between 5-fluorocytosine and fumaric acid. The theoretical terahertz result shows that the cocrystal form has absorption at 0.62 and 0.87THz, which is in agreement with the experimental result. The theoretical Raman result also indicates that the cocrystal form has more possibilities than the salt form. So, it is more reasonable that the structure between 5-fluorocytosine and fumaric acid could be the corresponding cocrystal form. The characteristic bands of the cocrystal between 5-fluorocytosine and fumaric acid are also assigned based on the simulation results from the DFT calculation.

6-Propyl-2-thiouracil versus 6-methoxymethyl-2-thiouracil: enhancing the hydrogen-bonded synthon motif by replacement of a methylene group with an O atom

The understanding of intermolecular interactions is a key objective of crystal engineering in order to exploit the derived knowledge for the rational design of new molecular solids with tailored physical and chemical properties. The tools and theories of crystal engineering are indispensable for the rational design of (pharmaceutical) cocrystals. The results of cocrystallization experiments of the antithyroid drug 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) with 2,4-diaminopyrimidine (DAPY), and of 6-methoxymethyl-2-thiouracil (MOMTU) with DAPY and 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine (TAPY), respectively, are reported. PTU and MOMTU show a high structural similarity and differ only in the replacement of a methylene group (-CH2-) with an O atom in the side chain, thus introducing an additional hydrogen-bond acceptor in MOMTU. Both molecules contain an ADA hydrogen-bonding site (A = acceptor and D = donor), while the coformers DAPY and TAPY both show complementary DAD sites and therefore should be capable of forming a mixed ADA/DAD synthon with each other, i.e. N-H...O, N-H...N and N-H...S hydrogen bonds. The experiments yielded one solvated cocrystal salt of PTU with DAPY, four different solvates of MOMTU, one ionic cocrystal of MOMTU with DAPY and one cocrystal salt of MOMTU with TAPY, namely 2,4-diaminopyrimidinium 6-propyl-2-thiouracilate-2,4-diaminopyrimidine-N,N-dimethylacetamide-water (1/1/1/1) (the systematic name for 6-propyl-2-thiouracilate is 6-oxo-4-propyl-2-sulfanylidene-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-1-ide), C4H7N4(+)·C7H9N2OS(-)·C4H6N4·C4H9NO·H2O, (I), 6-methoxymethyl-2-thiouracil-N,N-dimethylformamide (1/1), C6H8N2O2S·C3H7NO, (II), 6-methoxymethyl-2-thiouracil-N,N-dimethylacetamide (1/1), C6H8N2O2S·C4H9NO, (III), 6-methoxymethyl-2-thiouracil-dimethyl sulfoxide (1/1), C6H8N2O2S·C2H6OS, (IV), 6-methoxymethyl-2-thiouracil-1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one (1/1), C6H8N2O2S·C5H9NO, (V), 2,4-diaminopyrimidinium 6-methoxymethyl-2-thiouracilate (the systematic name for 6-methoxymethyl-2-thiouracilate is 4-methoxymethyl-6-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-1-ide), C4H7N4(+)·C6H7N2O2S(-), (VI), and 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidinium 6-methoxymethyl-2-thiouracilate-6-methoxymethyl-2-thiouracil (1/1), C4H8N5(+)·C6H7N2O2S(-)·C6H8N2O2S, (VII). Whereas in (I) only an AA/DD hydrogen-bonding interaction was formed, the structures of (VI) and (VII) both display the desired ADA/DAD synthon. Conformational studies on the side chains of PTU and MOMTU also revealed a significant deviation for cocrystals (VI) and (VII), leading to the desired enhancement of the hydrogen-bond pattern within the crystal.

Hydrogen-bonding patterns in 5-fluoro-cytosine-melamine co-crystal (4/1)

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, 4C4H4FN3O·C3H6N6, comprises of two independent 5-fluoro-cytosine (5FC) mol-ecules (A and B) and one half-mol-ecule of melamine (M). The other half of the melamine mol-ecule is generated by a twofold axis. 5FC mol-ecules A and B are linked through two different homosynthons [R 2 (2)(8) ring motif]; one is formed via a pair of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and the second via a pair of N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds. In addition to this pairing, the O atoms of 5FC mol-ecules A and B inter-act with the N2 amino group on both sides of the melamine mol-ecule, forming a DDAA array of quadruple hydrogen bonds and generating a supra-molecular pattern. The 5FC (mol-ecules A and B) and two melamine mol-ecules inter-act via N-H⋯O, N-H⋯N and N-H⋯O, N-H⋯N, C-H⋯F hydrogen bonds forming R 6 (6)(24) and R 4 (4)(15) ring motifs. The crystal structure is further strengthened by C-H⋯F, C-F⋯π and π-π stacking inter-actions.

