1
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Wang X, Pei C, Wu X, Xu F, Yang N, Liu D, Xu S. Experiment-based cause analysis of secondary explosion of ammonium nitrate in fire conditions. J Loss Prev Process Ind 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2022.104780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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2
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Sil S, Kuhar N, Roy K, Chaturvedi D, Morita S, Ozaki Y, Umapathy S. Understanding phase transition and vibrational mode coupling in ammonium nitrate using 2D correlation Raman spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 254:119581. [PMID: 33706114 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium nitrate (AN) is an important component of the chemical industry such as an active ingredient in fertilizers, as an oxidizer in explosive compositions and propellants, and as a blasting agent in civil explosives. Numerous accidents have been reported in the past which concerns its thermal instability and poses a big threat to its processing, transportation, and storage. Despite much literature being reported to understand its thermal instability, a mechanistic view remains unclear. In the present work, we have studied the behavior of AN to temperature change using a mathematical approach called 2D correlation (2D Cos) Raman spectroscopy to provide complete insight into the detailed dynamical nature of the interactions between the species (ionic or molecular) occurring with an increase in temperature. We have analyzed various libration and translational modes of nitrate in the low-frequency region using this mathematical tool. It is observed from 2D maps that the phase transition of AN starts with changes in libration modes followed by various nitrate modes and ammonium modes which further precedes low-frequency translational modes. Further, the 2D correlation could differentiate between modes splitting and shifting based on specific 2D Cos pattern. The changes occurring in the N-O deformation modes, symmetric stretching modes as well as anti-symmetric stretching modes which have been attributed to the weakening of the hetero-ionic coupling between the NH4+ and the NO3- ions could be clearly distinguished in the 2D synchronous and asynchronous plots. Besides, moving window analysis was performed to visualize the transition temperature at which phase change of AN takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchita Sil
- Defence Bioengineering & Electromedical Laboratory, DRDO, Bangalore 560093, India
| | - Nikki Kuhar
- Department of Inorganic & Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Khokan Roy
- Department of Inorganic & Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Deepika Chaturvedi
- Department of Inorganic & Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Shigeaki Morita
- Dept. of Engineering Science, Osaka Electro-Communication University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ozaki
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan; Toyota Physical and Chemical Research Institute, 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Siva Umapathy
- Department of Inorganic & Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; Dept. of Instrumentation and Applied Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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3
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Sharma SK, Howe BM, Misra AK, Rognstad MR, Porter JN, Acosta-Maeda TE, Egan MJ. Underwater Time-Gated Standoff Raman Sensor for In Situ Chemical Sensing. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 75:739-746. [PMID: 33635100 DOI: 10.1177/00037028211001923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We describe the fabrication of an underwater time-gated standoff Raman sensor, consisting of a custom Raman spectrometer, custom scanner, and commercial diode-pumped pulsed 532 nm laser all located inside a pressure housing. The Raman sensor was tested in the laboratory with samples in air, a tank containing tap water and seawater, and in the coastal Hawaiian harbor. We demonstrate our new system by presenting standoff Raman spectra of some of the chemicals used in homemade explosive devices and improvised explosive devices, including sulfur, nitrates, chlorates, and perchlorates up to a distance of ∼6 m in seawater and tap water. Finally, the Raman spectra of these hazardous chemicals sealed inside plastic containers submersed in the Hawaiian Harbor water are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv K Sharma
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA
| | - Bruce M Howe
- Department of Ocean and Resources Engineering, SOEST, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA
| | - Anupam K Misra
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA
| | - Mark R Rognstad
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA
| | - John N Porter
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA
| | - Tayro E Acosta-Maeda
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA
| | - Miles J Egan
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawaii, Honolulu, USA
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4
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Malone MW, Espy MA, He S, Janicke MT, Williams RF. The 1H T 1 dispersion curve of fentanyl citrate to identify NQR parameters. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2020; 110:101697. [PMID: 33075622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2020.101697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report the 1H T1 dispersion curve between 0 and 5 MHz for the synthetic opioid fentanyl citrate (C28H36N2O8). The structures in the curve can be used to estimate the 14N nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) frequencies of the material. Density functional theory predictions of the NQR parameters of several fentanyl citrate compounds are also reported. The predictions for the aniline nitrogen are consistent with structures in the observed T1 data. To help interpret the fentanyl citrate results the T1 dispersion curve for the explosive ammonium nitrate is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sun He
- Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
