1
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Schulte T, Chaves-Sanjuan A, Speranzini V, Sicking K, Milazzo M, Mazzini G, Rognoni P, Caminito S, Milani P, Marabelli C, Corbelli A, Diomede L, Fiordaliso F, Anastasia L, Pappone C, Merlini G, Bolognesi M, Nuvolone M, Fernández-Busnadiego R, Palladini G, Ricagno S. Helical superstructures between amyloid and collagen in cardiac fibrils from a patient with AL amyloidosis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6359. [PMID: 39069558 PMCID: PMC11284220 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50686-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic light chain (LC) amyloidosis (AL) is a disease where organs are damaged by an overload of a misfolded patient-specific antibody-derived LC, secreted by an abnormal B cell clone. The high LC concentration in the blood leads to amyloid deposition at organ sites. Indeed, cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has revealed unique amyloid folds for heart-derived fibrils taken from different patients. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of heart-derived AL amyloid (AL59) from another patient with severe cardiac involvement. The double-layered structure displays a u-shaped core that is closed by a β-arc lid and extended by a straight tail. Noteworthy, the fibril harbours an extended constant domain fragment, thus ruling out the variable domain as sole amyloid building block. Surprisingly, the fibrils were abundantly concatenated with a proteinaceous polymer, here identified as collagen VI (COLVI) by immuno-electron microscopy (IEM) and mass-spectrometry. Cryogenic electron tomography (cryo-ET) showed how COLVI wraps around the amyloid forming a helical superstructure, likely stabilizing and protecting the fibrils from clearance. Thus, here we report structural evidence of interactions between amyloid and collagen, potentially signifying a distinct pathophysiological mechanism of amyloid deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schulte
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Cardiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
- Dept of Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Box 1031, SE-17121, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Valentina Speranzini
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Kevin Sicking
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuropathology, Göttinge, 37077, Germany
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Melissa Milazzo
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Giulia Mazzini
- Amyloidosis Treatment and Research Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Paola Rognoni
- Amyloidosis Treatment and Research Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Serena Caminito
- Amyloidosis Treatment and Research Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Paolo Milani
- Amyloidosis Treatment and Research Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Chiara Marabelli
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corbelli
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via M. Negri 2, Milano, 20156, Italy
| | - Luisa Diomede
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via M. Negri 2, Milano, 20156, Italy
| | - Fabio Fiordaliso
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via M. Negri 2, Milano, 20156, Italy
| | - Luigi Anastasia
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Cardiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Carlo Pappone
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Cardiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, 20132, Italy
- Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato, Milan, 20097, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Merlini
- Amyloidosis Treatment and Research Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Martino Bolognesi
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Mario Nuvolone
- Amyloidosis Treatment and Research Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Rubén Fernández-Busnadiego
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute for Neuropathology, Göttinge, 37077, Germany
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Giovanni Palladini
- Amyloidosis Treatment and Research Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Stefano Ricagno
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Cardiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, 20097, San Donato Milanese, Italy.
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy.
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2
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Broggini L, Barzago MM, Speranzini V, Schulte T, Sonzini F, Giono M, Romeo M, Milani P, Caminito S, Mazzini G, Rognoni P, Merlini G, Pappone C, Anastasia L, Nuvolone M, Palladini G, Diomede L, Ricagno S. Nanobodies counteract the toxicity of an amyloidogenic light chain by stabilizing a partially open dimeric conformation. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168320. [PMID: 37865287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Light chain amyloidosis (AL) is a systemic disease where fibrillar deposition of misfolded immunoglobulin light chains (LCs) severely affects organ function and results in poor prognosis for patients, especially when heart involvement is severe. Particularly relevant in this context is the cardiotoxicity exerted by still uncharacterized soluble LC species. Here, with the final goal of identifying alternative therapeutic strategies to tackle AL amyloidosis, we produced five llama-derived nanobodies (Nbs) specific against H3, a well-characterized amyloidogenic and cardiotoxic LC from an AL patient with severe cardiac involvement. We found that Nbs are specific and potent agents capable of abolishing H3 soluble toxicity in C. elegans in vivo model. Structural characterization of H3-Nb complexes revealed that the protective effect of Nbs is related to their ability to bind to the H3 VL domain and stabilise an unexpected partially open LC dimer in which the two VL domains no longer interact with each other. Thus, while identifying potent inhibitors of LC soluble toxicity, we also describe the first non-native structure of an amyloidogenic LC that may represent a crucial step in toxicity and aggregation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Broggini
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Cardiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Maria Monica Barzago
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via M. Negri 2, Milano 20156, Italy
| | | | - Tim Schulte
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Cardiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy
| | - Federica Sonzini
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Cardiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy; Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Matteo Giono
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Margherita Romeo
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via M. Negri 2, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - Paolo Milani
- Amyloidosis Treatment and Research Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Serena Caminito
- Amyloidosis Treatment and Research Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Giulia Mazzini
- Amyloidosis Treatment and Research Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Paola Rognoni
- Amyloidosis Treatment and Research Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Merlini
- Amyloidosis Treatment and Research Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Carlo Pappone
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Cardiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy; Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato, Milan 20097, Italy; Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Luigi Anastasia
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Cardiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy; Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Mario Nuvolone
- Amyloidosis Treatment and Research Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palladini
- Amyloidosis Treatment and Research Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università Degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Luisa Diomede
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via M. Negri 2, Milano 20156, Italy
| | - Stefano Ricagno
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Cardiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy; Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy.
