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Zhu Q, McLellan JS, Kallewaard NL, Ulbrandt ND, Palaszynski S, Zhang J, Moldt B, Khan A, Svabek C, McAuliffe JM, Wrapp D, Patel NK, Cook KE, Richter BWM, Ryan PC, Yuan AQ, Suzich JA. A highly potent extended half-life antibody as a potential RSV vaccine surrogate for all infants. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/388/eaaj1928. [PMID: 28469033 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaj1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) illness in all infants is a major public health priority. However, no vaccine is currently available to protect this vulnerable population. Palivizumab, the only approved agent for RSV prophylaxis, is limited to high-risk infants, and the cost associated with the requirement for dosing throughout the RSV season makes its use impractical for all infants. We describe the development of a monoclonal antibody as potential RSV prophylaxis for all infants with a single intramuscular dose. MEDI8897*, a highly potent human antibody, was optimized from antibody D25, which targets the prefusion conformation of the RSV fusion (F) protein. Crystallographic analysis of Fab in complex with RSV F from subtypes A and B reveals that MEDI8897* binds a highly conserved epitope. MEDI8897* neutralizes a diverse panel of RSV A and B strains with >50-fold higher activity than palivizumab. At similar serum concentrations, prophylactic administration of MEDI8897* was ninefold more potent than palivizumab at reducing pulmonary viral loads by >3 logs in cotton rats infected with either RSV A or B subtypes. MEDI8897 was generated by the introduction of triple amino acid substitutions (YTE) into the Fc domain of MEDI8897*, which led to more than threefold increased half-life in cynomolgus monkeys compared to non-YTE antibody. Considering the pharmacokinetics of palivizumab in infants, which necessitates five monthly doses for protection during an RSV season, the high potency and extended half-life of MEDI8897 support its development as a cost-effective option to protect all infants from RSV disease with once-per-RSV-season dosing in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhu
- Department of Infectious Disease, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 7200 Vail Building, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Nicole L Kallewaard
- Department of Infectious Disease, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Nancy D Ulbrandt
- Department of Infectious Disease, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Susan Palaszynski
- Department of Infectious Disease, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Brian Moldt
- Department of Infectious Disease, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Anis Khan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Catherine Svabek
- Department of Infectious Disease, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Josephine M McAuliffe
- Department of Infectious Disease, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Daniel Wrapp
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 7200 Vail Building, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Nita K Patel
- Department of Infectious Disease, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Kimberly E Cook
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Bettina W M Richter
- Department of Infectious Disease, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Patricia C Ryan
- Biologics Safety Assessment, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Andy Q Yuan
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - JoAnn A Suzich
- Department of Infectious Disease, MedImmune LLC, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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2
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Ren H, Zhou P. Epitope-focused vaccine design against influenza A and B viruses. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 42:83-90. [PMID: 27343703 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The threat of influenza A and B variants via antigenic drift and emerging novel influenza A and B strains in the human population via antigenic shift has spurred research efforts to improve upon current seasonal influenza vaccines. In recent years, a wave of novel technological breakthroughs has lead to the identification of many broadly anti-influenza hemagglutinin (HA) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and the elucidation of the conserved epitopes recognized by these mAbs in both the head and the stem of HA as well as the mechanisms of inhibition. These discoveries along with an improved understanding of how the immune system responds to influenza infection and vaccination has spurred great efforts on stem-based cross-subtype ('universal') vaccine design as well as RBS-based HA subtype-specific vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Ren
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Paul Zhou
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
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Dynamic Viral Glycoprotein Machines: Approaches for Probing Transient States That Drive Membrane Fusion. Viruses 2016; 8:v8010015. [PMID: 26761026 PMCID: PMC4728575 DOI: 10.3390/v8010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The fusion glycoproteins that decorate the surface of enveloped viruses undergo dramatic conformational changes in the course of engaging with target cells through receptor interactions and during cell entry. These refolding events ultimately drive the fusion of viral and cellular membranes leading to delivery of the genetic cargo. While well-established methods for structure determination such as X-ray crystallography have provided detailed structures of fusion proteins in the pre- and post-fusion fusion states, to understand mechanistically how these fusion glycoproteins perform their structural calisthenics and drive membrane fusion requires new analytical approaches that enable dynamic intermediate states to be probed. Methods including structural mass spectrometry, small-angle X-ray scattering, and electron microscopy have begun to provide new insight into pathways of conformational change and fusion protein function. In combination, the approaches provide a significantly richer portrait of viral fusion glycoprotein structural variation and fusion activation as well as inhibition by neutralizing agents. Here recent studies that highlight the utility of these complementary approaches will be reviewed with a focus on the well-characterized influenza virus hemagglutinin fusion glycoprotein system.
