1
|
Lukas L, Zhang H, Cheng K, Epstein A. Immune Priming with Spatially Fractionated Radiation Therapy. Curr Oncol Rep 2023; 25:1483-1496. [PMID: 37979032 PMCID: PMC10728252 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-023-01473-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to summarize the current preclinical and clinical evidence of nontargeted immune effects of spatially fractionated radiation therapy (SFRT). We then highlight strategies to augment the immunomodulatory potential of SFRT in combination with immunotherapy (IT). RECENT FINDINGS The response of cancer to IT is limited by primary and acquired immune resistance, and strategies are needed to prime the immune system to increase the efficacy of IT. Radiation therapy can induce immunologic effects and can potentially be used to synergize the effects of IT, although the optimal combination of radiation and IT is largely unknown. SFRT is a novel radiation technique that limits ablative doses to tumor subvolumes, and this highly heterogeneous dose deposition may increase the immune-rich infiltrate within the targeted tumor with enhanced antigen presentation and activated T cells in nonirradiated tumors. The understanding of nontargeted effects of SFRT can contribute to future translational strategies to combine SFRT and IT. Integration of SFRT and IT is an innovative approach to address immune resistance to IT with the overall goal of improving the therapeutic ratio of radiation therapy and increasing the efficacy of IT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Lukas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Hualin Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karen Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alan Epstein
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Restier-Verlet J, Joubert A, Ferlazzo ML, Granzotto A, Sonzogni L, Al-Choboq J, El Nachef L, Le Reun E, Bourguignon M, Foray N. X-rays-Induced Bystander Effect Consists in the Formation of DNA Breaks in a Calcium-Dependent Manner: Influence of the Experimental Procedure and the Individual Factor. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030542. [PMID: 36979480 PMCID: PMC10046354 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced bystander effects (RIBE) describe the biological events occurring in non-targeted cells in the vicinity of irradiated ones. Various experimental procedures have been used to investigate RIBE. Interestingly, most micro-irradiation experiments have been performed with alpha particles, whereas most medium transfers have been done with X-rays. With their high fluence, synchrotron X-rays represent a real opportunity to study RIBE by applying these two approaches with the same radiation type. The RIBE induced in human fibroblasts by the medium transfer approach resulted in a generation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) occurring from 10 min to 4 h post-irradiation. Such RIBE was found to be dependent on dose and on the number of donor cells. The RIBE induced with the micro-irradiation approach produced DSB with the same temporal occurrence. Culture media containing high concentrations of phosphates were found to inhibit RIBE, while media rich in calcium increased it. The contribution of the RIBE to the biological dose was evaluated after synchrotron X-rays, media transfer, micro-irradiation, and 6 MeV photon irradiation mimicking a standard radiotherapy session: the RIBE may represent less than 1%, about 5%, and about 20% of the initial dose, respectively. However, RIBE may result in beneficial or otherwise deleterious effects in surrounding tissues according to their radiosensitivity status and their capacity to release Ca2+ ions in response to radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Restier-Verlet
- INSERM U1296 unit “Radiation: Defense/Health/Environment” Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Aurélie Joubert
- INSERM U1296 unit “Radiation: Defense/Health/Environment” Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Mélanie L. Ferlazzo
- INSERM U1296 unit “Radiation: Defense/Health/Environment” Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Adeline Granzotto
- INSERM U1296 unit “Radiation: Defense/Health/Environment” Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Laurène Sonzogni
- INSERM U1296 unit “Radiation: Defense/Health/Environment” Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Joëlle Al-Choboq
- INSERM U1296 unit “Radiation: Defense/Health/Environment” Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Laura El Nachef
- INSERM U1296 unit “Radiation: Defense/Health/Environment” Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Eymeric Le Reun
- INSERM U1296 unit “Radiation: Defense/Health/Environment” Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Michel Bourguignon
- INSERM U1296 unit “Radiation: Defense/Health/Environment” Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, Université Paris Saclay Versailles St Quentin en Yvelines, 78035 Versailles, France
| | - Nicolas Foray
- INSERM U1296 unit “Radiation: Defense/Health/Environment” Centre Léon-Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-78-78-28-28
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Al-Zeer MA, Prehn F, Fiedler S, Lienert U, Krisch M, Berg J, Kurreck J, Hildebrandt G, Schültke E. Evaluating the Suitability of 3D Bioprinted Samples for Experimental Radiotherapy: A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179951. [PMID: 36077349 PMCID: PMC9456381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an important component in the treatment of lung cancer, one of the most common cancers worldwide, frequently resulting in death within only a few years of diagnosis. In order to evaluate new therapeutic approaches and compare their efficiency with regard to tumour control at a pre-clinical stage, it is important to develop standardized samples which can serve as inter-institutional outcome controls, independent of differences in local technical parameters or specific techniques. Recent developments in 3D bioprinting techniques could provide a sophisticated solution to this challenge. We have conducted a pilot project to evaluate the suitability of standardized samples generated from 3D printed human lung cancer cells in radiotherapy studies. The samples were irradiated at high dose rates using both broad beam and microbeam techniques. We found the 3D printed constructs to be sufficiently mechanically stable for use in microbeam studies with peak doses up to 400 Gy to test for cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and cancer cell death in vitro. The results of this study show how 3D structures generated from human lung cancer cells in an additive printing process can be used to study the effects of radiotherapy in a standardized manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munir A. Al-Zeer
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: or (M.A.A.-Z.); (E.S.)