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5
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Heintz T, Herrmann MJ. Properties and Structure of ADN‐Prills. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201800328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Heintz
- Department of Energetic MaterialsFraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology ICT Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Strasse 7 76327 Pfinztal Germany
| | - Michael J. Herrmann
- Department of Energetic MaterialsFraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology ICT Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Strasse 7 76327 Pfinztal Germany
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6
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Steele BA, Oleynik II. New phase of ammonium nitrate: A monoclinic distortion of AN-IV. J Chem Phys 2016; 143:234705. [PMID: 26696068 DOI: 10.1063/1.4937420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A new phase of ammonium nitrate (AN) is found using first principles evolutionary crystal structure search. It is this polymorph that is associated with the phase transition to previously unidentified phase, which was detected in experiment at 17 GPa upon appearance of the two extra peaks in Raman spectrum. The new phase has a monoclinic unit cell in the P21/m space group symmetry (AN-P21/m) and is similar to the known phase IV of AN (AN-IV) except the ammonium molecules are oriented differently relative to the nitrate molecules. The calculated free energy of AN-P21/m is found to be lower than AN-IV at pressures above 10.83 GPa. The equation of state of both AN-P21/m and AN-IV phases (volume vs hydrostatic pressure at room temperature) has been obtained within the quasi-harmonic approximation. The calculated Raman spectrum of both AN-P21/m and AN-IV as a function of pressure is in a good agreement with experiment. The energetic competitiveness of AN-IV and AN-P21/m at ambient conditions suggests a possibility of the phase transition in a small pressure-temperature range near ambient pressure and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad A Steele
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
| | - Ivan I Oleynik
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, USA
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7
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Ab initio molecular dynamic study of solid-state transitions of ammonium nitrate. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18918. [PMID: 26754622 PMCID: PMC4709593 DOI: 10.1038/srep18918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High-pressure polymorphism and phase transitions have wide ranging consequences on the basic properties of ammonium nitrate. However, the phase diagram of ammonium nitrate at high pressure and high temperature is still under debate. This study systematically investigates the phase transitions and structural properties of ammonium nitrate at a pressure range of 5-60 GPa and temperature range of 250-400 K by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Two new phases are identified: one corresponds to the experimentally observed phase IV' and the other is named AN-X. Simultaneously, the lattice strains play a significant role in the formation and stabilization of phase IV', providing a reasonable explanation for experimental observation of phase IV-IV' transition which only appears under nonhydrostatic pressure. In addition, 12 O atoms neighboring the NH (N atom in ammonium cation) atom are selected as reference system to clearly display the tanglesome rotation of ammonium cation.
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8
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Urakaev FK, Burkitbaev MM, Tatykaev BB, Uralbekov BM. Mechanochemical synthesis of colloidal silver chloride particles in the NH4Cl–AgNO3–NH4NO3 system. COLLOID JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x15050191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Farrell ME, Holthoff EL, Pellegrino PM. Raman Detection of improvised explosive device (IED) material fabricated using drop-on-demand Inkjet Technology on several real world surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1117/12.2176553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Akbarzadeh H, Shamkhali AN, Abbaspour M, Salemi S. Molecular dynamics investigation on the deliquescence of NH4Cl and NH4NO3nanoparticles under atmospheric conditions. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04041h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the deliquescence of NH4Cl and NH4NO3nanoparticles under atmospheric conditions was modeled by molecular dynamics simulation in order to investigate the effects of nanoparticle size and temperature on their deliquescence process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Akbarzadeh
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Basic Sciences
- Hakim Sabzevari University
- 96179-76487 Sabzevar
- Iran
| | - Amir Nasser Shamkhali
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Basic Sciences
- University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
- 56199-11367 Ardabil
- Iran
| | - Mohsen Abbaspour
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Basic Sciences
- Hakim Sabzevari University
- 96179-76487 Sabzevar
- Iran
| | - Sirous Salemi
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Basic Sciences
- Hakim Sabzevari University
- 96179-76487 Sabzevar
- Iran
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11