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3
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Absmeier RM, Rottenaicher GJ, Svilenov HL, Kazman P, Buchner J. Antibodies gone bad - the molecular mechanism of light chain amyloidosis. FEBS J 2023; 290:1398-1419. [PMID: 35122394 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Light chain amyloidosis (AL) is a systemic disease in which abnormally proliferating plasma cells secrete large amounts of mutated antibody light chains (LCs) that eventually form fibrils. The fibrils are deposited in various organs, most often in the heart and kidney, and impair their function. The prognosis for patients diagnosed with AL is generally poor. The disease is set apart from other amyloidoses by the huge number of patient-specific mutations in the disease-causing and fibril-forming protein. The molecular mechanisms that drive the aggregation of mutated LCs into fibrils have been enigmatic, which hindered the development of efficient diagnostics and therapies. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on AL amyloidosis and discuss open issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona M Absmeier
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Georg J Rottenaicher
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Hristo L Svilenov
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Pamina Kazman
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes Buchner
- Center for Functional Protein Assemblies and Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
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4
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Hassan MN, Nabi F, Khan AN, Hussain M, Siddiqui WA, Uversky VN, Khan RH. The amyloid state of proteins: A boon or bane? Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 200:593-617. [PMID: 35074333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Proteins and their aggregation is significant field of research due to their association with various conformational maladies including well-known neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), and Huntington's (HD) diseases. Amyloids despite being given negative role for decades are also believed to play a functional role in bacteria to humans. In this review, we discuss both facets of amyloid. We have shed light on AD, which is one of the most common age-related neurodegenerative disease caused by accumulation of Aβ fibrils as extracellular senile plagues. We also discuss PD caused by the aggregation and deposition of α-synuclein in form of Lewy bodies and neurites. Other amyloid-associated diseases such as HD and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are also discussed. We have also reviewed functional amyloids that have various biological roles in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes that includes formation of biofilm and cell attachment in bacteria to hormone storage in humans, We discuss in detail the role of Curli fibrils' in biofilm formation, chaplins in cell attachment to peptide hormones, and Pre-Melansomal Protein (PMEL) roles. The disease-related and functional amyloids are compared with regard to their structural integrity, variation in regulation, and speed of forming aggregates and elucidate how amyloids have turned from foe to friend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nadir Hassan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Faisal Nabi
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Asra Nasir Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Murtaza Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Waseem A Siddiqui
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Protein Research Group, Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy 11 of Sciences", Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College 13 of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
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5
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Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiac Amyloidosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010025. [PMID: 35008444 PMCID: PMC8744761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac involvement has a profound effect on the prognosis of patients with systemic amyloidosis. Therapeutic methods for suppressing the production of causative proteins have been developed for ATTR amyloidosis and AL amyloidosis, which show cardiac involvement, and the prognosis has been improved. However, a method for removing deposited amyloid has not been established. Methods for reducing cytotoxicity caused by amyloid deposition and amyloid precursor protein to protect cardiovascular cells are also needed. In this review, we outline the molecular mechanisms and treatments of cardiac amyloidosis.
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6
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Rognoni P, Mazzini G, Caminito S, Palladini G, Lavatelli F. Dissecting the Molecular Features of Systemic Light Chain (AL) Amyloidosis: Contributions from Proteomics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57090916. [PMID: 34577839 PMCID: PMC8471912 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57090916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Amyloidoses are characterized by aggregation of proteins into highly ordered amyloid fibrils, which deposit in the extracellular space of tissues, leading to organ dysfunction. In AL (amyloid light chain) amyloidosis, the most common form in Western countries, the amyloidogenic precursor is a misfolding-prone immunoglobulin light chain (LC), which, in the systemic form, is produced in excess by a plasma cell clone and transported to target organs though blood. Due to the primary role that proteins play in the pathogenesis of amyloidoses, mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic studies have gained an established position in the clinical management and research of these diseases. In AL amyloidosis, in particular, proteomics has provided important contributions for characterizing the precursor light chain, the composition of the amyloid deposits and the mechanisms of proteotoxicity in target organ cells and experimental models of disease. This review will provide an overview of the major achievements of proteomic studies in AL amyloidosis, with a presentation of the most recent acquisitions and a critical discussion of open issues and ongoing trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rognoni
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, V.le Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.M.); (S.C.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence: (P.R.); (F.L.); Tel.: +39-0382502984 (P.R.); +39-0382502994 (F.L.)
| | - Giulia Mazzini
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, V.le Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.M.); (S.C.); (G.P.)
| | - Serena Caminito
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, V.le Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.M.); (S.C.); (G.P.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palladini
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, V.le Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.M.); (S.C.); (G.P.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Lavatelli
- Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, V.le Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (G.M.); (S.C.); (G.P.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence: (P.R.); (F.L.); Tel.: +39-0382502984 (P.R.); +39-0382502994 (F.L.)
