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dos Santos DA, Souza HFS, Silber AM, de Souza TDACB, Ávila AR. Protein kinases on carbon metabolism: potential targets for alternative chemotherapies against toxoplasmosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1175409. [PMID: 37287468 PMCID: PMC10242022 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1175409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, a global disease that significantly impacts human health. The clinical manifestations are mainly observed in immunocompromised patients, including ocular damage and neuronal alterations leading to psychiatric disorders. The congenital infection leads to miscarriage or severe alterations in the development of newborns. The conventional treatment is limited to the acute phase of illness, without effects in latent parasites; consequently, a cure is not available yet. Furthermore, considerable toxic effects and long-term therapy contribute to high treatment abandonment rates. The investigation of exclusive parasite pathways would provide new drug targets for more effective therapies, eliminating or reducing the side effects of conventional pharmacological approaches. Protein kinases (PKs) have emerged as promising targets for developing specific inhibitors with high selectivity and efficiency against diseases. Studies in T. gondii have indicated the presence of exclusive PKs without homologs in human cells, which could become important targets for developing new drugs. Knockout of specific kinases linked to energy metabolism have shown to impair the parasite development, reinforcing the essentiality of these enzymes in parasite metabolism. In addition, the specificities found in the PKs that regulate the energy metabolism in this parasite could bring new perspectives for safer and more efficient therapies for treating toxoplasmosis. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the limitations for reaching an efficient treatment and explores the role of PKs in regulating carbon metabolism in Toxoplasma, discussing their potential as targets for more applied and efficient pharmacological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Higo Fernando Santos Souza
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Trypanosomes (LabTryp), Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ariel M. Silber
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Trypanosomes (LabTryp), Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Andréa Rodrigues Ávila
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Apicomplexa, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brazil
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2
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Kuang G, Zhang M, Kang S, Hu D, Li X, Wei Z, Gong X, An LK, Huang ZS, Shu B, Li D. Syntheses and Evaluation of New Bisacridine Derivatives for Dual Binding of G-Quadruplex and i-Motif in Regulating Oncogene c-myc Expression. J Med Chem 2020; 63:9136-9153. [PMID: 32787078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The c-myc oncogene is an important regulator for cell growth and differentiation, and its aberrant overexpression is closely related to the occurrence and development of various cancers. Thus, the suppression of c-myc transcription and expression has been investigated for cancer treatment. In this study, various new bisacridine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their binding with c-myc promoter G-quadruplex and i-motif. We found that a9 could bind to and stabilize both G-quadruplex and i-motif, resulting in the downregulation of c-myc gene transcription. a9 could inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce SiHa cell apoptosis and cycle arrest. a9 exhibited tumor growth inhibition activity in a SiHa xenograft tumor model, which might be related to its binding with c-myc promoter G-quadruplex and i-motif. Our results suggested that a9 as a dual G-quadruplex/i-motif binder could be effective in both oncogene replication and transcription and become a promising lead compound for further development with improved potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guotao Kuang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Kang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Dexuan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoya Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zuzhuang Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xue Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Kun An