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Fortes AD, Wood IG, Alfè D, Hernández ER, Gutmann MJ, Sparkes HA. Structure, hydrogen bonding and thermal expansion of ammonium carbonate monohydrate. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B, STRUCTURAL SCIENCE, CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2014; 70:948-62. [PMID: 25449618 PMCID: PMC4468514 DOI: 10.1107/s205252061402126x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have determined the crystal structure of ammonium carbonate monohydrate, (NH4)2CO3·H2O, using Laue single-crystal diffraction methods with pulsed neutron radiation. The crystal is orthorhombic, space group Pnma (Z = 4), with unit-cell dimensions a = 12.047 (3), b = 4.453 (1), c = 11.023 (3) Å and V = 591.3 (3) Å(3) [ρcalc = 1281.8 (7) kg m(-3)] at 10 K. The single-crystal data collected at 10 and 100 K are complemented by X-ray powder diffraction data measured from 245 to 273 K, Raman spectra measured from 80 to 263 K and an athermal zero-pressure calculation of the electronic structure and phonon spectrum carried out using density functional theory (DFT). We find no evidence of a phase transition between 10 and 273 K; above 273 K, however, the title compound transforms first to ammonium sesquicarbonate monohydrate and subsequently to ammonium bicarbonate. The crystallographic and spectroscopic data and the calculations reveal a quite strongly hydrogen-bonded structure (EHB ≃ 30-40 kJ mol(-1)), on the basis of H...O bond lengths and the topology of the electron density at the bond critical points, in which there is no free rotation of the ammonium cation at any temperature. The barrier to free rotation of the ammonium ions is estimated from the observed librational frequency to be ∼ 36 kJ mol(-1). The c-axis exhibits negative thermal expansion, but the thermal expansion behaviour of the a and b axes is ormal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Dominic Fortes
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Birbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, England
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, England
| | - Ian G. Wood
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, England
| | - Dario Alfè
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, England
| | - Eduardo R. Hernández
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Matthias J. Gutmann
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, England
| | - Hazel A. Sparkes
- School of Chemisty, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, England
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12
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Shan TR, van Duin ACT, Thompson AP. Development of a ReaxFF reactive force field for ammonium nitrate and application to shock compression and thermal decomposition. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:1469-78. [PMID: 24479769 DOI: 10.1021/jp408397n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new ReaxFF reactive force field parametrization for ammonium nitrate. Starting with an existing nitramine/TATB ReaxFF parametrization, we optimized it to reproduce electronic structure calculations for dissociation barriers, heats of formation, and crystal structure properties of ammonium nitrate phases. We have used it to predict the isothermal pressure-volume curve and the unreacted principal Hugoniot states. The predicted isothermal pressure-volume curve for phase IV solid ammonium nitrate agreed with electronic structure calculations and experimental data within 10% error for the considered range of compression. The predicted unreacted principal Hugoniot states were approximately 17% stiffer than experimental measurements. We then simulated thermal decomposition during heating to 2500 K. Thermal decomposition pathways agreed with experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ray Shan
- Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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13
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Takeuchi J, Takeda K. Theoretical Study on Proton Transfer and Energetics in Ammonium Nitrate (NH4NO3)n Cluster System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.7763/ijapm.2014.v4.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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14
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Farrell ME, Holthoff EL, Pellegrino PM. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection of ammonium nitrate samples fabricated using drop-on-demand inkjet technology. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 68:287-296. [PMID: 24666945 DOI: 10.1366/13-07035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The United States Army and the first responder community are increasingly focusing efforts on energetic materials detection and identification. Main hazards encountered in theater include homemade explosives and improvised explosive devices, in part fabricated from simple components like ammonium nitrate (AN). In order to accurately detect and identify these unknowns (energetic or benign), fielded detection systems must be accurately trained using well-understood universal testing substrates. These training substrates must contain target species at known concentrations and recognized polymorphic phases. Ammonium nitrate is an explosive precursor material that demonstrates several different polymorphic phases dependent upon how the material is deposited onto testing substrates. In this paper, known concentrations of AN were uniformly deposited onto commercially available surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates using a drop-on-demand inkjet printing system. The phase changes observed after the deposition of AN under several solvent conditions are investigated. Characteristics of the collected SERS spectra of AN are discussed, and it is demonstrated that an understanding of the exact nature of the AN samples deposited will result in an increased ability to accurately and reliably "train" hazard detection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikella E Farrell
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, RDRL-SEE-E, 2800 Powder Mill Rd., Adelphi, MD 20783 USA
| | - Ellen L Holthoff
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, RDRL-SEE-E, 2800 Powder Mill Rd., Adelphi, MD 20783 USA
| | - Paul M Pellegrino
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, RDRL-SEE-E, 2800 Powder Mill Rd., Adelphi, MD 20783 USA
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15
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16
