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Krombauer GC, Guedes KDS, Banfi FF, Nunes RR, Fonseca ALD, Siqueira EPD, Bellei JCB, Scopel KKG, Varotti FDP, Sanchez BAM. In vitro and in silico assessment of new beta amino ketones with antiplasmodial activity. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2022; 55:e0590. [PMID: 36169491 PMCID: PMC9549944 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0590-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on the current need for new drugs against malaria, our study evaluated eight beta amino ketones in silico and in vitro for potential antimalarial activity. METHODS Using the Brazilian Malaria Molecular Targets (BraMMT) and OCTOPUS® software programs, the pattern of interactions of beta-amino ketones was described against different proteins of P. falciparum and screened to evaluate their physicochemical properties. The in vitro antiplasmodial activities of the compounds were evaluated using a SYBR Green-based assay. In parallel, in vitro cytotoxic data were obtained using the MTT assay. RESULTS Among the eight compounds, compound 1 was the most active and selective against P. falciparum (IC50 = 0.98 µM; SI > 60). Six targets were identified in BraMMT that interact with compounds exhibiting a stronger binding energy than the crystallographic ligand: P. falciparum triophosphate phosphoglycolate complex (1LYX), P. falciparum reductase (2OK8), PfPK7 (2PML), P. falciparum glutaredoxin (4N0Z), PfATP6, and PfHT. CONCLUSIONS The physicochemical properties of compound 1 were compatible with the set of criteria established by the Lipinski rule and demonstrated its potential as a drug prototype for antiplasmodial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Camila Krombauer
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde, Laboratório de Imunopatologia e Doenças Tropicais, Sinop, MT, Brasil
| | - Karla de Sena Guedes
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde, Laboratório de Imunopatologia e Doenças Tropicais, Sinop, MT, Brasil
| | - Felipe Fingir Banfi
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde, Laboratório de Imunopatologia e Doenças Tropicais, Sinop, MT, Brasil
| | - Renata Rachide Nunes
- Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Química Biológica (NQBio), Divinópolis, MG, Brasil
| | - Amanda Luisa da Fonseca
- Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Química Biológica (NQBio), Divinópolis, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Jéssica Côrrea Bezerra Bellei
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Centro de Pesquisas em Parasitologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | - Kézia Katiani Gorza Scopel
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Centro de Pesquisas em Parasitologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | - Fernando de Pilla Varotti
- Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Química Biológica (NQBio), Divinópolis, MG, Brasil
| | - Bruno Antônio Marinho Sanchez
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde, Laboratório de Imunopatologia e Doenças Tropicais, Sinop, MT, Brasil
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2
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Fritz-Wolf K, Bathke J, Rahlfs S, Becker K. Crystal structure of plasmoredoxin, a redox-active protein unique for malaria parasites. Curr Res Struct Biol 2022; 4:87-95. [PMID: 35434650 PMCID: PMC9006252 DOI: 10.1016/j.crstbi.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmoredoxin is a 22 kDa thiol–disulfide oxidoreductase involved in cellular redox regulatory processes and antioxidant defense. The 1.6 Å structure of the protein, solved via X-ray crystallography, adopts a modified thioredoxin fold. The structure reveals that plasmoredoxin, unique for malarial parasites, forms a new subgroup of thioredoxin-like proteins together with tryparedoxin, unique for kinetoplastids. Unlike most members of this superfamily, Plrx does not have a proline residue within the CxxC redox motif. In addition, the Plrx structure has a distinct C-terminal domain. Similar to human thioredoxin, plasmoredoxin forms monomers and dimers, which are also structurally similar to the human thioredoxin dimer, and, as in humans, plasmoredoxin is inactive as a dimer. Monomer–dimer equilibrium depends on the surrounding redox conditions, which could support the parasite in reacting to oxidative challenges. Based on structural considerations, the residues of the dimer interface are likely to interact with target proteins. In contrast to human and Plasmodium falciparum thioredoxin, however, there is a cluster of positively charged residues at the dimer interface of plasmoredoxin. These intersubunit (lysine) residues might allow binding of the protein to cellular membranes or to plasminogen. Malaria parasites lack catalase and glutathione peroxidase and therefore depend on their other glutathione and thioredoxin-dependent redox relays. Plasmoredoxin could be part of a so far unknown electron transfer system that only occurs in these parasites. Since the surface charge of plasmoredoxin differs significantly from other members of the thioredoxin superfamily, its three-dimensional structure can provide a model for designing selective redox-modulatory inhibitors. Two high resolution X-ray structures – confirmed that Plrx belongs to the thioredoxin superfamily. Structure and surface charge differ from the other members of the thioredoxin superfamily. The highest relationship in terms from sequence and structural fold is found with tryparedoxins. Similar to human thioredoxin, plasmoredoxin forms monomers and dimers. Potential as drug target.