| | - Franziska Prehn
- Department of Radiooncology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Fiedler
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation/DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Michael Krisch
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Johanna Berg
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Kurreck
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Guido Hildebrandt
- Department of Radiooncology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Schültke
- Department of Radiooncology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Correspondence: or (M.A.A.-Z.); (E.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Moghaddasi L, Reid P, Bezak E, Marcu LG. Radiobiological and Treatment-Related Aspects of Spatially Fractionated Radiotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3366. [PMID: 35328787 PMCID: PMC8954016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuously evolving field of radiotherapy aims to devise and implement techniques that allow for greater tumour control and better sparing of critical organs. Investigations into the complexity of tumour radiobiology confirmed the high heterogeneity of tumours as being responsible for the often poor treatment outcome. Hypoxic subvolumes, a subpopulation of cancer stem cells, as well as the inherent or acquired radioresistance define tumour aggressiveness and metastatic potential, which remain a therapeutic challenge. Non-conventional irradiation techniques, such as spatially fractionated radiotherapy, have been developed to tackle some of these challenges and to offer a high therapeutic index when treating radioresistant tumours. The goal of this article was to highlight the current knowledge on the molecular and radiobiological mechanisms behind spatially fractionated radiotherapy and to present the up-to-date preclinical and clinical evidence towards the therapeutic potential of this technique involving both photon and proton beams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Moghaddasi
- Department of Medical Physics, Austin Health, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia;
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
| | - Paul Reid
- Radiation Health, Environment Protection Authority, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia;
| | - Eva Bezak
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Loredana G. Marcu
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- Faculty of Informatics and Science, University of Oradea, 1 Universitatii Str., 410087 Oradea, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Non-Targeted Effects of Synchrotron Radiation: Lessons from Experiments at the Australian and European Synchrotrons. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12042079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Studies have been conducted at synchrotron facilities in Europe and Australia to explore a variety of applications of synchrotron X-rays in medicine and biology. We discuss the major technical aspects of the synchrotron irradiation setups, paying specific attention to the Australian Synchrotron (AS) and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) as those best configured for a wide range of biomedical research involving animals and future cancer patients. Due to ultra-high dose rates, treatment doses can be delivered within milliseconds, abiding by FLASH radiotherapy principles. In addition, a homogeneous radiation field can be spatially fractionated into a geometric pattern called microbeam radiotherapy (MRT); a coplanar array of thin beams of microscopic dimensions. Both are clinically promising radiotherapy modalities because they trigger a cascade of biological effects that improve tumor control, while increasing normal tissue tolerance compared to conventional radiation. Synchrotrons can deliver high doses to a very small volume with low beam divergence, thus facilitating the study of non-targeted effects of these novel radiation modalities in both in-vitro and in-vivo models. Non-targeted radiation effects studied at the AS and ESRF include monitoring cell–cell communication after partial irradiation of a cell population (radiation-induced bystander effect, RIBE), the response of tissues outside the irradiated field (radiation-induced abscopal effect, RIAE), and the influence of irradiated animals on non-irradiated ones in close proximity (inter-animal RIBE). Here we provide a summary of these experiments and perspectives on their implications for non-targeted effects in biomedical fields.
Collapse
|
6
|
A Brief Overview of the Preclinical and Clinical Radiobiology of Microbeam Radiotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2021; 33:705-712. [PMID: 34454806 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Microbeam radiotherapy (MRT) is the delivery of spatially fractionated beams that have the potential to offer significant improvements in the therapeutic ratio due to the delivery of micron-sized high dose and dose rate beams. They build on longstanding clinical experience of GRID radiotherapy and more recently lattice-based approaches. Here we briefly overview the preclinical evidence for MRT efficacy and highlight the challenges for bringing this to clinical utility. The biological mechanisms underpinning MRT efficacy are still unclear, but involve vascular, bystander, stem cell and potentially immune responses. There is probably significant overlap in the mechanisms underpinning MRT responses and FLASH radiotherapy that needs to be further defined.
