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Pippione AC, Kovachka S, Vigato C, Bertarini L, Mannella I, Sainas S, Rolando B, Denasio E, Piercy-Mycock H, Romalho L, Salladini E, Adinolfi S, Zonari D, Peraldo-Neia C, Chiorino G, Passoni A, Mirza OA, Frydenvang K, Pors K, Lolli ML, Spyrakis F, Oliaro-Bosso S, Boschi D. Structure-guided optimization of 3-hydroxybenzoisoxazole derivatives as inhibitors of Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) to target prostate cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116193. [PMID: 38364714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
AKR1C3 is an enzyme that is overexpressed in several types of radiotherapy- and chemotherapy-resistant cancers. Despite AKR1C3 is a validated target for drug development, no inhibitor has been approved for clinical use. In this manuscript, we describe our study of a new series of potent AKR1C3-targeting 3-hydroxybenzoisoxazole based inhibitors that display high selectivity over the AKR1C2 isoform and low micromolar activity in inhibiting 22Rv1 prostate cancer cell proliferation. In silico studies suggested proper substituents to increase compound potency and provided with a mechanistic explanation that could clarify their different activity, later confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Both the in-silico studies and the crystallographic data highlight the importance of 90° rotation around the single bond of the biphenyl group, in ensuring that the inhibitor can adopt the optimal binding mode within the active pocket. The p-biphenyls that bear the meta-methoxy, and the ortho- and meta-trifluoromethyl substituents (in compounds 6a, 6e and 6f respectively) proved to be the best contributors to cellular potency as they provided the best IC50 values in series (2.3, 2.0 and 2.4 μM respectively) and showed no toxicity towards human MRC-5 cells. Co-treatment with scalar dilutions of either compound 6 or 6e and the clinically used drug abiraterone led to a significant reduction in cell proliferation, and thus confirmed that treatment with both CYP171A1-and AKR1C3-targeting compounds possess the potential to intervene in key steps in the steroidogenic pathway. Taken together, the novel compounds display desirable biochemical potency and cellular target inhibition as well as good in-vitro ADME properties, which highlight their potential for further preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Chiara Pippione
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Sandra Kovachka
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy; The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Chiara Vigato
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Bertarini
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy; Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Iole Mannella
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Sainas
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Rolando
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrica Denasio
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Helen Piercy-Mycock
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Linda Romalho
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Edoardo Salladini
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Salvatore Adinolfi
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Daniele Zonari
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Caterina Peraldo-Neia
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, via Malta 3, 13900, Biella, Italy
| | - Giovanna Chiorino
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia, via Malta 3, 13900, Biella, Italy
| | - Alice Passoni
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Osman Asghar Mirza
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karla Frydenvang
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Pors
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Marco Lucio Lolli
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Spyrakis
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Simonetta Oliaro-Bosso
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Donatella Boschi
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Turin, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy.
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Aloor LJ, Skariyachan S, Raghavamenon AC, Kumar KM, Narayanappa R, Uttarkar A, Niranjan V, Cherian T. BRCA1/TP53 tumor proteins inhibited by novel analogues of curcumin - Insight from computational modelling, dynamic simulation and experimental validation. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126989. [PMID: 37739292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to design novel curcumin analogue inhibitors with antiproliferative and antitumor activity towards BRCA1 and TP53 tumor proteins and to study their therapeutic potential by computer-aided molecular designing and experimental investigations. Four curcumin analogues were computationally designed and their drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties were predicted. The binding of these analogues against six protein targets belonging to BRCA1 and TP53 tumor proteins were modelled by molecular docking and their binding energies were compared with that of curcumin and the standard drug cyclophosphamide and its validated target. The stabilities of selected docked complexes were confirmed by molecular dynamic simulation (MDS) and MMGBSA calculations. The best-docked analogue was chemically synthesized, characterized, and used for in vitro cytotoxic screening using DLA, EAC, and C127I cell lines. In vivo antitumor studies were carried out in Swiss Albino Mice. The study revealed that the designed analogues satisfied drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties and demonstrated better binding affinity to the selected targets than curcumin. Among the analogues, NLH demonstrated significant interaction with the BRCA1-BRCT-c domain (TG3; binding energy -8.3 kcal/mol) when compared to the interaction of curcumin (binding energy -6.19 kcal) and cyclophosphamide (binding energy -3.8 kcal/mol) and its usual substrate (TG7). The MDS and MM/GBSA studies revealed that the binding free energy of the NLH-TG3 complex (-61.24 kcal/mol) was better when compared to that of the cyclophosphamide-TG7 complex (-21.67 kcal/mol). In vitro, cytotoxic studies showed that NLH demonstrated significant antiproliferative activities against tumor cell lines. The in vivo study depicted NLH possesses the potential for tumor inhibition. Thus, the newly synthesized curcumin analogue is probably used to develop novel therapeutic agents against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovely Jacob Aloor
- Department of Chemistry, Little Flower College, Guruvayoor, Kerala, India; Post Graduate & Research Department of Chemistry, Christ College (Autonomous), Irinjalakuda, Kerala, India
| | - Sinosh Skariyachan
- Department of Microbiology, St. Pius X College, Rajapuram, Kerala, India.