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Gilman MSA, Moin SM, Mas V, Chen M, Patel NK, Kramer K, Zhu Q, Kabeche SC, Kumar A, Palomo C, Beaumont T, Baxa U, Ulbrandt ND, Melero JA, Graham BS, McLellan JS. Characterization of a Prefusion-Specific Antibody That Recognizes a Quaternary, Cleavage-Dependent Epitope on the RSV Fusion Glycoprotein. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005035. [PMID: 26161532 PMCID: PMC4498696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention efforts for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) have been advanced due to the recent isolation and characterization of antibodies that specifically recognize the prefusion conformation of the RSV fusion (F) glycoprotein. These potently neutralizing antibodies are in clinical development for passive prophylaxis and have also aided the design of vaccine antigens that display prefusion-specific epitopes. To date, prefusion-specific antibodies have been shown to target two antigenic sites on RSV F, but both of these sites are also present on monomeric forms of F. Here we present a structural and functional characterization of human antibody AM14, which potently neutralized laboratory strains and clinical isolates of RSV from both A and B subtypes. The crystal structure and location of escape mutations revealed that AM14 recognizes a quaternary epitope that spans two protomers and includes a region that undergoes extensive conformational changes in the pre- to postfusion F transition. Binding assays demonstrated that AM14 is unique in its specific recognition of trimeric furin-cleaved prefusion F, which is the mature form of F on infectious virions. These results demonstrate that the prefusion F trimer contains potent neutralizing epitopes not present on monomers and that AM14 should be particularly useful for characterizing the conformational state of RSV F-based vaccine antigens.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/ultrastructure
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/ultrastructure
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Cell Line
- Chromatography, Gel
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epitope Mapping
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/ultrastructure
- Flow Cytometry
- Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Glycoproteins/ultrastructure
- Humans
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/immunology
- Surface Plasmon Resonance
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan S. A. Gilman
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Syed M. Moin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vicente Mas
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Man Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nita K. Patel
- MedImmune Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kari Kramer
- MedImmune Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Qing Zhu
- MedImmune Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephanie C. Kabeche
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Azad Kumar
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Concepción Palomo
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tim Beaumont
- AIMM Therapeutics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Baxa
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - José A. Melero
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
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Shen J, Kirk BD, Ma J, Wang Q. Diversifying selective pressure on influenza B virus hemagglutinin. J Med Virol 2008; 81:114-24. [PMID: 19031453 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Influenza B virus hemagglutinin (HA) is a major surface glycoprotein with frequent amino acid substitutions. However, the roles of antibody selection in the amino acid substitutions of HA were still poorly understood. In order to gain insights into this important issue, an analysis was conducted on a total of 271 HA1 sequences of influenza B virus strains isolated during 1940-2007. In this analysis, phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood (PAML) package was used to detect the existence of positive selection and to identify positively selected sites on HA1. Strikingly, all the positively selected sites were located in the four major epitopes (120-loop, 150-loop, 160-loop, and 190-helix) of HA identified in previous studies, thus supporting a predominant role of antibody selection in HA evolution. Of particular significance is the involvement of the 120-loop in positive selection, which may become increasingly important in future field isolates. Despite the absence of different subtypes, influenza B virus HA continued to evolve into new sublineages, within which the four major epitopes were targeted selectively in positive selection. Thus, any newly emerging strains need to be placed in the context of their evolutionary history in order to understand and predict their epidemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shen
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
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Abstract
Here we report the crystal structure of hemagglutinin (HA) from influenza B/Hong Kong/8/73 (B/HK) virus determined to 2.8 A. At a sequence identity of approximately 25% to influenza A virus HAs, B/HK HA shares a similar overall structure and domain organization. More than two dozen amino acid substitutions on influenza B virus HAs have been identified to cause antigenicity alteration in site-specific mutants, monoclonal antibody escape mutants, or field isolates. Mapping these substitutions on the structure of B/HK HA reveals four major epitopes, the 120 loop, the 150 loop, the 160 loop, and the 190 helix, that are located close in space to form a large, continuous antigenic site. Moreover, a systematic comparison of known HA structures across the entire influenza virus family reveals evolutionarily conserved ionizable residues at all regions along the chain and subunit interfaces. These ionizable residues are likely the structural basis for the pH dependence and sensitivity to ionic strength of influenza HA and hemagglutinin-esterase fusion proteins.