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Prescott DW, Malone MW, Douglass SP, Sauer KL. Rabi and Larmor nuclear quadrupole double resonance of spin-1 nuclei. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:214201. [PMID: 23231223 DOI: 10.1063/1.4757931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the creation of two novel double-resonance conditions between spin-1 and spin-1/2 nuclei in a crystalline solid. Using a magnetic field oscillating at the spin-1/2 Larmor frequency, the nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) frequency is matched to the Rabi or Rabi plus Larmor frequency, as opposed to the Larmor frequency as is conventionally done. We derive expressions for the cross-polarization rate for all three conditions in terms of the relevant secular dipolar Hamiltonian, and demonstrate with these expressions how to measure the strength of the heterogenous dipolar coupling using only low magnetic fields. In addition, the combination of different resonance conditions permits the measurement of the spin-1/2 angular momentum vector using spin-1 NQR, opening up an alternate modality for the monitoring of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance. We use ammonium nitrate to explore these resonance conditions, and furthermore use the oscillating field to increase the signal-to-noise ratio per time by a factor of 3.5 for NQR detection of this substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Prescott
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA
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17
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Chellappa RS, Dattelbaum DM, Velisavljevic N, Sheffield S. The phase diagram of ammonium nitrate. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:064504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4733330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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18
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Belomestnykh VI, Sveshnikova LB, Mikhailov YN, Kanishcheva AS. Crystal and molecular structure of ammonium trinitratouranylate NH4[UO2(NO3)3]. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023611120278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Witko EM, Buchanan WD, Korter TM. Terahertz Spectroscopy and Solid-State Density Functional Theory Simulations of the Improvised Explosive Oxidizers Potassium Nitrate and Ammonium Nitrate. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:12410-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2075429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina M. Witko
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, United States
| | - William D. Buchanan
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, United States
| | - Timothy M. Korter
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, United States
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20
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Dunuwille M, Davidson AJ, Chellappa RS, Dattelbaum DM, Yoo CS. Pressure induced isostructural metastable phase transition of ammonium nitrate. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:11889-96. [PMID: 21902257 DOI: 10.1021/jp207754z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The energetic material ammonium nitrate (AN, NH(4)NO(3)) has been studied under both hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic conditions using diamond anvil cells combined with micro-Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. The refined powder X-ray data indicates that under hydrostatic conditions AN-IV (orthorhombic, Pmmn) is stable to above 40 GPa. In one nonhydrostatic compression experiment a volume collapse was observed, suggesting an isostructural phase transition to a "metastable" phase IV' between 17 and 28 GPa. The structures of phase IV and IV' are similar with the subtle difference in the hydrogen-bonding network; that is, a noticeably shorter N1···O1 distance seen in phase IV'. This hydrogen bond has a significant component along the b-axis, which proves to be the most compressible until cell axis over the entire pressure range. It is likely that the shear stress of the nonhydrostatic experiment drives the phase IV-to-IV' transition to occur. We compare the present isotherms of phase IV and IV' in both static and nonhydrostatic conditions with the previously obtained Hugoniot and find that the nonhydrostatic isotherm approximately matches the Hugoniot. On the basis of this comparison, we conjecture that a chemical reaction or phase transition may occur in AN under dynamic pressure conditions at 22 GPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihindra Dunuwille
- Institute for Shock Physics and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-7041, United States
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21
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Vila FD, Jach T, Elam WT, Rehr JJ, Denlinger JD. X-ray Emission Spectroscopy of Nitrogen-Rich Compounds. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:3243-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jp108539v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando D. Vila
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Terrence Jach
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - W. T. Elam
- Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - John J. Rehr
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - J. D. Denlinger
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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22
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Montejo-Bernardo JM, García-Granda S, Fernández-González A. Structures of relevant ammonium salts in fertilizers. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B: STRUCTURAL SCIENCE 2010; 66:358-65. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108768110015430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structures of two double salts of ammonium nitrate (AN) and ammonium sulfate (AS) are reported. The double salts 2NH4NO3·(NH4)2SO4 (2AN·AS) and 3NH4NO3·(NH4)2SO4 (3AN·AS) show a very similar crystal structure packing with alternating layers of anions and cations. The solid-state ionic distribution is controlled by an extensive hydrogen-bonding network with ammonium groups as the donors and O atoms acting as the acceptors. Crystallographic studies were conducted at both room temperature (293 K) and 100 K. Increasing the temperature involves shortening the
b
axis in the case of the 3AN·AS salt. Quantification of fertilizer mixtures using the Rietveld method was also carried out by means of the structural models reported in this paper for both salts.