| | | | - Kalavathi Murugan Kumar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Pondicherry University, Chinna Kalapet, Kalapet, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajeswari Narayanappa
- Department of Biotechnology, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Akshay Uttarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, RV College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vidya Niranjan
- Department of Biotechnology, RV College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Tom Cherian
- Post Graduate & Research Department of Chemistry, Christ College (Autonomous), Irinjalakuda, Kerala, India.
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Jamrozik M, Piska K, Bucki A, Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk P, Sapa M, Władyka B, Pękala E, Kołaczkowski M. In Silico and In Vitro Assessment of Carbonyl Reductase 1 Inhibition Using ASP9521-A Potent Aldo-Keto Reductase 1C3 Inhibitor with the Potential to Support Anticancer Therapy Using Anthracycline Antibiotics. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093767. [PMID: 37175180 PMCID: PMC10180078 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthracycline antibiotics (ANT) are among the most widely used anticancer drugs. Unfortunately, their use is limited due to the development of drug resistance and cardiotoxicity. ANT metabolism, performed mainly by two enzymes-aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) and carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1)-is one of the proposed mechanisms generated by the described effects. In this study, we evaluated the CBR1 inhibitory properties of ASP9521, a compound already known as potent AKR1C3 inhibitor. First, we assessed the possibility of ASP9521 binding to the CBR1 catalytic site using molecular docking and molecular dynamics. The research revealed a potential binding mode of ASP9521. Moderate inhibitory activity against CBR1 was observed in studies with recombinant enzymes. Finally, we examined whether ASP9521 can improve the cytotoxic activity of daunorubicin against human lung carcinoma cell line A549 and assessed the cardioprotective properties of ASP9521 in a rat cardiomyocytes model (H9c2) against doxorubicin- and daunorubicin-induced toxicity. The addition of ASP9521 ameliorated the cytotoxic activity of daunorubicin and protected rat cardiomyocytes from the cytotoxic effect of both applied drugs. Considering the favorable bioavailability and safety profile of ASP9521, the obtained results encourage further research. Inhibition of both AKR1C3 and CBR1 may be a promising method of overcoming ANT resistance and cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Jamrozik
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St, 31-008 Cracow, Poland
| | - Kamil Piska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St, 31-008 Cracow, Poland
| | - Adam Bucki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St, 31-008 Cracow, Poland
| | - Paulina Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St, 31-008 Cracow, Poland
| | - Michał Sapa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St, 31-008 Cracow, Poland
| | - Benedykt Władyka
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7 St, 31-007 Cracow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St, 31-008 Cracow, Poland
| | - Marcin Kołaczkowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 St, 31-008 Cracow, Poland
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Pippione AC, Kilic-Kurt Z, Kovachka S, Sainas S, Rolando B, Denasio E, Pors K, Adinolfi S, Zonari D, Bagnati R, Lolli ML, Spyrakis F, Oliaro-Bosso S, Boschi D. New aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) inhibitors based on the hydroxytriazole scaffold. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 237:114366. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Saeed M, Ashraf S, Alsanosi R, Alhazmi HA, AlBratty M, Najmi A, Khalid A, Ul-Haq Z. Exploring the Molecular Mechanisms of 17β-HSD5-induced Carcinogenicity of Catha edulis via Molecular Modeling Approach. Med Chem 2020; 17:418-428. [PMID: 33019937 DOI: 10.2174/1573406416666201005142522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tradition of khat chewing has been deep-rooted in the African and Arabian Peninsula for centuries. Due to its amphetamine-like psycho-stimulant or euphoric effect, khat has been used by millions in Somalia, Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The long-term use of khat can induce many major health outcomes, which may be serious and irreversible. OBJECTIVE Prolonged use of khat constituents has been associated with different types of cancers such as prostatic, breast and ovarian cancer. However, it has been very difficult to identify the molecular targets involved in khat carcinogenesis that interact with the Khat constituents by in vitro/in vivo experimental tools. METHODS In silico tools were used to predict potential targets involved in the carcinogenesis of khat. Pass on-line prediction server was used for the prediction of a potential molecular target for khat constituents. Molecular Dynamics simulation and MM-GBSA calculation of the predicted target were carried out. RESULTS Molecular Dynamics simulation and MM-GBSA calculation revealed that among khat constituents, β-sitosterol showed a high binding affinity towards 17β-HSD5. On the other hand, this study highlights for the first time some new interactions, which were observed in the case of cathine, cathinone and nerol during the simulation. CONCLUSION In silico molecular dynamic simulation tools were used for the first time to investigate the molecular mechanism of widely used leaves of psychoactive khat (Catha edulis) constituent. The present study provides deep insight to understand the effect of khat constituents involved in the impairment of the reproductive system and its binding to 17β-HSD5. ADMET profiling also suggested that few khat constituents do not fulfill the requirements of the Lipinski rule of five i.e. poor absorption and blood-brain barrier impermeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Saeed
