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Abstract
Nanostructured titanium compounds have recently been applied in the design of gas sensors. Among titanium compounds, titanium oxides (TiO2) are the most frequently used in gas sensing devices. Therefore, in this review, we are paying significant attention to the variety of allotropic modifications of titanium oxides, which include anatase, rutile, brukite. Very recently, the applicability of non-stoichiometric titanium oxide (TiO2−x)-based layers for the design of gas sensors was demonstrated. For this reason, in this review, we are addressing some research related to the formation of non-stoichiometric titanium oxide (TiO2−x) and Magnéli phase (TinO2n−1)-based layers suitable for sensor design. The most promising titanium compounds and hetero- and nano-structures based on these compounds are discussed. It is also outlined that during the past decade, many new strategies for the synthesis of TiO2 and conducting polymer-based composite materials were developed, which have found some specific application areas. Therefore, in this review, we are highlighting how specific formation methods, which can be used for the formation of TiO2 and conducting polymer composites, can be applied to tune composite characteristics that are leading towards advanced applications in these specific technological fields. The possibility to tune the sensitivity and selectivity of titanium compound-based sensing layers is addressed. In this review, some other recent reviews related to the development of sensors based on titanium oxides are overviewed. Some designs of titanium-based nanomaterials used for the development of sensors are outlined.
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Ramanavicius S, Ramanavicius A. Insights in the Application of Stoichiometric and Non-Stoichiometric Titanium Oxides for the Design of Sensors for the Determination of Gases and VOCs (TiO 2-x and Ti nO 2n-1 vs. TiO 2). SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6833. [PMID: 33260465 PMCID: PMC7730008 DOI: 10.3390/s20236833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review article, attention is paid towards the formation of various nanostructured stoichiometric titanium dioxide (TiO2), non-stoichiometric titanium oxide (TiO2-x) and Magnéli phase (TinO2n-1)-based layers, which are suitable for the application in gas and volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors. Some aspects related to variation of sensitivity and selectivity of titanium oxide-based sensors are critically overviewed and discussed. The most promising titanium oxide-based hetero- and nano-structures are outlined. Recent research and many recently available reviews on TiO2-based sensors and some TiO2 synthesis methods are discussed. Some promising directions for the development of TiO2-based sensors, especially those that are capable to operate at relatively low temperatures, are outlined. The applicability of non-stoichiometric titanium oxides in the development of gas and VOC sensors is foreseen and transitions between various titanium oxide states are discussed. The presence of non-stoichiometric titanium oxide and Magnéli phase (TinO2n-1)-based layers in 'self-heating' sensors is predicted, and the advantages and limitations of 'self-heating' gas and VOC sensors, based on TiO2 and TiO2-x/TiO2 heterostructures, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonas Ramanavicius
- Department of Electrochemical Material Science, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Sauletekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Ramanavicius S, Tereshchenko A, Karpicz R, Ratautaite V, Bubniene U, Maneikis A, Jagminas A, Ramanavicius A. TiO 2-x/TiO 2-Structure Based 'Self-Heated' Sensor for the Determination of Some Reducing Gases. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 20:E74. [PMID: 31877794 PMCID: PMC6982824 DOI: 10.3390/s20010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this research we report the gas-sensing properties of TiO2-x/TiO2-based hetero-structure, which was 'self-heated' by current that at constant potential passed through the structure. Amperometric measurements were applied for the evaluation of sensor response towards ethanol, methanol, n-propanol and acetone gases/vapours. The sensitivity towards these gases was based on electrical resistance changes, which were determined by amperometric measurements of current at fixed voltage applied between Pt-based contacts/electrodes deposited on the TiO2-x/TiO2-based layer. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the formation of TiO2-x/TiO2-based hetero-structure, which is mainly based on Ti3O5/TiO2 formed during the hydro-thermal oxidation-based sensing-layer preparation process. Additionally, photoluminescence and time-resolved photoluminescence decay kinetics-based signals of this sensing structure revealed the presence of TiO2 mainly in the anatase phase in the TiO2-x/TiO2-based hetero-structure, which was formed at 400 °C annealing temperature. The evaluation of TiO2-x/TiO2-based gas-sensing layer was performed at several different temperatures (25 °C, 72 °C, 150 °C, 180 °C) and at these temperatures different sensitivity to the aforementioned gaseous materials was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonas Ramanavicius
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (S.R.); (R.K.); (V.R.); (U.B.); (A.M.); (A.J.)
| | - Alla Tereshchenko
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Information Technologies, Odesa National I.I. Mechnikov University, Pastera 42, 65023 Odesa, Ukraine;
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Renata Karpicz
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (S.R.); (R.K.); (V.R.); (U.B.); (A.M.); (A.J.)
| | - Vilma Ratautaite
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (S.R.); (R.K.); (V.R.); (U.B.); (A.M.); (A.J.)
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Urte Bubniene
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (S.R.); (R.K.); (V.R.); (U.B.); (A.M.); (A.J.)
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Audrius Maneikis
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (S.R.); (R.K.); (V.R.); (U.B.); (A.M.); (A.J.)
| | - Arunas Jagminas
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (S.R.); (R.K.); (V.R.); (U.B.); (A.M.); (A.J.)
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (S.R.); (R.K.); (V.R.); (U.B.); (A.M.); (A.J.)
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
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