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Shu Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Bing Shu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ding Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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Yakarsonmez S, Cengiz EC, Mutlu O, Turgut-Balik D. Functional analyses of dipeptide and pentapeptide insertions on Theileria annulata enolase by site-directed mutagenesis and in silico approaches. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2019; 1867:732-739. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Shu B, Zeng P, Kang S, Li PH, Hu D, Kuang G, Cao J, Li X, Zhang M, An LK, Huang ZS, Li D. Syntheses and evaluation of new Quinoline derivatives for inhibition of hnRNP K in regulating oncogene c-myc transcription. Bioorg Chem 2018; 85:1-17. [PMID: 30599408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant overexpression of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K) is a key feature in oncogenesis and progression of many human cancers. hnRNP K has been found to be a transcriptional activator to up-regulate c-myc gene transcription, a critical proto-oncogene for regulation of cell growth and differentiation. Therefore, down-regulation of c-myc transcription by inhibiting hnRNP K through disrupting its binding to c-myc gene promoter is a potential approach for cancer therapy. In the present study, we synthesized and screened a series of Quinoline derivatives and evaluated their binding affinity for hnRNP K. Among these derivatives, (E)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(4-morpholino-6-nitroquinolin-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (compound 25) was determined to be the first-reported hnRNP K binding ligand with its KD values of 4.6 and 2.6 μM measured with SPR and MST, respectively. Subsequent evaluation showed that the binding of compound 25 to hnRNP K could disrupt its unfolding of c-myc promoter i-motif, resulting in down-regulation of c-myc transcription. Compound 25 showed a selective anti-proliferative effect on human cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranged from 1.36 to 3.59 μM. Compound 25 exhibited good tumor growth inhibition in a Hela xenograft tumor model, which might be related to its binding with hnRNP K. These findings illustrated that inhibition of DNA-binding protein hnRNP K by compound 25 could be a new and selective strategy of regulating oncogene transcription instead of targeting promoter DNA secondary structures such as G-quadruplexes or i-motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Shu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou University City, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ping Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou University City, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shuangshuang Kang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou University City, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Peng-Hui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou University City, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Dexuan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou University City, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guotao Kuang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou University City, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jiaojiao Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou University City, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xiaoya Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou University City, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou University City, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lin-Kun An
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou University City, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhi-Shu Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou University City, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ding Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou University City, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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A systematic review of Toxoplasma gondii antigens to find the best vaccine candidates for immunization. Microb Pathog 2018; 126:172-184. [PMID: 30399440 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
At present, there is not any available accepted vaccine for prevention of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) in human and animals. We conducted literature search through English (Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, EBSCO, ISI Web of Science) scientific paper databases to find the best vaccine candidates against toxoplasmosis among T. gondii antigens. Articles with information on infective stage, pathogenicity, immunogenicity and characterization of antigens were selected. We considered that the ideal and significant vaccines should include different antigens and been expressed in all infective stages of the parasite with a high pathogenicity and immunogenicity. Evaluation within this systematic review indicates that MIC 3, 4, 13, ROP 2, RON 5, GRA 1, 6, 8, 14 are expressed in all three infective stages and have pathogenicity and immunogenicity. MIC 5, ROM 4, GRA 2, 4, 15, ROP 5, 16, 17, 38, RON 4, MIC 1, GRA 10, 12, 16, SAG 3 are expressed in only tachyzoites and bradyzoites stages of T. gondii with pathogenicity/immunogenicity. Some antigens appeared to be expressed in a single stage (tachyzoites) but have high pathogenicity and induce immune response. They include enolase2 (ENO2), SAG 1, SAG5D, HSP 70, ROM 1, ROM 5, AMA 1, ROP 18, RON2 and GRA 24. In conclusion, current vaccination against T. gondii infection is not satisfactory, and with the increasing number of high-risk individuals, the development of an effective and safe specific vaccine is greatly valuable for toxoplasmosis prevention. This systematic review reveals prepare candidates for immunization studies.