Exploring the Role of Residue 228 in Substrate and Inhibitor Recognition by VIM Metallo-β-lactamases

β-Lactamase inhibitors (BLIs) restore the efficacy of otherwise obsolete β-lactams. However, commercially available BLIs are not effective against metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs), which continue to be disseminated globally. One group of the most clinically important MBLs is the VIM family. The discovery of VIM-24, a natural variant of VIM-2, possessing an R228L substitution and a novel phenotype, compelled us to explore the role of this position and its effects on substrate specificity. We employed mutagenesis, biochemical and biophysical assays, and crystallography. VIM-24 (R228L) confers enhanced resistance to cephems and increases the rate of turnover compared to that of VIM-2 (kcat/KM increased by 6- and 10-fold for ceftazidime and cefepime, respectively). Likely the R → L substitution relieves steric clashes and accommodates the C3N-methyl pyrrolidine group of cephems. Four novel bisthiazolidine (BTZ) inhibitors were next synthesized and tested against these MBLs. These inhibitors inactivated VIM-2 and VIM-24 equally well (Ki* values of 40-640 nM) through a two-step process in which an initial enzyme (E)-inhibitor (I) complex (EI) undergoes a conformational transition to a more stable species, E*I. As both VIM-2 and VIM-24 were inhibited in a similar manner, the crystal structure of a VIM-2-BTZ complex was determined at 1.25 Å and revealed interactions of the inhibitor thiol with the VIM Zn center. Most importantly, BTZs also restored the activity of imipenem against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in whole cell assays producing VIM-24 and VIM-2, respectively. Our results suggest a role for position 228 in defining the substrate specificity of VIM MBLs and show that BTZ inhibitors are not affected by the R228L substitution.

Cocrystals of 6-chlorouracil and 6-chloro-3-methyluracil: exploring their hydrogen-bond-based synthon motifs with several triazine and pyrimidine derivatives

In order to obtain complexes held together by hydrogen as well as halogen bonds, 6-chlorouracil [6-chloropyrimidin-2,4(1H,3H)-dione; 6CU] and its 3-methyl derivative [6-chloro-3-methylpyrimidin-2,4(1H,3H)-dione; M6CU] were cocrystallized with 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine and the three triazine derivatives 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine (melamine), 2,4-diamino-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazine and 2-chloro-4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine, which all offer complementary hydrogen-bonding sites. Three of these compounds form cocrystals with 6CU; however, melamine yielded only a new pseudopolymorph with 6CU, but formed a cocrystal with M6CU. All six cocrystals contain solvent molecules (N,N-dimethylformamide,N,N-dimethylacetamide orN-methylpyrrolidin-2-one), whose intermolecular interactions contribute significantly to the stabilization of the crystal packing. Each of these structures comprises chains, which are primarily formed by strong hydrogen bonds with a basic framework built byR22(8) hydrogen bonds of either pure N—H...N or mixed patterns. Solvent molecules are aligned to the border of these chainsviaN—H...O hydrogen bonds. Two of the reported crystal structures containing 6CU show additional Cl...O halogen bonds, which connect the chains to two-dimensional layers, while one weak and one strong Cl...Cl interaction are observed in the two structures in which molecules of M6CU are present.

Lights and shadows in the challenge of binding acyclovir, a synthetic purine-like nucleoside with antiviral activity, at an apical-distal coordination site in copper(II)-polyamine chelates

Several nucleic acid components and their metal complexes are known to be involved in crucial metabolic steps. Therefore the study of metal-nucleic acid interactions becomes essential to understand these biological processes. In this work, the synthetic purine-like nucleoside acyclovir (acv) has been used as a model of guanosine recognition with copper(II)-polyamine chelates. The chemical stability of the N9-acyclic arm in acv offers the possibility to use this antiviral drug to deepen the knowledge of metal-nucleoside interactions. Cu(II) chelates with cyclam, cyclen and trien were used as suitable receptors. All these copper(II) tetraamine chelates have in common the potential ability to yield a Cu-N7(apical) bond assisted by an appropriate (amine)N-H⋯O6(acv) intra-molecular interligand interaction. A series of synthesis afforded the following compounds: [Cu(cyclam)(ClO4)2] (1), {[Cu(cyclam)(μ2-NO3)](NO3)}n (2), {[Cu(cyclam)(μ2-SO4)]·MeOH}n (3), {[Cu(cyclam)(μ2-SO4)]·5H2O}n (4), [Cu(cyclen)(H2O)]SO4·2H2O (5), [Cu(cyclen)(H2O)]SO4·3H2O (6), [Cu(trien)(acv)](NO3)2·acv (7) and [Cu(trien)(acv)]SO4·0.71H2O (8). All these compounds have been characterized by X-ray crystallography and FT-IR spectroscopy. Our results reveal that the macrochelates Cu(cyclen)(2+) and Cu(cyclam)(2+) are unable to bind acv at an apical site. In contrast, the Cu(trien)(2+) complex has proved to be an efficient receptor for acv in compounds (7) and (8). In the ternary complex [Cu(trien)(acv)](2+), the metal binding pattern of acv consists of an apical Cu-N7 bond assisted by an intra-molecular (primary amino)N-H⋯O6(acv) interligand interaction. Structural comparisons reveal that this unprecedented apical role of acv is due to the acyclic nature of trien together with the ability of the Cu(trien)(2+) chelate to generate five-coordinated (type 4+1) copper(II) complexes.