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7
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Mitropoulou AN, Ceska T, Heads JT, Beavil AJ, Henry AJ, McDonnell JM, Sutton BJ, Davies AM. Engineering the Fab fragment of the anti-IgE omalizumab to prevent Fab crystallization and permit IgE-Fc complex crystallization. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2020; 76:116-129. [PMID: 32133997 PMCID: PMC7057348 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x20001466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) plays a central role in the allergic response, in which cross-linking of allergen by FcεRI-bound IgE triggers mast cell and basophil degranulation and the release of inflammatory mediators. The high-affinity interaction between IgE and FcεRI is a long-standing target for therapeutic intervention in allergic disease. Omalizumab is a clinically approved anti-IgE monoclonal antibody that binds to free IgE, also with high affinity, preventing its interaction with FcεRI. All attempts to crystallize the pre-formed complex between the omalizumab Fab and the Fc region of IgE (IgE-Fc), to understand the structural basis for its mechanism of action, surprisingly failed. Instead, the Fab alone selectively crystallized in different crystal forms, but their structures revealed intermolecular Fab/Fab interactions that were clearly strong enough to disrupt the Fab/IgE-Fc complexes. Some of these interactions were common to other Fab crystal structures. Mutations were therefore designed to disrupt two recurring packing interactions observed in the omalizumab Fab crystal structures without interfering with the ability of the omalizumab Fab to recognize IgE-Fc; this led to the successful crystallization and subsequent structure determination of the Fab/IgE-Fc complex. The mutagenesis strategy adopted to achieve this result is applicable to other intractable Fab/antigen complexes or systems in which Fabs are used as crystallization chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkistis N. Mitropoulou
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House, London SE1 1UL, UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Tom Ceska
- UCB Celltech, 208 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3WE, UK
| | | | - Andrew J. Beavil
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House, London SE1 1UL, UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | | | - James M. McDonnell
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House, London SE1 1UL, UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Brian J. Sutton
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House, London SE1 1UL, UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Anna M. Davies
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House, London SE1 1UL, UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
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8
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Inherent Biophysical Properties Modulate the Toxicity of Soluble Amyloidogenic Light Chains. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:845-860. [PMID: 31874151 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In light chain amyloidosis (AL), fibrillar deposition of monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains (LCs) in vital organs, such as heart, is associated with their severe dysfunction. In addition to the cellular damage caused by fibril deposition, direct toxicity of soluble prefibrillar amyloidogenic proteins has been reported, in particular, for cardiotoxicity. However, the molecular bases of proteotoxicity by soluble LCs have not been clarified. Here, to address this issue, we rationally engineered the amino acid sequence of the highly cardiotoxic LC H6 by introducing three residue mutations, designed to reduce the dynamics of its native state. The resulting mutant (mH6) is less toxic than its parent H6 to human cardiac fibroblasts and C. elegans. The high sequence and structural similarity, together with the different toxicity, make H6 and its non-toxic designed variant mH6 a test case to shed light on the molecular properties underlying soluble toxicity. Our comparative structural and biochemical study of H6 and mH6 shows closely matching crystal structures, whereas spectroscopic data and limited proteolysis indicate that H6 displays poorly cooperative fold, higher flexibility, and kinetic instability, and a higher dynamic state in its native fold. Taken together, the results of this study show a strong correlation between the overall conformational properties of the native fold and the proteotoxicity of cardiotropic LCs.
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Blancas-Mejia LM, Misra P, Dick CJ, Cooper SA, Redhage KR, Bergman MR, Jordan TL, Maar K, Ramirez-Alvarado M. Immunoglobulin light chain amyloid aggregation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10664-10674. [PMID: 30087961 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04396e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a devastating, complex, and incurable protein misfolding disease. It is characterized by an abnormal proliferation of plasma cells (fully differentiated B cells) producing an excess of monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains that are secreted into circulation, where the light chains misfold, aggregate as amyloid fibrils in target organs, and cause organ dysfunction, organ failure, and death. In this article, we will review the factors that contribute to AL amyloidosis complexity, the findings by our laboratory from the last 16 years and the work from other laboratories on understanding the structural, kinetics, and thermodynamic contributions that drive immunoglobulin light chain-associated amyloidosis. We will discuss the role of cofactors and the mechanism of cellular damage. Last, we will review our recent findings on the high resolution structure of AL amyloid fibrils. AL amyloidosis is the best example of protein sequence diversity in misfolding diseases, as each patient has a unique combination of germline donor sequences and multiple amino acid mutations in the protein that forms the amyloid fibril.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Blancas-Mejia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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10
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Concurrent structural and biophysical traits link with immunoglobulin light chains amyloid propensity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16809. [PMID: 29196671 PMCID: PMC5711917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16953-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Light chain amyloidosis (AL), the most common systemic amyloidosis, is caused by the overproduction and the aggregation of monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains (LC) in target organs. Due to genetic rearrangement and somatic hypermutation, virtually, each AL patient presents a different amyloidogenic LC. Because of such complexity, the fine molecular determinants of LC aggregation propensity and proteotoxicity are, to date, unclear; significantly, their decoding requires investigating large sets of cases. Aiming to achieve generalizable observations, we systematically characterised a pool of thirteen sequence-diverse full length LCs. Eight amyloidogenic LCs were selected as responsible for severe cardiac symptoms in patients; five non-amyloidogenic LCs were isolated from patients affected by multiple myeloma. Our comprehensive approach (consisting of spectroscopic techniques, limited proteolysis, and X-ray crystallography) shows that low fold stability and high protein dynamics correlate with amyloidogenic LCs, while hydrophobicity, structural rearrangements and nature of the LC dimeric association interface (as observed in seven crystal structures here presented) do not appear to play a significant role in defining amyloid propensity. Based on the structural and biophysical data, our results highlight shared properties driving LC amyloid propensity, and these data will be instrumental for the design of synthetic inhibitors of LC aggregation.