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3
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Balatti GE, Barletta GP, Parisi G, Tosatto SCE, Bellanda M, Fernandez-Alberti S. Intrinsically Disordered Region Modulates Ligand Binding in Glutaredoxin 1 from Trypanosoma Brucei. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:13366-13375. [PMID: 34870419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c07035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins are small proteins that share a common well-conserved thioredoxin-fold and participate in a wide variety of biological processes. Among them, class II Grx are redox-inactive proteins involved in iron-sulfur (Fe-S) metabolism. In the present work, we report different structural and dynamics aspects of 1CGrx1 from the pathogenic parasite Trypanosoma brucei that differentiate it from other orthologues by the presence of a parasite-specific unstructured N-terminal extension whose role has not been fully elucidated yet. Previous nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies revealed significant differences with respect to the mutant lacking the disordered tail. Herein, we have performed atomistic molecular dynamics simulations that, complementary to NMR studies, confirm the intrinsically disordered nature of the N-terminal extension. Moreover, we confirm the main role of these residues in modulating the conformational dynamics of the glutathione-binding pocket. We observe that the N-terminal extension modifies the ligand cavity stiffening it by specific interactions that ultimately modulate its intrinsic flexibility, which may modify its role in the storage and/or transfer of preformed iron-sulfur clusters. These unique structural and dynamics aspects of Trypanosoma brucei 1CGrx1 differentiate it from other orthologues and could have functional relevance. In this way, our results encourage the study of other similar protein folding families with intrinsically disordered regions whose functional roles are still unrevealed and the screening of potential 1CGrx1 inhibitors as antitrypanosomal drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galo E Balatti
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, B1876BXD Bernal, Argentina
| | - G Patricio Barletta
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, B1876BXD Bernal, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Parisi
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes/CONICET, B1876BXD Bernal, Argentina
| | - Silvio C E Tosatto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo Bellanda
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padua, Italy
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4
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Song X, Yang X, Ying Z, Zhang H, Liu J, Liu Q. Identification and Function of Apicoplast Glutaredoxins in Neospora caninum. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111946. [PMID: 34769376 PMCID: PMC8584781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (GRXs), important components of the intracellular thiol redox system, are involved in multiple cellular processes. In a previous study, we identified five GRXs in the apicomplexan parasite, Neospora caninum. In the present study, we confirmed that the GRXs S14 and C5 are located in the apicoplast, which suggests unique functions for these proteins. Although single-gene deficiency did not affect the growth of parasites, a double knockout (Δgrx S14Δgrx C5) significantly reduced their reproductive capacity. However, there were no significant changes in redox indices (GSH/GSSG ratio, reactive oxygen species and hydroxyl radical levels) in double-knockout parasites, indicating that grx S14 and grx C5 are not essential for maintaining the redox balance in parasite cells. Key amino acid mutations confirmed that the Cys203 of grx S14 and Cys253/256 of grx C5 are important for parasite growth. Based on comparative proteomics, 79 proteins were significantly downregulated in double-knockout parasites, including proteins mainly involved in the electron transport chain, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and protein translation. Collectively, GRX S14 and GRX C5 coordinate the growth of parasites. However, considering their special localization, the unique functions of GRX S14 and GRX C5 need to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingju Song
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.S.); (X.Y.); (Z.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xu Yang
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.S.); (X.Y.); (Z.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhu Ying
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.S.); (X.Y.); (Z.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.S.); (X.Y.); (Z.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Liu
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.S.); (X.Y.); (Z.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qun Liu
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (X.S.); (X.Y.); (Z.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence:
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5
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Song X, Yang X, Xue Y, Yang C, Wu K, Liu J, Liu Q. Glutaredoxin 1 Deficiency Leads to Microneme Protein-Mediated Growth Defects in Neospora caninum. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:536044. [PMID: 32983074 PMCID: PMC7487798 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.536044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that infects a wide range of mammalian species and causes spontaneous abortion in cattle. N. caninum is exposed to oxidative stress during its life cycle. Oxidoreductase is crucial for parasite response to the environmental stresses. Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are small oxidoreductases of the thioredoxin family proteins that catalyze thiol-disulfide exchange reactions by utilizing electrons from the tripeptide glutathione (γGlu-Cys-Gly; GSH). Grxs are key elements in redox signaling and cell signal transduction. However, Grxs are an unexplored set of oxidoreductases in N. caninum. Here, we identified two cytoplasm located glutaredoxin domain-containing proteins (NcGrx1 and NcGrx3) in N. caninum. To better understand the functions of these Grx proteins, we generated NcGrx1 and NcGrx3 deficiency and overexpression strains. The deletion or overexpression of NcGrx3 had no significant effect on the growth of N. caninum in vitro and in vivo. NcGrx1 knockout parasites displayed a significant growth defect, which was due to the influence on invasion and egress abilities. Moreover, NcGrx1 deficiency decreased the ratio of reduced glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) (GSH/GSSG ratio), caused a significant accumulation of hydroxyl radical in parasites, and an increase in apoptotic cells under oxidative stress (H2O2) condition. To determine the cause of growth defects in ΔNcGrx1, we examined the transcription levels of various invasion-egress related genes as measured by qPCR. We found a significant decrease in MIC1, MIC4, and MIC6 genes. Further investigation found that the secretion of MIC1, MIC4, and MIC6 proteins was significantly affected. Collectively, Ncgrx1 is important for microneme protein-mediated parasite growth, and maybe a potential intervention target for the N. caninum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingju Song