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Lykins JD, Filippova EV, Halavaty AS, Minasov G, Zhou Y, Dubrovska I, Flores KJ, Shuvalova LA, Ruan J, El Bissati K, Dovgin S, Roberts CW, Woods S, Moulton JD, Moulton H, McPhillie MJ, Muench SP, Fishwick CWG, Sabini E, Shanmugam D, Roos DS, McLeod R, Anderson WF, Ngô HM. CSGID Solves Structures and Identifies Phenotypes for Five Enzymes in Toxoplasma gondii. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:352. [PMID: 30345257 PMCID: PMC6182094 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, an Apicomplexan parasite, causes significant morbidity and mortality, including severe disease in immunocompromised hosts and devastating congenital disease, with no effective treatment for the bradyzoite stage. To address this, we used the Tropical Disease Research database, crystallography, molecular modeling, and antisense to identify and characterize a range of potential therapeutic targets for toxoplasmosis. Phosphoglycerate mutase II (PGMII), nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDK), ribulose phosphate 3-epimerase (RPE), ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (RPI), and ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) were structurally characterized. Crystallography revealed insights into the overall structure, protein oligomeric states and molecular details of active sites important for ligand recognition. Literature and molecular modeling suggested potential inhibitors and druggability. The targets were further studied with vivoPMO to interrupt enzyme synthesis, identifying the targets as potentially important to parasitic replication and, therefore, of therapeutic interest. Targeted vivoPMO resulted in statistically significant perturbation of parasite replication without concomitant host cell toxicity, consistent with a previous CRISPR/Cas9 screen showing PGM, RPE, and RPI contribute to parasite fitness. PGM, RPE, and RPI have the greatest promise for affecting replication in tachyzoites. These targets are shared between other medically important parasites and may have wider therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Lykins
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ekaterina V. Filippova
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Andrei S. Halavaty
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - George Minasov
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ievgeniia Dubrovska
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kristin J. Flores
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ludmilla A. Shuvalova
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jiapeng Ruan
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kamal El Bissati
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sarah Dovgin
- Illinois Math and Science Academy, Aurora, IL, United States
| | - Craig W. Roberts
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Woods
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hong Moulton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Martin J. McPhillie
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P. Muench
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Colin W. G. Fishwick
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabetta Sabini
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - David S. Roos
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rima McLeod
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), Institute of Genomics, Genetics, and Systems Biology, Global Health Center, Toxoplasmosis Center, CHeSS, The College, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Wayne F. Anderson
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Huân M. Ngô
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- BrainMicro LLC, New Haven, CT, United States
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Tu V, Yakubu R, Weiss LM. Observations on bradyzoite biology. Microbes Infect 2018; 20:466-476. [PMID: 29287987 PMCID: PMC6019562 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tachyzoites of the Apicomplexan Toxoplasma gondii cause acute infection, disseminate widely in their host, and eventually differentiate into a latent encysted form called bradyzoites that are found within tissue cysts. During latent infection, whenever transformation to tachyzoites occurs, any tachyzoites that develop are removed by the immune system. In contrast, cysts containing bradyzoites are sequestered from the immune system. In the absence of an effective immune response released organisms that differentiate into tachyzoites cause acute infection. Tissue cysts, therefore, serve as a reservoir for the reactivation of toxoplasmosis when the host becomes immunocompromised by conditions such as HIV infection, organ transplantation, or due to the impaired immune response that occurs when pathogens are acquired in utero. While tachyzoites and bradyzoites are well defined morphologically, there is no clear consensus on how interconversion occurs or what exact signal(s) mediate this transformation. Advances in research methods have facilitated studies on T. gondii bradyzoites providing important new insights into the biology of latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Tu
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rama Yakubu
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Louis M Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Dutta S, Tewari A, Balaji C, Verma R, Moitra A, Yadav M, Agrawal P, Sahal D, Jarori GK. Strain-transcending neutralization of malaria parasite by antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum enolase. Malar J 2018; 17:304. [PMID: 30126436 PMCID: PMC6102825 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium enolase is a target for the growth neutralizing antibodies. Interestingly, the three invasive stages i.e. sporozoites, merozoites, and ookinetes express this protein on their cell surface. Polyclonal anti-Plasmodium falciparum enolase (Pfeno) antibodies disrupt traversal of ookinete through mosquito mid-gut wall as well as have inhibitory effect on parasite growth at erythrocytic stage. In a recent study, it was observed that immunization with a unique epitope of parasite enolase (EWGWS) could confer partial protection against mouse malaria. Further validation is needed for the protective potential of this unique epitope in