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11
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Brumshtein B, Esswein SR, Landau M, Ryan CM, Whitelegge JP, Phillips ML, Cascio D, Sawaya MR, Eisenberg DS. Formation of amyloid fibers by monomeric light chain variable domains. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:27513-25. [PMID: 25138218 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.585638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic light chain amyloidosis is a lethal disease characterized by excess immunoglobulin light chains and light chain fragments composed of variable domains, which aggregate into amyloid fibers. These fibers accumulate and damage organs. Some light chains induce formation of amyloid fibers, whereas others do not, making it unclear what distinguishes amyloid formers from non-formers. One mechanism by which sequence variation may reduce propensity to form amyloid fibers is by shifting the equilibrium toward an amyloid-resistant quaternary structure. Here we identify the monomeric form of the Mcg immunoglobulin light chain variable domain as the quaternary unit required for amyloid fiber assembly. Dimers of Mcg variable domains remain stable and soluble, yet become prone to assemble into amyloid fibers upon disassociation into monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Brumshtein
- From the Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCLA-Department of Energy (DOE) Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095 and
| | - Shannon R Esswein
- From the Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCLA-Department of Energy (DOE) Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095 and
| | - Meytal Landau
- From the Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCLA-Department of Energy (DOE) Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095 and
| | - Christopher M Ryan
- the Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, NPI-Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90025
| | - Julian P Whitelegge
- the Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, NPI-Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90025
| | - Martin L Phillips
- From the Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCLA-Department of Energy (DOE) Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095 and
| | - Duilio Cascio
- From the Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCLA-Department of Energy (DOE) Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095 and
| | - Michael R Sawaya
- From the Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCLA-Department of Energy (DOE) Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095 and
| | - David S Eisenberg
- From the Departments of Biological Chemistry and Chemistry and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UCLA-Department of Energy (DOE) Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095 and
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12
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Ramirez-Alvarado M. Amyloid formation in light chain amyloidosis. Curr Top Med Chem 2013; 12:2523-33. [PMID: 23339305 DOI: 10.2174/1568026611212220007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Light chain amyloidosis is one of the unique examples within amyloid diseases where the amyloidogenic precursor is a protein that escapes the quality control machinery and is secreted from the cells to be circulated in the bloodstream. The immunoglobulin light chains are produced by an abnormally proliferative monoclonal population of plasma cells that under normal conditions produce immunoglobulin molecules such as IgG, IgM or IgA. Once the light chains are in circulation, the proteins misfold and deposit as amyloid fibrils in numerous tissues and organs, causing organ failure and death. While there is a correlation between the thermodynamic stability of the protein and the kinetics of amyloid formation, we have recently found that this correlation applies within a thermodynamic range, and it is only a helpful correlation when comparing mutants from the same protein. Light chain amyloidosis poses unique challenges because each patient has a unique protein sequence as a result of the selection of a germline gene and the incorporation of somatic mutations. The exact location of the misfolding process is unknown as well as the full characterization of all of the toxic species populated during the amyloid formation process in light chain amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ramirez-Alvarado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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13
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Hutchison CA, Cockwell P, Cook M. Diagnostic accuracy of monoclonal antibody based serum immunoglobulin free light chain immunoassays in myeloma cast nephropathy. BMC Clin Pathol 2012; 12:12. [PMID: 22873484 PMCID: PMC3507768 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-12-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND The development of serum immunoassays for the measurement of immunoglobulin free light chains has led to a paradigm shift in the diagnosis, assessment and monitoring of patients with plasma cell dyscrasias. The impact of these immunoassays which employ polyclonal antibodies was most notable for those patients who were previously classified as non-secretory multiple myeloma. Recently new monoclonal antibody based assays have become available. The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic sensitivity of these new assays with those already in clinical practice. METHODS Sera from 30 patients who present with severe acute kidney injury and multiple myeloma were identified for analysis. A head to head comparison of the two commercially available free light chains assays was then undertaken to determine if their diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were comparable. RESULTS In this first assessment of the utility of these new assays, we found that one of 17 patients with a lambda monoclonal free light chain resulting in acute kidney injury were not identified and a further 12% of patients were wrongly classified as having levels below those associated with disease specific acute kidney injury. CONCLUSION These results suggest that caution should be applied to the use of new free light chain assays in the assessment of patients with a monoclonal gammopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin A Hutchison
- Renal Institute of Birmingham, University Hospital and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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14
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Mukherjee S, Pondaven SP, Jaroniec CP. Conformational Flexibility of a Human Immunoglobulin Light Chain Variable Domain by Relaxation Dispersion Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Implications for Protein Misfolding and Amyloid Assembly. Biochemistry 2011; 50:5845-57. [DOI: 10.1021/bi200410c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sujoy Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Simon P. Pondaven
