pH dependence of binding site in complexation of CuII with picolinamide groups: crystallographic studies of mono- and binuclear complexes with N,N'-dipicolinoyl-1,3-propanediamine

Metal-chelating and dansyl-labeled poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels as fluorescent Cu2+ sensors with thermo-enhanced detection sensitivity

We report on the fabrication of Cu2+-sensing thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels labeled with metal-chelating acceptor and fluorescent reporter moieties. Cu2+ detection sensitivity can be considerably enhanced via thermo-induced collapse of the sensing matrix, which can easily optimize the relative spatial distribution of Cu2+-binding sites and fluorescence readout functionalities. A novel picolinamine-containing monomer with Cu2+-binding capability, N-(2-(2-oxo-2-(pyridine 2-yl-methylamino)ethylamino)ethyl)acrylamide (PyAM, 3), was synthesized at first. Nearly monodisperse Cu2+-sensing microgels were prepared via emulsion polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) in the presence of a nonionic surfactant, N,N'-Methylene-bis(acrylamide) (BIS), PyAM (3), and fluorescent dansylaminoethyl- acrylamide (DAEAM, 5) monomers at around neutral pH and 70 degrees C. At 20 degrees C, as-synthesized microgels in their swollen state can selectively bind Cu2+ over other metal ions (Hg2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Ag+, and Al3+), leading to prominent quenching of fluorescence emission intensity. Above the volume phase transition temperature, P(NIPAM-co-PyAM-co-DAEAM) microgels exhibit increased fluorescence intensity. It was observed that Cu2+ detection sensitivity can be dramatically enhanced via thermo-induced microgel collapse at elevated temperatures. At a microgel concentration of 3.0x10(-6) g/mL, the detection limit drastically improved from approximately 46 nM at 20 degrees C to approximately 8 nM at 45 degrees C. The underlying mechanism for this novel type of sensor with thermotunable detection sensitivity was tentatively proposed.