Cocrystals of the antibiotic trimethoprim with glutarimide and 3,3-dimethylglutarimide held together by three hydrogen bonds

The antibiotic trimethoprim [5-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine] was cocrystallized with glutarimide (piperidine-2,6-dione) and its 3,3-dimethyl derivative (4,4-dimethylpiperidine-2,6-dione). The cocrystals, viz. trimethoprim-glutarimide (1/1), C14H18N4O3·C5H7NO2, (I), and trimethoprim-3,3-dimethylglutarimide (1/1), C14H18N4O3·C7H11NO2, (II), are held together by three neighbouring hydrogen bonds (one central N-H...N and two N-H...O) between the pyrimidine ring of trimethoprim and the imide group of glutarimide, with an ADA/DAD pattern (A = acceptor and D = donor). These heterodimers resemble two known cocrystals of trimethoprim with barbituric acid and its 5,5-diethyl derivative. Trimethoprim shows a conformation in which the planes of the pyrimidine and benzene rings are approximately perpendicular to one another. In its glutarimide coformer, five of the six ring atoms lie in a common plane; the C atom opposite the N atom deviates by about 0.6 Å. The crystal packing of each of the two cocrystals is characterized by an extended network of hydrogen bonds and contains centrosymmetrically related trimethoprim homodimers formed by a pair of N-H...N hydrogen bonds. This structural motif occurs in five of the nine published crystal structures in which neutral trimethoprim is present.

Cocrystals of acyclovir with promising physicochemical properties

Cocrystal forming ability of antiviral drug acyclovir (ACV) with different coformers was studied. Three cocrystals containing ACV with fumaric acid, malonic acid, and DL-tartaric acid were isolated. Methods of cocrystallization included grinding with dropwise solvent addition and solvent evaporation. The cocrystals were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The crystal structure of the cocrystal with fumaric acid as conformer was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Formation of supramolecular synthon was observed in the cocrystal. Stability with respect to relative humidity for the three cocrystals was evaluated. The aqueous solubility of the ACV-cocrystal materials was significantly improved with a maximum of malonic acid cocrystal, which was about six times more soluble at 35°C compared with that of parent ACV. The dissolution profile indicates that at any particular dissolution time, the concentration of cocrystals in the solution was higher than that of the parent ACV, and malonic acid cocrystals had a maximum release of about twice than the hydrated ACV.

Crystal structure of 4-amino-5-fluoro-2-oxo-2,3-di-hydro-pyrimidin-1-ium 3-hy-droxy-pyridine-2-carboxyl-ate

The asymmetric unit of the title salt, C4H5FN3O(+)·C6H4NO3 (-), contains one 4-amino-5-fluoro-2-oxo-2,3-di-hydro-pyrimidin-1-ium (5-fluoro-cytosinium, 5FC) cation and a 3-hy-droxy-picolinate (3HAP) anion. The 4-amino-5-fluoro-2-oxo-2,3-di-hydro-pyrimidine mol-ecule is protonated at one of the pyrimidine N atoms. The typical intra-molecular N-H⋯F and O-H⋯O S(5) and S(6) hydrogen-bond ring motifs are observed in the cations and anions. The protonated N atom and 2-amine group of the 5FC cation inter-act with the 3HPA anion through a pair of nearly parallel N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a robust R 2 (2)(8) ring motif. The ions are further linked by N-H⋯N, O-H⋯O, N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, generating R 2 (2)(7), R 3 (3)(12) and R 6 (5)(18) ring motifs, respectively, leading to supra-molecular wave-like sheets parallel to (010). The crystal structure is further stabilized by C-H⋯π inter-actions, generating a three-dimensional architecture.