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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15
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Hutchinson AT, Alexova R, Bockhorni V, Ramsland PA, Jones DR, Jennings CV, Broady K, Edmundson AB, Raison RL. Characterization of a unique conformational epitope on free immunoglobulin kappa light chains that is recognized by an antibody with therapeutic potential. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:1245-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Klimtchuk ES, Gursky O, Patel RS, Laporte KL, Connors LH, Skinner M, Seldin DC. The critical role of the constant region in thermal stability and aggregation of amyloidogenic immunoglobulin light chain. Biochemistry 2010; 49:9848-57. [PMID: 20936823 DOI: 10.1021/bi101351c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Light chain (LC) amyloidosis (AL) is a fatal disease in which immunoglobulin LC deposit as fibrils. Although the LC amyloid-forming propensity is attributed primarily to the variable region, fibrils also contain full-length LC comprised of variable-joining (V(L)) and constant (C(L)) regions. To assess the role of C(L) in fibrillogenesis, we compared the thermal stability of full-length LC and corresponding V(L) and C(L) fragments. Protein unfolding and aggregation were monitored by circular dichroism and light scattering. A full-length λ6 LC purified from urine of a patient with AL amyloidosis showed irreversible unfolding coupled to aggregation. The transition temperature decreased at slower heating rates, indicating kinetic effects. Next, we studied five recombinant λ6 proteins: full-length amyloidogenic LC, its V(L), germline LC, germline V(L), and C(L). Amyloidogenic and germline proteins showed similar rank order of stability, V(L) < LC < C(L); hence, in the full-length LC, V(L) destabilizes C(L). Amyloidogenic proteins were less stable than their germline counterparts, suggesting that reduction in V(L) stability destabilizes the full-length LC. Thermal unfolding of the full-length amyloidogenic and germline LC required high activation energy and involved irreversible aggregation, yet the unfolding of the isolated V(L) and C(L) fragments was partially reversible. Therefore, compared to their fragments, full-length LCs are more likely to initiate aggregation during unfolding and provide a template for the V(L) deposition. The kinetic barrier for this aggregation is regulated by the stability of the V(L) region. This represents a paradigm shift in AL fibrillogenesis and suggests C(L) region as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena S Klimtchuk
- Gerry Amyloid Research Laboratory, Amyloid Treatment and Research Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine,72 East Concord Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States.
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17
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Peterson FC, Baden EM, Owen BAL, Volkman BF, Ramirez-Alvarado M. A single mutation promotes amyloidogenicity through a highly promiscuous dimer interface. Structure 2010; 18:563-70. [PMID: 20462490 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Light chain amyloidosis is a devastating protein misfolding disease characterized by the accumulation of amyloid fibrils that causes tissue damage and organ failure. These fibrils are composed of monoclonal light chain protein secreted from an abnormal proliferation of bone marrow plasma cells. We previously reported that amyloidogenic light chain protein AL-09 adopts an altered dimer while its germline protein (kappaI O18/O8) forms a canonical dimer observed in other light chain crystal structures. In solution, conformational heterogeneity obscures all NMR signals at the AL-09 and kappaI O18/O8 dimer interfaces, so we solved the nuclear magnetic resonance structure of two related mutants. AL-09 H87Y adopts the normal dimer interface, but the kappaI Y87H solution structure presents an altered interface rotated 180 degrees relative to the canonical dimer interface and 90 degrees from the AL-09 arrangement. Our results suggest that promiscuity in the light chain dimer interface may promote new intermolecular contacts that may contribute to amyloid fibril structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis C Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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18
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Mukherjee S, Pondaven SP, Höfer N, Jaroniec CP. Backbone and side-chain (1)H, (13)C and (15)N resonance assignments of LEN, a human immunoglobulin kappaIV light-chain variable domain. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2009; 3:255-259. [PMID: 19768664 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-009-9188-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
(1)H, (13)C and (15)N resonance assignments are presented for a recombinant 114 amino acid human immunoglobulin (Ig) kappaIV light-chain variable domain (VL) LEN, which displays a high degree of sequence identity with another human Ig kappaIV VL, SMA. While SMA is highly amyloidogenic in vivo and in vitro and has been linked to the pathogenesis of light-chain amyloidosis, LEN is non-amyloidogenic in vivo and can be converted to the amyloid state only in vitro under destabilizing conditions. Measurements of longitudinal and transverse amide (15)N relaxation rates confirm that, as expected, LEN is a dimer at physiological pH and typical concentrations used for NMR studies, and the analysis of secondary chemical shifts indicates that the protein has a high beta-sheet content. These findings are consistent with previously published biophysical data and the high-resolution X-ray structure of LEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujoy Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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19
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Randles EG, Thompson JR, Martin DJ, Ramirez-Alvarado M. Structural alterations within native amyloidogenic immunoglobulin light chains. J Mol Biol 2009; 389:199-210. [PMID: 19361523 PMCID: PMC2840394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid diseases are characterized by the misfolding of a precursor protein that leads to amyloid fibril formation. Despite the fact that there are different precursors, some commonalities in the misfolding mechanism are thought to exist. In light chain amyloidosis (AL), the immunoglobulin light chain forms amyloid fibrils that deposit in the extracellular space of vital organs. AL proteins are thermodynamically destabilized compared to non-amyloidogenic proteins and some studies have linked this instability to increased fibril formation rates. Here we present the crystal structures of two highly homologous AL proteins, AL-12 and AL-103. This structural study shows that these proteins retain the canonical germ line dimer interface. We highlight important structural alterations in two loops flanking the dimer interface and correlate these results with the somatic mutations present in AL-12 and AL-103. We suggest that these alterations are informative structural features that are likely contributing to protein instability that leads to conformational changes involved in the initial events of amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward G. Randles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - James R. Thompson