Collapse
|
7
|
Li N, Engels E, Davis JA, Dipuglia A, Vogel S, Valceski M, Rosenfeld AB, Lerch MLF, Corde S, Tehei M. Polo-like kinase 1 inhibitor BI6727 sensitizes 9L gliosarcoma cells to ionizing irradiation. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab4d0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
8
|
Narita A, Kaminaga K, Yokoya A, Noguchi M, Kobayashi K, Usami N, Fujii K. Real-time observation of irradiated HeLa-cell modified by fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell-cycle indicator using synchrotron X-ray microbeam. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2015; 166:192-196. [PMID: 25870438 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncv156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell-cycle indicator (FUCCI) human cancer (HeLa) cells (red indicates G1; green, S/G2) were exposed to a synchrotron X-ray microbeam. Cells in either G1 or S/G2 were irradiated selectively according to their colour in the same microscopic field. Time-lapse micrographs of the irradiated cells were acquired for 24 h after irradiation. For fluorescent immunostaining, phosphorylated histone proteins (γ-H2AX) indicated the induction of DNA double-strand breaks. The cell cycle was arrested by irradiation at S/G2. In contrast, cells irradiated at G1 progressed to S/G2. The foci were induced in cells irradiated at both G1 and S/G2, suggesting that the G1-S (or S) checkpoint pathway does not function in HeLa cells due to the fact that the cells are functionally p53 deficient, even though X-ray microbeam irradiation significantly induces double-strand breaks. These results demonstrate that single FUCCI cell exposure and live cell imaging are powerful methods for studying the effects of radiation on the cell cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Narita
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - K Kaminaga
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata-Shirane, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - A Yokoya
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata-Shirane, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - M Noguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - K Kobayashi
- Photon Factory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - N Usami
- Photon Factory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - K Fujii
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata-Shirane, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yuan H, Zhang L, Frank JE, Inscoe CR, Burk LM, Hadsell M, Lee YZ, Lu J, Chang S, Zhou O. Treating Brain Tumor with Microbeam Radiation Generated by a Compact Carbon-Nanotube-Based Irradiator: Initial Radiation Efficacy Study. Radiat Res 2015; 184:322-33. [PMID: 26305294 DOI: 10.1667/rr13919.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Microbeam radiation treatment (MRT) using synchrotron radiation has shown great promise in the treatment of brain tumors, with a demonstrated ability to eradicate the tumor while sparing normal tissue in small animal models. With the goal of expediting the advancement of MRT research beyond the limited number of synchrotron facilities in the world, we recently developed a compact laboratory-scale microbeam irradiator using carbon nanotube (CNT) field emission-based X-ray source array technology. The focus of this study is to evaluate the effects of the microbeam radiation generated by this compact irradiator in terms of tumor control and normal tissue damage in a mouse brain tumor model. Mice with U87MG human glioblastoma were treated with sham irradiation, low-dose MRT, high-dose MRT or 10 Gy broad-beam radiation treatment (BRT). The microbeams were 280 μm wide and spaced at 900 μm center-to-center with peak dose at either 48 Gy (low-dose MRT) or 72 Gy (high-dose MRT). Survival studies showed that the mice treated with both MRT protocols had a significantly extended life span compared to the untreated control group (31.4 and 48.5% of life extension for low- and high-dose MRT, respectively) and had similar survival to the BRT group. Immunostaining on MRT mice demonstrated much higher DNA damage and apoptosis level in tumor tissue compared to the normal brain tissue. Apoptosis in normal tissue was significantly lower in the low-dose MRT group compared to that in the BRT group at 48 h postirradiation. Interestingly, there was a significantly higher level of cell proliferation in the MRT-treated normal tissue compared to that in the BRT-treated mice, indicating rapid normal tissue repairing process after MRT. Microbeam radiation exposure on normal brain tissue causes little apoptosis and no macrophage infiltration at 30 days after exposure. This study is the first biological assessment on MRT effects using the compact CNT-based irradiator. It provides an alternative technology that can enable widespread MRT research on mechanistic studies using a preclinical model, as well as further translational research towards clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yuan
- a Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,b Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Lei Zhang
- c Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jonathan E Frank
- b Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Christina R Inscoe
- c Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,d Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Laurel M Burk
- d Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Mike Hadsell
- d Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Yueh Z Lee
- a Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,b Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,d Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,e Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,g Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jianping Lu
- c Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,d Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Sha Chang
- d Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,e Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,f Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,g Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Otto Zhou