otherwise highly conserved enolase. Methods In order to investigate the efficacy of growth inhibitory potential of the epitope of P falciparum enolase, a monoclonal antibody specific to EWGWS is generated. In vitro parasite growth inhibition assays and passive immunization of Plasmodium yoelii (or Plasmodium berghei) infected mice were used to assess the parasite growth neutralizing activity of the antibody. Results Screening a panel of monoclonal antibodies raised against recombinant Pfeno that were specific to EWGWS resulted in isolation of H12E1. This antibody recognized only EWGWS epitope containing enolases. H12E1 strongly inhibited parasite growth in culture. This inhibition was strain transcending. Passive infusion of this antibody in P. yoelii or P. berghei infected mice showed significant reduction in parasitemia as compared to controls (p < 0.001). Surface Plasmon Resonance measurements indicated high affinity binding of H12E1 to P. falciparum enolase (KD ~ 7.6 × 10−9M). Conclusions A monoclonal antibody directed against EWGWS epitope of Pfeno was shown to inhibit the growth of blood stage malarial parasites. This inhibition was species/strain transcending and is likely to arise due to blockade of enolase on the surface of merozoites, functionally implicating Pfeno in invasion related events. Presence of enolase on the cell surface of merozoites and ookinetes could potentially result in inhibition of host cell invasions at erythrocytic and transmission stages in the parasite life cycle. It is suggested that antibodies against EWGWS epitope have the potential to confer dual stage, species and strain transcending protection against malaria. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2455-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Dutta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, India.,Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Aneesha Tewari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, India.,Department of Biology, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Boston, USA
| | - Chinthapalli Balaji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, India
| | - Reena Verma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, India
| | - Anasuya Moitra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, India
| | - Mamta Yadav
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asif Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Prakhar Agrawal
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asif Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Dinkar Sahal
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asif Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Gotam K Jarori
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, India.
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Shu B, Cao J, Kuang G, Qiu J, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Wang M, Li X, Kang S, Ou TM, Tan JH, Huang ZS, Li D. Syntheses and evaluation of new acridone derivatives for selective binding of oncogene c-myc promoter i-motifs in gene transcriptional regulation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:2036-2039. [PMID: 29411851 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc00328a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized a series of acridone derivatives for specific binding ligands of i-motifs. Subsequent evaluations showed that B19 could selectively bind to and stabilize the c-myc promoter i-motif without significant binding to the G-quadruplex and duplex DNA. This caused down-regulation of c-myc transcription and expression, resulting in tumor cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Shu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou University City, 132 Waihuan East Road, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
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Copado JAÁ, Sandoval RZ, Castellanos AD, Padilla-Vaca F, Franco B. A protein complex bearing an oxidase with napthalene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase activity is induced in Mucor circinelloides strain YR-1 during growth on polycyclic aromatic compounds. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2017; 111:297-309. [PMID: 28975438 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-017-0950-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are organisms capable of growing in a myriad of conditions and respond to counteract environmental cues. Several locations in the world are polluted with oil and its derivatives, and some microorganisms tolerant to these compounds have been isolated. Some fungi can grow in the presence of molecules such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as sole carbon sources. In this report, we further characterized the induced enzymes with phenanthrene from Mucor circinelloides YR-1 strain, isolated from a polluted field near a petrochemical facility in México. We identified a putative oxidase that is induced when growth with phenanthrene as sole carbon source at a pH of 8.5 and is NADP+ dependent. We show that this enzyme bears naphthalene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase activity with substrate preference for the cis-naphthalene over the trans-naphthalene, with an optimal pH in the range of 8-10. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the induced enzyme belongs to the NADP+ oxidase family enzymes with the typical Rossmann-fold for NADP+ binding. This enzyme seems to form a high molecular weight structure (~ 541 kDa) and with a monomer of 57 kDa, suggesting that the multimer is constituted of 10 subunits. Our findings contribute to understanding of the roles that dihydrodiol dehydrogenases have in organisms exposed to toxic compounds in the environment and can regulate their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmín Areli Álvarez Copado
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, 36050, Guanajuato, GTO, Mexico
| | - Roberto Zazueta Sandoval
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, 36050, Guanajuato, GTO, Mexico
| | - Areli Durón Castellanos
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, 36050, Guanajuato, GTO, Mexico
| | - Felipe Padilla-Vaca
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, 36050, Guanajuato, GTO, Mexico
| | - Bernardo Franco
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, 36050, Guanajuato, GTO, Mexico.