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Douglas J. Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Marina Ramirez-Alvarado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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20
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Wang X, Das TK, Singh SK, Kumar S. Potential aggregation prone regions in biotherapeutics: A survey of commercial monoclonal antibodies. MAbs 2009; 1:254-67. [PMID: 20065649 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.1.3.8035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of a biotherapeutic is of significant concern and judicious process and formulation development is required to minimize aggregate levels in the final product. Aggregation of a protein in solution is driven by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In this work we have focused on aggregation as an intrinsic property of the molecule. We have studied the sequences and Fab structures of commercial and non-commercial antibody sequences for their vulnerability towards aggregation by using sequence based computational tools to identify potential aggregation-prone motifs or regions. The mAbs in our dataset contain 2 to 8 aggregation-prone motifs per heavy and light chain pair. Some of these motifs are located in variable domains, primarily in CDRs. Most aggregation-prone motifs are rich in beta branched aliphatic and aromatic residues. Hydroxyl-containing Ser/Thr residues are also found in several aggregation-prone motifs while charged residues are rare. The motifs found in light chain CDR3 are glutamine (Q)/asparagine (N) rich. These motifs are similar to the reported aggregation promoting regions found in prion and amyloidogenic proteins that are also rich in Q/N, aliphatic and aromatic residues. The implication is that one possible mechanism for aggregation of mAbs may be through formation of cross-beta structures and fibrils. Mapping on the available Fab-receptor/antigen complex structures reveals that these motifs in CDRs might also contribute significantly towards receptor/antigen binding. Our analysis identifies the opportunity and tools for simultaneous optimization of the therapeutic protein sequence for potency and specificity while reducing vulnerability towards aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Wang
- Pharmaceutical R & D, Global Biologics, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA
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21
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Baden EM, Owen BAL, Peterson FC, Volkman BF, Ramirez-Alvarado M, Thompson JR. Altered dimer interface decreases stability in an amyloidogenic protein. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:15853-60. [PMID: 18400753 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705347200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloidoses are devastating and currently incurable diseases in which the process of amyloid formation causes fatal cellular and organ damage. The molecular mechanisms underlying amyloidoses are not well known. In this study, we address the structural basis of immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis, which results from deposition of light chains produced by clonal plasma cells. We compare light chain amyloidosis protein AL-09 to its wild-type counterpart, the kappaI O18/O8 light chain germline. Crystallographic studies indicate that both proteins form dimers. However, AL-09 has an altered dimer interface that is rotated 90 degrees from the kappaI O18/O8 dimer interface. The three non-conservative mutations in AL-09 are located within the dimer interface, consistent with their role in the decreased stability of this amyloidogenic protein. Moreover, AL-09 forms amyloid fibrils more quickly than kappaI O18/O8 in vitro. These results support the notion that the increased stability of the monomer and delayed fibril formation, together with a properly formed dimer, may be protective against amyloidogenesis. This could open a new direction into rational drug design for amyloidogenic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Baden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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22
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Ramirez-Alvarado M. Principles of protein misfolding. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2008; 84:115-60. [PMID: 19121701 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)00404-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ramirez-Alvarado
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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23
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Müller AMS, Geibel A, Neumann HPH, Kühnemund A, Schmitt-Gräff A, Böhm J, Engelhardt M. Primary (AL) Amyloidosis in Plasma Cell Disorders. Oncologist 2006; 11:824-30. [PMID: 16880241 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.11-7-824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary (AL) amyloidosis is the most common form of systemic amyloidosis. The morbidity arises from extracellular deposition of immunoglobulin light chain (LC) fibrils in major organs, such as the kidneys, heart, and bowel. Organ dysfunction contributes to a high mortality and poor prognosis, with a median survival time of 1-2 years from diagnosis. Here, we present a 46-year-old man with an exceptional clinical course of an LC multiple myeloma with generalized amyloidosis, causing renal insufficiency, congestive heart failure, and complete intestinal necrosis. We have summarized recent knowledge on AL amyloidosis, its association with monoclonal gammopathies, clinical presentations, diagnostic tools, and treatment strategies. Our comprehensive overview of this rare and often fatal disease aims to increase the awareness of AL amyloidosis. This may facilitate earlier diagnosis, and thus allow initiation of prompt and specific therapies, which are indispensable in order to improve disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia M S Müller
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
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24
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Schluter SF, Jensen I, Ramsland PA, Marchalonis JJ. Recombinant shark natural antibodies to thyroglobulin. J Mol Recognit 2005; 18:404-12. [PMID: 15954089 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