- Dr. Pajwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Sajda Ashraf
- Dr. Pajwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Rashad Alsanosi
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Postal Code: 45142, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed AlBratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Postal Code: 45142, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaheer Ul-Haq
- Dr. Pajwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, ICCBS, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
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Screening, synthesis, crystal structure, and molecular basis of 6-amino-4-phenyl-1,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-5-carbonitriles as novel AKR1C3 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5934-5943. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Plavša JJ, Řezáčová P, Kugler M, Pachl P, Brynda J, Voburka Z, Ćelić A, Petri ET, Škerlová J. In situ proteolysis of an N-terminal His tag with thrombin improves the diffraction quality of human aldo-keto reductase 1C3 crystals. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2018; 74:300-306. [PMID: 29717998 PMCID: PMC5931143 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x18005721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) stereospecifically reduces steroids and prostaglandins and is involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics. Its role in various cancers makes it a potential therapeutic target for the development of inhibitors. Recombinant AKR1C3 with a thrombin-cleavable N-terminal His6 tag was expressed from a pET-28(+) vector for structural studies of enzyme-inhibitor complexes. A modified in situ proteolysis approach was applied to specifically remove the His tag by thrombin cleavage during crystallization screening trials. This improved the morphology and diffraction quality of the crystals and allowed the acquisition of high-resolution diffraction data and structure solution. This approach may be generally applicable to other proteins expressed using the pET-28(+) vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana J. Plavša
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Pavlína Řezáčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Kugler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pachl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Brynda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Voburka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anđelka Ćelić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Edward T. Petri
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jana Škerlová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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Potent and selective aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) inhibitors based on the benzoisoxazole moiety: application of a bioisosteric scaffold hopping approach to flufenamic acid. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 150:930-945. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Endo S, Takada S, Honda RP, Müller K, Weishaupt JH, Andersen PM, Ludolph AC, Kamatari YO, Matsunaga T, Kuwata K, El-Kabbani O, Ikari A. Instability of C154Y variant of aldo-keto reductase 1C3. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 276:194-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Manenda MS, Hamel CJ, Masselot-Joubert L, Picard MÈ, Shi R. Androgen-metabolizing enzymes: A structural perspective. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 161:54-72. [PMID: 26924584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Androgen-metabolizing enzymes convert cholesterol, a relatively inert molecule, into some of the most potent chemical messengers in vertebrates. This conversion involves thermodynamically challenging reactions catalyzed by P450 enzymes and redox reactions catalyzed by Aldo-Keto Reductases (AKRs). This review covers the structures of these enzymes with a focus on active site interactions and proposed mechanisms. Due to their role in a number of diseases, particularly in cancer, androgen-metabolizing enzymes have been targets of drug design. Hence we will also highlight how existing knowledge of structure is being used to this end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahder Seifu Manenda
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Charles Jérémie Hamel
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Loreleï Masselot-Joubert
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Picard
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rong Shi
- Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-informatique, PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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