Polymorphism: an evaluation of the potential risk to the quality of drug products from the Farmácia Popular Rede Própria

Polymorphism in solids is a common phenomenon in drugs, which can lead to compromised quality due to changes in their physicochemical properties, particularly solubility, and, therefore, reduce bioavailability. Herein, a bibliographic survey was performed based on key issues and studies related to polymorphism in active pharmaceutical ingredient (APIs) present in medications from the Farmácia Popular Rede Própria. Polymorphism must be controlled to prevent possible ineffective therapy and/or improper dosage. Few mandatory tests for the identification and control of polymorphism in medications are currently available, which can result in serious public health concerns.

2 : 1 5-Fluorocytosine–acesulfame CAB cocrystal and 1 : 1 5-fluorocytosine–acesulfame salt hydrate with enhanced stability against hydration

A conjugate acid–base (CAB) cocrystal and a salt hydrate of 5-fluorocytosine were obtained with an artificial sweetener, acesulfame.

Three new pseudopolymorphs of 6-aminouracil

Since 6-aminouracil derivatives show diversified use in various fields of application, we crystallized 6-aminouracil to examine its preferred hydrogen-bonding frameworks. 6-Aminouracil shows two rigid hydrogen-bonding sites, viz. one acceptor-donor-acceptor (ADA) site and one donor-donor-acceptor (DDA) site. During various crystallization attempts, we obtained three structures, namely two dimethylacetamide monosolvates, C4H5N3O2·C4H9NO, and a 1-methylpyrrolidin-2-one monosolvate, C4H5N3O2·C5H9NO. In all three structures, R2(1)(6) N-H...O hydrogen-bonding patterns link the molecules to their respective solvent molecules. The formation of R2(2)(8) N-H...O hydrogen-bond motifs between 6-aminouracil molecules can only be found in two-dimensional frameworks, whereas R3(3)(14) N-H...O patterns are present when zigzag chzins of 6-aminouracil molecules are formed.

Potent mechanism-based inactivation of cytochrome P450 2B4 by 9-ethynylphenanthrene: implications for allosteric modulation of cytochrome P450 catalysis

The mechanism-based inactivation of cytochrome P450 2B4 (CYP2B4) by 9-ethynylphenanthrene (9EP) has been investigated. The partition ratio and k(inact) are 0.2 and 0.25 min(-1), respectively. Intriguingly, the inactivation exhibits sigmoidal kinetics with a Hill coefficient of 2.5 and an S(50) of 4.5 μM indicative of homotropic cooperativity. Enzyme inactivation led to an increase in mass of the apo-CYP2B4 by 218 Da as determined by electrospray ionization liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, consistent with covalent protein modification. The modified CYP2B4 was purified to homogeneity and its structure determined by X-ray crystallography. The structure showed that 9EP is covalently attached to Oγ of Thr 302 via an ester bond, which is consistent with the increased mass of the protein. The presence of the bulky phenanthrenyl ring resulted in inward rotations of Phe 297 and Phe 206, leading to a compact active site. Thus, binding of another molecule of 9EP in the active site is prohibited. However, results from the quenching of 9EP fluorescence by unmodified or 9EP-modified CYP2B4 revealed at least two binding sites with distinct affinities, with the low-affinity site being the catalytic site and the high-affinity site on the protein periphery. Computer-aided docking and molecular dynamics simulations with one or two ligands bound revealed that the high-affinity site is situated at the entrance of a substrate access channel surrounded by the F' helix, β1-β2 loop, and β4 loop and functions as an allosteric site to enhance the efficiency of activation of the acetylenic group of 9EP and subsequent covalent modification of Thr 302.

Cocrystals of 5-fluorocytosine. II. Coformers with variable hydrogen-bonding sites

Two flexible molecules, biuret and 6-acetamidouracil, were cocrystallized with 5-fluorocytosine to study their conformational preferences. In the cocrystal with 5-fluorocytosine (I), biuret exhibits the same conformation as in its hydrate. In contrast, 6-acetamidouracil can adopt two main conformations depending on its crystal environment: in crystal (II) the trans form characterized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond is observed, while in the cocrystal with 5-fluorocytosine (III), the complementary binding induces the cis form. Three cocrystals of 6-methylisocytosine demonstrate that complementary binding enables the crystallization of a specific tautomer. In the cocrystals with 5-fluorocytosine, (IVa) and (IVb), only the 3H tautomer of 6-methylisocytosine is present, whereas in the cocrystal with 6-aminoisocytosine, (V), the 1H tautomeric form is adopted. The complexes observed in the cocrystals are stabilized by three hydrogen bonds similar to those constituting the Watson–Crick C·G base pair.