As cartilaginous fish are the vertebrates most distal from man to produce antibodies, fundamental information regarding conservation and variation of the antigen binding site should be gained by comparing the properties of antibodies directed against the same antigen from the two species. Since monoclonal cell lines cannot be generated using shark B cells, we isolated antigen binding recombinant single chain Fv antibodies (scFv) comprising of the complete variable regions from shark light and heavy chains. Thyroglobulin was used as the selecting antigen as both sharks and humans express natural antibodies to mammalian thyroglobulin in the absence of purposeful immunization. We report that recombinant sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus) scFvs that bind bovine thyroglobulin consist of heavy chain variable regions (VH) homologous to those of the human VHIII subset and light chain variable regions (VL) homologous to those of the human Vlambda6 subgroup. The homology within the frameworks is sufficient to enable the building of three-dimensional models of the shark VH/VL structure using established human structures as templates. In natural antibodies of both species, the major variability lies in the third complementarity determining region (CDR3) of both VH and VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel F Schluter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, PO Box 24-5049, Tucson, Arizona, 85724, USA
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25
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Kariv-Inbal Z, Halimi M, Dayan Y, Engelstein R, Gabizon R. Characterization of light chain immunoglobulin in urine from animals and humans infected with prion diseases. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 162:12-8. [PMID: 15833355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2004] [Revised: 12/14/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The necessity of a non-invasive in-vivo test for prion diseases has become more apparent since the transmission of vCJD from the blood of a healthy individual incubating the disease. Here we show that prion urine comprises an array of protease resistant peptides, among them light chain immunoglobulin (LC). This was observed by sequencing gel bands comprising hamster urine samples, as well as by immunoblotting of similar samples with anti mouse IgG reagents for hamster samples, or with anti human IgG reagents for human samples. Our result suggests that urine samples from CJD patients can be identified by the presence of protease resistant proteins such as LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehavit Kariv-Inbal
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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26
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Makino DL, Henschen-Edman AH, McPherson A. Four crystal forms of a Bence-Jones protein. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2005; 61:79-82. [PMID: 16508097 PMCID: PMC1952397 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309104028532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2004] [Accepted: 11/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Four crystal forms have been grown and characterized by X-ray diffraction of a Bence-Jones protein collected from the urine of a multiple myeloma patient more than 40 years ago. Closely related tetragonal and orthorhombic forms belonging to space groups P4(3)2(1)2 and P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = b = 68.7, c = 182.1 and a = 67.7, b = 69.4, c = 87.3 A, diffract to 1.5 and 1.9 A, respectively. Two closely related trigonal forms, both belonging to space group P3(1)21 with unit-cell parameters a = b = 154.3 A but differing by a doubling of the c axis, one 46.9 A and the other 94.0 A, diffract to 2.9 and 2.6 A resolution, respectively. The trigonal crystal of short c-axis length shows a positive indication of twinning. The trigonal crystal of longer c axis, which appeared only after eight months of incubation at room temperature, is likely to be composed of proteolytically degraded molecules and unlike the other crystal forms contains two entire Bence-Jones dimers in the asymmetric unit. This latter crystal form may shed some light on the formation of fibrils common to certain storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora L. Makino
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 560 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | - Agnes H. Henschen-Edman
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 560 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
| | - Alexander McPherson
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, 560 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
- Correspondence e-mail:
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27
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Serban A, Legname G, Hansen K, Kovaleva N, Prusiner SB. Immunoglobulins in urine of hamsters with scrapie. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:48817-20. [PMID: 15310752 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m409107200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the prion diseases, a prolonged, asymptomatic incubation period precedes the onset of neurologic dysfunction. At present, a noninvasive test is not available for the presymptomatic diagnosis of prion disease, and thus the report of a test for prions using urine has been of great interest (Shaked, G. M., Shaked, Y., Kariv-Inbal, Z., Halimi, M., Avraham, I., and Gabizon, R. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 31479-31482). Using Western immunoblots with the anti-prion protein (PrP) 3F4 monoclonal antibody and an anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody, a protease-resistant PrP was reported in the urine of Syrian hamsters and humans with prion disease. Here we have demonstrated that this purportedly "protease-resistant PrP" band in the urine of diseased hamsters is detectable using the anti-mouse IgG secondary antibody in the absence of the 3F4 monoclonal antibody. Mass spectrometric analysis identified an immunoglobulin light chain in the band but found no PrP peptides. No similar band was found in the urine of uninfected hamsters or in brain homogenates from normal or prion-infected hamsters. Moreover, the band in the urine of infected hamsters was not detected using two chimeric human-mouse recombinant anti-PrP antibody fragments followed by an anti-human IgG secondary antibody. Our results indicate that the band detected under previously published conditions is due to the cross-reactivity of the anti-mouse IgG antibody with IgG light chains and possibly heavy chain fragments in urine, but not with PrP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Serban
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco California 94143, USA