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23
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Takeuchi J, Nishimura K, Matsushima H, Mitsui C, Inoue Y. Study on Spectral Shapes of K.ALPHA. Lines of Ammonium and Nitrate Nitrogen Using Electron Probe Microanalyzer and Molecular Orbital Calculation. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2008. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.57.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jo Takeuchi
- Kawasaki Municipal Research Institute for Environmental Protection
| | - Kazuhiko Nishimura
- Chemical Substance Countermeasure Section, Environmental Protection Bureau
| | | | | | - Yasuaki Inoue
- Kawasaki Municipal Research Institute for Environmental Protection
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24
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Markusson H, Belières JP, Johansson P, Angell CA, Jacobsson P. Prediction of macroscopic properties of protic ionic liquids by ab initio calculations. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:8717-23. [PMID: 17691754 DOI: 10.1021/jp072036k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have systematically investigated combinations of anions and cations in a number of protic ionic liquids based on alkylamines and used ab initio methods to gain insight into the parameters determining their liquid range and their conductivity. A simple, almost linear, relation of the experimentally determined melting temperature with the calculated volume of the anion forming the ionic liquid is found, whereas the dependence of the melting temperature with increasing cation volume goes through a minimum for relatively short side chain length. On the basis of the present results, we propose a strategy to predict the nature of protic ionic liquids in terms of low vapor pressure and conductivity. Comparisons with previously reported strategies for prediction of melting temperatures for aprotic ionic liquids are also made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Markusson
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Prescott DW, Olmedo O, Soon S, Sauer KL. Low-field approach to double resonance in nuclear quadrupole resonance of spin-1 nuclei. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:204504. [PMID: 17552775 DOI: 10.1063/1.2737452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Using double-resonance conditions, in which the Larmor frequency of a spin-1/2 nucleus is matched to one of the nuclear quadrupole resonance frequencies of a spin-1 nucleus, the authors demonstrate increased cross relaxation between the two nuclear spin species. They calculate the cross-relaxation rate using the motionally averaged heterogeneous dipole Hamiltonian as a perturbation to the combined quadrupole and Zeeman Hamiltonians. Using this cross-relaxation rate, in addition to hydrogen and nitrogen autorelaxation rates, expressions governing spin-1/2 and spin-1 spin-lattice relaxation are determined. With ammonium nitrate, containing nitrogen (spin-1) and hydrogen (spin-1/2), increased nitrogen signal and spin-lattice relaxation are demonstrated, using fields less than 120 G. The cross-relaxation rate is also measured and an overall signal/noise improvement by a factor of 2.3+/-0.1 is attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Prescott
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA
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Velardez GF, Alavi S, Thompson DL. Molecular dynamics studies of melting and solid-state transitions of ammonium nitrate. J Chem Phys 2006; 120:9151-9. [PMID: 15267851 DOI: 10.1063/1.1705573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations are used to calculate the melting point and some aspects of high-temperature solid-state phase transitions of ammonium nitrate (AN). The force field used in the simulations is that developed by Sorescu and Thompson [J. Phys. Chem. A 105, 720 (2001)] to describe the solid-state properties of the low-temperature phase-V AN. Simulations at various temperatures were performed with this force field for a 4 x 4 x 5 supercell of phase-II AN. The melting point of AN was determined from calculations on this supercell with voids introduced in the solid structure to eliminate superheating effects. The melting temperature was determined by calculating the density and the nitrogen-nitrogen radial distribution functions as functions of temperature. The melting point was predicted to be in the range 445 +/- 10 K, in excellent agreement with the experimental value of 442 K. The computed temperature dependences of the density, diffusion, and viscosity coefficient for the liquid are in good agreement with experiment. Structural changes in the perfect crystal at various temperatures were also investigated. The ammonium ions in the phase-II structure are rotationally disordered at 400 K. At higher temperatures, beginning at 530 K, the nitrate ions are essentially rotationally unhindered. The density and radial distribution functions in this temperature range show that the AN solid is superheated. The rotational disorder is qualitatively similar to that observed in the experimental phase-II to phase-I solid-state transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo F Velardez
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
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Sorescu DC, Thompson DL. Classical and Quantum Mechanical Studies of Crystalline Ammonium Nitrate. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0031449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan C. Sorescu
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078