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Yang
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yangfei Xue
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Congshan Yang
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaijian Wu
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Liu
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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6
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Sun X, Chen M, Jia F, Hou Y, Hu SQ. Crystal Structure of Wheat Glutaredoxin and Its Application in Improving the Processing Quality of Flour. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12079-12087. [PMID: 30346751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutaredoxin (Grx) is a ubiquitous oxidoreductase that plays a vital role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. In comparison to Grx from other organisms, plant Grx is unique in that it has many isoforms, which, thus, suggests probably diverse functions and mechanisms. Therefore, structure-function characterization of plant Grx is necessary to have in-depth knowledge and explore its application in industry. In this study, wheat Grx (wGrx) was overexpressed and purified and the crystal structure of wGrx was determined at 2.94 Å resolution. Interestingly, the structure for the first time captured both the oxidized form and the transient state of reduced-oxidized wGrx in a crystal. The mutagenesis of wGrx suggests that it adopts a monothiol catalytic mechanism. wGrx has the ability to reduce wheat thioredoxin (wTrx), and this is the first example of the reduction of thioredoxin subgroup h class II by Grx. Flour farinograph and dynamic rheological analysis showed that wGrx together with wTrx has a positive effect on dough formation, which is probably attributed to the increased sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-insoluble gluten macropolymer (GMP) through increasing the intermolecular disulfide bond induced by the wGrx-wTrx system. The results indicate great potential of wGrx-wTrx as a novel synergetic enzymatic additive and may be employed to fine-tune the processing performance of food related to the redox reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510641 , People's Republic of China
| | - Meirong Chen
- Graduate School of Life Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido 060-0810 , Japan
| | - Feng Jia
- School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510641 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510640 , People's Republic of China
| | - Song-Qing Hu
- School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510641 , People's Republic of China
- Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Food Nutrition and Human Health (111 Center) , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510640 , People's Republic of China
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Sturlese M, Manta B, Bertarello A, Bonilla M, Lelli M, Zambelli B, Grunberg K, Mammi S, Comini MA, Bellanda M. The lineage-specific, intrinsically disordered N-terminal extension of monothiol glutaredoxin 1 from trypanosomes contains a regulatory region. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13716. [PMID: 30209332 PMCID: PMC6135854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31817-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (Grx) are small proteins conserved throughout all the kingdoms of life that are engaged in a wide variety of biological processes and share a common thioredoxin-fold. Among them, class II Grx are redox-inactive proteins involved in iron-sulfur (FeS) metabolism. They contain a single thiol group in their active site and use low molecular mass thiols such as glutathione as ligand for binding FeS-clusters. In this study, we investigated molecular aspects of 1CGrx1 from the pathogenic parasite Trypanosoma brucei brucei, a mitochondrial class II Grx that fulfills an indispensable role in vivo. Mitochondrial 1CGrx1 from trypanosomes differs from orthologues in several features including the presence of a parasite-specific N-terminal extension (NTE) whose role has yet to be elucidated. Previously we have solved the structure of a truncated form of 1CGrx1 containing only the conserved glutaredoxin domain but lacking the NTE. Our aim here is to investigate the effect of the NTE on the conformation of the protein. We therefore solved the NMR structure of the full-length protein, which reveals subtle but significant differences with the structure of the NTE-less form. By means of different experimental approaches, the NTE proved to be intrinsically disordered and not involved in the non-redox dependent protein dimerization, as previously suggested. Interestingly, the portion comprising residues 65–76 of the NTE modulates the conformational dynamics of the glutathione-binding pocket, which may play a role in iron-sulfur cluster assembly and delivery. Furthermore, we disclosed that the class II-strictly conserved loop that precedes the active site is critical for stabilizing the protein structure. So far, this represents the first communication of a Grx containing an intrinsically disordered region that defines a new protein subgroup within class II Grx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Sturlese
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.,Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, Padova, Italy
| | - Bruno Manta
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Igua 4425, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.,New England Biolabs, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA, 01938, USA
| | - Andrea Bertarello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Mariana Bonilla
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Moreno Lelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.,Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.,Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280 - CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Barbara Zambelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 40, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Karin Grunberg