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Dutta S, Moitra A, Mukherjee D, Jarori GK. Functions of tryptophan residues in EWGWS insert of Plasmodium falciparum enolase. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:892-904. [PMID: 28680804 PMCID: PMC5494301 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum enolase (Pfeno) is a dimeric enzyme with multiple moonlighting functions. This enzyme is thus a potential target for anti-malarial treatments. A unique feature of Pfeno is the presence of a pentapeptide insert 104 EWGWS 108. The functional role of tryptophan residues in this insert was investigated using site-directed mutagenesis. Replacement of these two Trp residues with alanines (or lysines) resulted in a near complete loss of enolase activity and dissociation of the normal dimeric form into monomers. Molecular modeling indicated that 340R forms π-cation bonds with the aromatic rings of 105W and 46Y. Mutation induced changes in the interactions among these three residues were presumably relayed to the inter-subunit interface via a coil formed by 46Y : 59Y, resulting in the disruption of a salt bridge between 11R : 425E and a π-cation interaction between 11R : 59Y. This led to a drop of ~ 4 kcal·mole-1 in the inter-subunit docking energy in the mutant, causing a ~ 103 fold decrease in affinity. Partial restoration of the inter-subunit interactions led to reformation of dimers and also restored a significant fraction of the lost enzyme activity. These results suggested that the perturbations in the conformation of the surface loop containing the insert sequence were relayed to the interface region, causing dimer dissociation that, in turn, disrupted the enzyme's active site. Since Plasmodium enolase is a moonlighting protein with multiple parasite-specific functions, it is likely that these functions may map on to the highly conserved unique insert region of this protein. ENZYMES Enolase(EC4.2.1.11).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Dutta
- Department of Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai India.,Present address: T. H. Chan School of Public Health Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Harvard University Boston MA USA
| | - Anasuya Moitra
- Department of Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai India
| | - Debanjan Mukherjee
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa Portugal
| | - Gotam K Jarori
- Department of Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai India
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Liu X, Zheng C, Gao X, Chen J, Zheng K. Complete Molecular and Immunoprotective Characterization of Babesia microti Enolase. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:622. [PMID: 28443086 PMCID: PMC5387042 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The apicomplexan Babesia microti is the primary causative agent of human babesiosis, one of the most broadly distributed tick-borne diseases worldwide. B. microti undergoes a complex lifecycle within both the mammalian host and the tick vector, and employs several different specific molecular mechanisms to enter host cells. Enolase, the key glycolytic enzyme in intracellular glucose metabolism, can also be expressed on the parasite’s outer surface, binds to human plasminogen, and coordinates apicomplexan parasite invasion of host cells, however, it lacks sorting sequences or lipoprotein anchor sites. In the present study, we isolated the coding gene of B. microti enolase (BmEno), expressed it within E. coli and purified the recombinant BmEno protein (rBmEno). Consequently, we confirmed cytoplasmic and surface localization of BmEno via immunofluorescence, and demonstrated that rBmEno catalyzes the dehydration of 2-phospho-D-glycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate. Moreover, our results showed that rBmEno binds to human plasminogen, and that the lysine analog ε-aminocaproic acid significantly inhibited this binding. Furthermore plasminogen bound to rBmEno converts to active plasmin. Additionally, actively immunizing mice with rBmEno could evoke a partial protective immunity against B. microti infection following challenge. In conclusion, B. microti enolase is a multifunctional cytoplasmic protein which is also expressed at the parasitic outer surface, facilitates binding to host plasminogen, and could partially protect hosts against parasite infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangye Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, China
| | - Chen Zheng
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoge Gao
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, China
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health of China, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and FilariasisShanghai, China
| | - Kuiyang Zheng
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, China
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Mutlu O, Yakarsonmez S, Sariyer E, Danis O, Yuce-Dursun B, Topuzogullari M, Akbulut E, Turgut-Balik D. Comprehensive structural analysis of the open and closed conformations of Theileria annulata enolase by molecular modelling and docking. Comput Biol Chem 2016; 64:134-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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