| | - Donald L. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078
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Carter RL. Raman spectra of the double-anion salts M3ZnCl4NO3 (M+ = K+, Rb+, NH4). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2000; 56A:2351-2363. [PMID: 11075675 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(00)00284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recently characterized K3ZnCl4NO3 and (NH4)3ZnCl4NO3, and newly prepared Rb3ZnCl4NO3 constitute a limited series of isomorphous double-anion salts (space group Pnma, Z = 4). Room-temperature (295 K) Raman spectra from polycrystalline samples of the compounds are reported and interpreted on the basis of the Cs site symmetry of the ZnCl4(2-) and NO3- ions with reference to the D2h factor group of the unit cell. The spectra are compared with Raman spectra of the corresponding M2ZnCl4 and MNO3 single-anion salts. Relative positions and frequencies of the ZnCl4(2-) modes vary considerably among the M3ZnCl4NO3 compounds, despite the isomorphism. The NO3- modes are more similar in all three compounds. The NO3- doubly degenerate v3 and V4 modes are split into two distinct bands as a result of the decent in symmetry from D3h for the free ion to Cs at the crystallographic site. The unequal intensities of the v3 bands observed for K3ZnCl4NO3 and Rb3ZnCl4NO3 and the equal intensities of the v4 bands observed for all three compounds suggest the same factor-group assignments as the high-temperature phase NH4NO3(III). The free-ion Raman-inactive planar deformation mode, v2, is evident in all three compounds, but with lesser intensity than its overtone 2v2. In K3ZnCl4NO3 and Rb3ZnCl4NO3, the symmetric stretching band, in addition to the very strong component for v1, shows a weak, low-frequency band found in many ionic nitrates, which has been attributed to thermally disordered nitrate ions or hot bands. This feature is not found in the spectrum of (NH4)3ZnCl4NO3. The 12 NH4+ ions in the unit cell of (NH4)3ZnCl4NO3, which occupy C1 and Cs sites in a 2:1 ratio, give rise to extremely broad bands that show no evidence of the individual symmetry distinctions of the cations. The broad band from NH4+ v4 obscures the region in which NO3- v3 bands are expected, but the NO3- overtone 2v2 is evident as a sharp peak above a similarly broad band from NH4+ v2.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Carter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 02125, USA.
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Doxsee KM, Francis PE. Crystallization of Ammonium Nitrate from Nonaqueous Solvents. Ind Eng Chem Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ie0004500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Perry E. Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
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Galdecki Z, Czurak W, Fruziński A, Dejewska B. The structure of mixed crystals KNO3.x NH4NO3. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.2170300115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Weier J, Strauss HL. The rotational tunneling dynamics of the ammonium ion in ammonium nitrate. J Chem Phys 1992. [DOI: 10.1063/1.462237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Harju ME, Valkonen J, Jayasooriya UA. Simultaneous application of Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning colorimetry for the in situ investigation of phase transitions in condensed matter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0584-8539(91)80230-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Influence of frequent rhombic-monoclinic crystal transformation and of moisture content on ammonium nitrate crystal transformation energies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01914342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Akiyama K, Morioka Y, Nakagawa I. Raman Scattering and Phase Transition of Ammonium Nitrates. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1981. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.54.1662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Cady HH. The Ammonium Nitrate-Potassium Nitrate System. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.19810060205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kearley GJ, Kettle SFA, Ingman JS. Solid state studies. XIX. Heteroionic coupling in the vibrational spectra of phase IV of ammonium nitrate in the 1400 cm−1 region. J Chem Phys 1980. [DOI: 10.1063/1.440408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Brooker MH. Raman evidence for thermally disordered energy states in various phases of ionic nitrates. J Chem Phys 1978. [DOI: 10.1063/1.435474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Iqbal Z. Raman scattering study of the low temperature phase transitions in ammonium nitrate. Chem Phys Lett 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(76)80116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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Ebisuzaki Y. Raman spectra of NH4Cl and NH4Br: Dependence of the librational and the internal modes of the NH4+ ion on volume and on nitrogen‐halogen distance. J Chem Phys 1974. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1682473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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James DW, Carrick MT, Leong W. Structural studies of ammonium nitrate 1. Phases III, IV and V. Chem Phys Lett 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(74)80030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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