- c Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,d Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,g Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fernandez-Palomo C, Mothersill C, Bräuer-Krisch E, Laissue J, Seymour C, Schültke E. γ-H2AX as a marker for dose deposition in the brain of wistar rats after synchrotron microbeam radiation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119924. [PMID: 25799425 PMCID: PMC4370487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Synchrotron radiation has shown high therapeutic potential in small animal models of malignant brain tumours. However, more studies are needed to understand the radiobiological effects caused by the delivery of high doses of spatially fractionated x-rays in tissue. The purpose of this study was to explore the use of the γ-H2AX antibody as a marker for dose deposition in the brain of rats after synchrotron microbeam radiation therapy (MRT). Methods Normal and tumour-bearing Wistar rats were exposed to 35, 70 or 350 Gy of MRT to their right cerebral hemisphere. The brains were extracted either at 4 or 8 hours after irradiation and immediately placed in formalin. Sections of paraffin-embedded tissue were incubated with anti γ-H2AX primary antibody. Results While the presence of the C6 glioma does not seem to modulate the formation of γ-H2AX in normal tissue, the irradiation dose and the recovery versus time are the most important factors affecting the development of γ-H2AX foci. Our results also suggest that doses of 350 Gy can trigger the release of bystander signals that significantly amplify the DNA damage caused by radiation and that the γ-H2AX biomarker does not only represent DNA damage produced by radiation, but also damage caused by bystander effects. Conclusion In conclusion, we suggest that the γ-H2AX foci should be used as biomarker for targeted and non-targeted DNA damage after synchrotron radiation rather than a tool to measure the actual physical doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Fernandez-Palomo
- Stereotactic Neurosurgery and Laboratory for Molecular Neurosurgery, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences Department, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Carmel Mothersill
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences Department, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jean Laissue
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Colin Seymour
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences Department, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Schültke
- Stereotactic Neurosurgery and Laboratory for Molecular Neurosurgery, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy/Laboratory of Radiobiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Anderson DL, Mirzayans R, Andrais B, Siegbahn EA, Fallone BG, Warkentin B. Spatial and temporal distribution of γH2AX fluorescence in human cell cultures following synchrotron-generated X-ray microbeams: lack of correlation between persistent γH2AX foci and apoptosis. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2014; 21:801-810. [PMID: 24971978 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577514011424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Formation of γH2AX foci (a marker of DNA double-strand breaks), rates of foci clearance and apoptosis were investigated in cultured normal human fibroblasts and p53 wild-type malignant glioma cells after exposure to high-dose synchrotron-generated microbeams. Doses up to 283 Gy were delivered using beam geometries that included a microbeam array (50 µm wide, 400 µm spacing), single microbeams (60-570 µm wide) and a broad beam (32 mm wide). The two cell types exhibited similar trends with respect to the initial formation and time-dependent clearance of γH2AX foci after irradiation. High levels of γH2AX foci persisted as late as 72 h post-irradiation in the majority of cells within cultures of both cell types. Levels of persistent foci after irradiation via the 570 µm microbeam or broad beam were higher when compared with those observed after exposure to the 60 µm microbeam or microbeam array. Despite persistence of γH2AX foci, these irradiation conditions triggered apoptosis in only a small proportion (<5%) of cells within cultures of both cell types. These results contribute to the understanding of the fundamental biological consequences of high-dose microbeam irradiations, and implicate the importance of non-apoptotic responses such as p53-mediated growth arrest (premature senescence).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Anderson
- Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Razmik Mirzayans
- Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Bonnie Andrais
- Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - E Albert Siegbahn
- Medical Physics, Stockholm University, Box 260, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B Gino Fallone
- Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Brad Warkentin
- Oncology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Reynolds P, Botchway SW, Parker AW, O'Neill P. Spatiotemporal dynamics of DNA repair proteins following laser microbeam induced DNA damage - when is a DSB not a DSB? Mutat Res 2013; 756:14-20. [PMID: 23688615 PMCID: PMC4028083 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The formation of DNA lesions poses a constant threat to cellular stability. Repair of endogenously and exogenously produced lesions has therefore been extensively studied, although the spatiotemporal dynamics of the repair processes has yet to be fully understood. One of the most recent advances to study the kinetics of DNA repair has been the development of laser microbeams to induce and visualize recruitment and loss of repair proteins to base damage in live mammalian cells. However, a number of studies have produced contradictory results that are likely caused by the different laser systems used reflecting in part the wavelength dependence of the damage induced. Additionally, the repair kinetics of laser microbeam induced DNA lesions have generally lacked consideration of the structural and chemical complexity of the DNA damage sites, which are known to greatly influence their reparability. In this review, we highlight the key considerations when embarking on laser microbeam experiments and interpreting the real time data from laser microbeam irradiations. We compare the repair kinetics from live cell imaging with biochemical and direct quantitative cellular measurements for DNA repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Reynolds
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|