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Stefano Mammi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Marcelo A Comini
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Massimo Bellanda
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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Olczak A, Cianci M. The signal-to-noise ratio in SAD experiments. CRYSTALLOGR REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/0889311x.2017.1386182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Olczak
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Michele Cianci
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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9
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The Architecture of Thiol Antioxidant Systems among Invertebrate Parasites. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020259. [PMID: 28208651 PMCID: PMC6155587 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of oxygen as the final electron acceptor in aerobic organisms results in an improvement in the energy metabolism. However, as a byproduct of the aerobic metabolism, reactive oxygen species are produced, leaving to the potential risk of an oxidative stress. To contend with such harmful compounds, living organisms have evolved antioxidant strategies. In this sense, the thiol-dependent antioxidant defense systems play a central role. In all cases, cysteine constitutes the major building block on which such systems are constructed, being present in redox substrates such as glutathione, thioredoxin, and trypanothione, as well as at the catalytic site of a variety of reductases and peroxidases. In some cases, the related selenocysteine was incorporated at selected proteins. In invertebrate parasites, antioxidant systems have evolved in a diversity of both substrates and enzymes, representing a potential area in the design of anti-parasite strategies. The present review focus on the organization of the thiol-based antioxidant systems in invertebrate parasites. Differences between these taxa and its final mammal host is stressed. An understanding of the antioxidant defense mechanisms in this kind of parasites, as well as their interactions with the specific host is crucial in the design of drugs targeting these organisms.
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10
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Song X, Yan M, Hu D, Wang Y, Wang N, Gu X, Peng X, Yang G. Molecular characterization and serodiagnostic potential of a novel dithiol glutaredoxin 1 from Echinococcus granulosus. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:456. [PMID: 27535033 PMCID: PMC4989415 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1741-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus is the etiological agent of cystic echinococcosis (CE), which causes serious morbidity and mortality in many areas. There is no reliable method to monitor sheep CE. Here, we characterize E. granulosus glutaredoxin 1 (Eg-Grx1) and report an improved immunodiagnostic method for CE. Methods We cloned and expressed recombinant Eg-Grx1 and generated antibodies. We analyzed the location of the protein in different parasite stages by fluorescence immunohistochemistry, detected the immunogenicity of recombinant Eg-Grx1, and developed an indirect ELISA (iELISA) for CE serodiagnosis. Results Eg-Grx1 is a classic dithiol Grx with several GSH-binding motifs. Native Eg-Grx1 protein was distributed in the tegument of protoscoleces, the whole germinal layer, and the parenchymatous tissue of adult worms. Recombinant Eg-Grx1 exhibited good immunoreactivity to CE-infected sheep serum. An iELISA using this antigen showed specificity of 64.3 % (9/14) and sensitivity of 1:3200, and the diagnostic accordance rate was 97.9 % (47/48) compared with the results of necropsy. Conclusion We characterized a novel Grx (Eg-Grx1) from a parasitic helminth and present a comprehensive analysis of the sequence and structure of this protein. The recombinant Eg-Grx1 protein showed good potential serodiagnostic performance, and we established an iELISA method, which may contribute to the surveillance of sheep CE in epidemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingju Song
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Yan
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dandan Hu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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11
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Gorgel M, Bøggild A, Ulstrup JJ, Weiss MS, Müller U, Nissen P, Boesen T. Against the odds? De novo structure determination of a pilin with two cysteine residues by sulfur SAD. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2015; 71:1095-101. [PMID: 25945575 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715003272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Exploiting the anomalous signal of the intrinsic S atoms to phase a protein structure is advantageous, as ideally only a single well diffracting native crystal is required. However, sulfur is a weak anomalous scatterer at the typical wavelengths used for X-ray diffraction experiments, and therefore sulfur SAD data sets need to be recorded with a high multiplicity. In this study, the structure of a small pilin protein was determined by sulfur SAD despite several obstacles such as a low anomalous signal (a theoretical Bijvoet ratio of 0.9% at a wavelength of 1.8 Å), radiation damage-induced reduction of the cysteines and a multiplicity of only 5.5. The anomalous signal was improved by merging three data sets from different volumes of a single crystal, yielding a multiplicity of 17.5, and a sodium ion was added to the substructure of anomalous scatterers. In general, all data sets were balanced around the threshold values for a successful phasing strategy. In addition, a collection of statistics on structures from the PDB that were solved by sulfur SAD are presented and compared with the data. Looking at the quality indicator R(anom)/R(p.i.m.), an inconsistency in the documentation of the anomalous R factor is noted and reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gorgel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Andreas Bøggild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jakob Jensen Ulstrup
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Manfred S Weiss
- Macromolecular Crystallography (HZB-MX), Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Müller
- Macromolecular Crystallography (HZB-MX), Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Poul Nissen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Boesen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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