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28
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Saini SS, Farrugia W, Ramsland PA, Kaushik AK. Bovine IgM antibodies with exceptionally long complementarity-determining region 3 of the heavy chain share unique structural properties conferring restricted VH + Vlambda pairings. Int Immunol 2003; 15:845-53. [PMID: 12807823 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxg083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring antibody repertoires of cattle (Bos taurus) include a group of IgMlambda antibodies with exceptionally long complementarity-determining region 3 of the heavy chain (CDR3H) segments, containing multiple Cys residues. These massive CDR3H segments will greatly influence the tertiary and quaternary structures of the bovine IgM combining sites. As an antibody's combining site is formed by both heavy and light chains, we have analyzed the nucleotide sequences and structural properties of the lambda-light chains that pair with micro -heavy chains containing exceptionally long CDR3H. There appears to be an exquisite selective pressure for the use of three V(lambda)1 genes (V(lambda)1x and two new V(lambda)1d and V(lambda)1e genes) in IgM with unusually long CDR3H. The V(lambda)1d and V(lambda)1e genes are similar to each other, but diverge from the other V(lambda)1 genes into two closely related subfamilies. The available bovine V(lambda) genes are classified into three V(lambda) gene families: V(lambda)1, V(lambda)2 and V(lambda)3 based on nucleotide similarity >/=80%. Further, analysis of total Ser content and positions of Ser residues in the sequences was found to be sufficient to classify the cattle V(lambda)1 subfamilies. Patterns of Ser residues differ for V(lambda) domains from ruminant species (e.g. cattle, sheep and goats) and other mammals (e.g. humans and mice). These 'Ser signatures' can be used to track divergent evolution in lambda-light chains. Interestingly, Ser90L in complementarity-determining region 3 of the light chain (CDR3L) occurred in all V(lambda) domains that pair with V(H) regions containing exceptionally long CDR3H. A structural role for Ser90L was revealed in homology models of V(lambda) domains, i.e. to hold the ascending polypeptide of CDR3L in a relatively tight space between the N-terminal segment and residues from CDR1L. The CDR3L of V(lambda) domains also occupied smaller volumes if paired to V(H) domains with extremely long CDR3H (>/=48 residues), and were more variable in their conformation and filled larger volumes if CDR3Hs were </=22 residues. Thus, the role of the lambda-light chains in these unusual cattle antibodies is probably to act as a relatively featureless supporting platform for the extremely long CDR3H regions, which undoubtedly are dominantly involved in binding to an antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder S Saini
- Departments of Pathobiology and Microbiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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Wingren C, Edmundson AB, Borrebaeck CAK. Designing proteins to crystallize through beta-strand pairing. Protein Eng Des Sel 2003; 16:255-64. [PMID: 12736368 DOI: 10.1093/proeng/gzg038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherent difficulties in growing protein crystals are major concerns within structural biology and particularly in structural proteomics. Here, we describe a novel approach of engineering target proteins by surface mutagenesis to increase the odds of crystallizing the molecules. To this end, we have exploited our recent triad-hypothesis using proteins with crystallographically defined beta-structures as the principal models. Crystal packing analyses of 182 protein structures belonging to 21 different superfamilies implied that the propensities to crystallize could be engineered into target proteins by replacing short segments, 5-6 residues, of their beta-strands with 'cassettes' of suitable packing motifs. These packing motifs will generate specific crystal packing interactions that promote crystallization. Key features of the primary and tertiary structures of such packing motifs have been identified for immunoglobulins. Further, packing motifs have been engineered successfully into six model antibodies without disturbing their capabilities to be produced, their immunoreactivity and their overall structure. Preliminary crystallization analyses have also been performed. Taken together, the procedures outline a rational protocol for crystallizing proteins by surface mutagenesis. The importance of these findings is discussed in relation to the crystallization of proteins in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christer Wingren
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, P.O. Box 7031, SE-220 07 Lund, Sweden.
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Terzyan SS, Bourne CR, Ramsland PA, Bourne PC, Edmundson AB. Comparison of the three-dimensional structures of a human Bence-Jones dimer crystallized on Earth and aboard US Space Shuttle Mission STS-95. J Mol Recognit 2003; 16:83-90. [PMID: 12720277 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Crystals of a human (Sea) Bence-Jones dimer were produced in a capillary by vapor diffusion under microgravity conditions in the 9 day US Space Shuttle Mission STS-95. In comparison to ground-based experiments, nucleation was facile and spontaneous in space. Appearance of a very large (8 x 1.6 x 1.0 mm) crystal in a short time period is a strong endorsement for the use of microgravity to produce crystals sufficiently large for neutron diffraction studies. The Sea dimer crystallized in the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with a = 48.9 A, b = 85.2 A, and c = 114.0 A. The crystals grown in microgravity exhibited significantly lower mosaicities than those of ground-based crystals and the X-ray diffraction data had a lower overall B factor. Three-dimensional structures determined by X-ray analysis at two temperatures (100 and 293 K) were indistinguishable from those obtained from ground-based crystals. However, both the crystallographic R factor and the free R factor were slightly lower in the models derived from crystals produced in microgravity. The major difference between the two crystal growth systems is a lack of convection and sedimentation in a microgravity environment. This environment resulted in the growth of much larger, higher-quality crystals of the Sea Bence-Jones protein. Structurally, heretofore unrecognized grooves on the external surfaces of the Sea and other immunoglobulin-derived fragments are regular features and may offer supplementary binding regions for super antigens and other elongated ligands in the bloodstream and perivascular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon S Terzyan
- Crystallography Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 N.E. 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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