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Méndez R, Leplae R, De Maria L, Wodak SJ. Assessment of blind predictions of protein-protein interactions: current status of docking methods. Proteins 2003; 52:51-67. [PMID: 12784368 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The current status of docking procedures for predicting protein-protein interactions starting from their three-dimensional structure is assessed from a first major evaluation of blind predictions. This evaluation was performed as part of a communitywide experiment on Critical Assessment of PRedicted Interactions (CAPRI). Seven newly determined structures of protein-protein complexes were available as targets for this experiment. These were the complexes between a kinase and its protein substrate, between a T-cell receptor beta-chain and a superantigen, and five antigen-antibody complexes. For each target, the predictors were given the experimental structures of the free components, or of one free and one bound component in a random orientation. The structure of the complex was revealed only at the time of the evaluation. A total of 465 predictions submitted by 19 groups were evaluated. These groups used a wide range of algorithms and scoring functions, some of which were completely novel. The quality of the predicted interactions was evaluated by comparing residue-residue contacts and interface residues to those in the X-ray structures and by analyzing the fit of the ligand molecules (the smaller of the two proteins in the complex) or of interface residues only, in the predicted versus target complexes. A total of 14 groups produced predictions, ranking from acceptable to highly accurate for five of the seven targets. The use of available biochemical and biological information, and in one instance structural information, played a key role in achieving this result. It was essential for identifying the native binding modes for the five correctly predicted targets, including the kinase-substrate complex where the enzyme changes conformation on association. But it was also the cause for missing the correct solution for the two remaining unpredicted targets, which involve unexpected antigen-antibody binding modes. Overall, this analysis reveals genuine progress in docking procedures but also illustrates the remaining serious limitations and points out the need for better scoring functions and more effective ways for handling conformational flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Méndez
- Service de Conformation de Macromolecules Biologiques, et Bioinformatique, Centre de Biologie Structurale et Bioinformatique, CP 263, BC6, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
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Abstract
The CAPRI Challenge is a blind test of protein-protein-docking algorithms that predict the complex structure from the crystal structures of the interacting proteins. We participated in both rounds of this blind test and submitted predictions for all seven targets, relying mainly on our Fast Fourier Transform based algorithm ZDOCK that combines shape complementarity, desolvation, and electrostatics. Our group made good predictions for three targets and had at least some success with three others. Implications of the treatment of prior biological information as well as contributions of manual inspection to docking predictions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Knossow M, Gaudier M, Douglas A, Barrère B, Bizebard T, Barbey C, Gigant B, Skehel JJ. Mechanism of neutralization of influenza virus infectivity by antibodies. Virology 2002; 302:294-8. [PMID: 12441073 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2002.1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have determined the mechanism of neutralization of influenza virus infectivity by three antihemagglutinin monoclonal antibodies, the structures of which we have analyzed before as complexes with hemagglutinin. The antibodies differ in their sites of interaction with hemagglutinin and in their abilities to interfere in vitro with its two functions of receptor binding and membrane fusion. We demonstrate that despite these differences all three antibodies neutralize infectivity by preventing virus from binding to cells. Neutralization occurs at an average of one antibody bound per four hemagglutinins, a ratio sufficient to prevent the simultaneous receptor binding of hemagglutinins that is necessary to attach virus to cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knossow
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, UPR 9063 CNRS, Bât. 34, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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