1
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Kang S, Lee S, Lee H, Kang YM. Manipulating disorder within cathodes of alkali-ion batteries. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:587-604. [PMID: 38956354 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00622-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The fact that ordered materials are rarely perfectly crystalline is widely acknowledged among materials scientists, but its impact is often overlooked or underestimated when studying how structure relates to properties. Various investigations demonstrate that intrinsic and extrinsic defects, and disorder generated by physicochemical reactions, are responsible for unexpectedly detrimental or beneficial functionalities. The task remains to modulate the disorder to produce desired properties in materials. As disorder is often correlated with local interactions, it is controllable. In this Review, we explore the structural disorder in cathode materials as a novel approach for improving their electrochemical performance. We revisit cathode materials for alkali-ion batteries and outline the origins and beneficial consequences of disorder. Focusing on layered, cubic rocksalt and other metal oxides, we discuss how disorder improves electrochemical properties of cathode materials and which interactions generate the disorder. We also present the potential pitfalls of disorder that must be considered. We conclude with perspectives for enhancing the electrochemical performance of cathode materials by using disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongkoo Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suwon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakwoo Lee
- Department of Battery-Smart Factory, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Mook Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Battery-Smart Factory, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Németh P, Garvie LAJ, Salzmann CG. Canyon Diablo lonsdaleite is a nanocomposite containing c/h stacking disordered diamond and diaphite. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2023; 381:20220344. [PMID: 37691464 PMCID: PMC10493553 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
In 1967, a diamond polymorph was reported from hard, diamond-like grains of the Canyon Diablo iron meteorite and named lonsdaleite. This mineral was defined and identified by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) features that were indexed with a hexagonal unit cell. Since 1967, several natural and synthetic diamond-like materials with XRD data matching lonsdaleite have been reported and the name lonsdaleite was used interchangeably with hexagonal diamond. Its hexagonal structure was speculated to lead to physical properties superior to cubic diamond, and as such has stimulated attempts to synthesize lonsdaleite. Despite numerous reports, several recent studies have provided alternative explanations for the XRD, transmission electron microscopy and Raman data used to identify lonsdaleite. Here, we show that lonsdaleite from the Canyon Diablo diamond-like grains are a nanocomposite material dominated by subnanometre-scale cubic/hexagonal stacking disordered diamond and diaphite domains. These nanostructured elements are intimately intergrown, giving rise to structural features erroneously associated with h diamond. Our data suggest that the diffuse scattering in XRD and the hexagonal features in transmission electron microscopy images reported from various natural and laboratory-prepared samples that were previously used for lonsdaleite identification, in fact arise from cubic/hexagonal stacking disordered diamond and diaphite domains. This article is part of the theme issue 'Exploring the length scales, timescales and chemistry of challenging materials (Part 2)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Németh
- Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest 1112, Hungary
- University of Pannonia, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, Egyetem út 10, Veszprém 8200, Hungary
| | - Laurence A. J. Garvie
- Buseck Center for Meteorite Studies, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-6004, USA
| | - Christoph G. Salzmann
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
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3
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Terban MW, Billinge SJL. Structural Analysis of Molecular Materials Using the Pair Distribution Function. Chem Rev 2022; 122:1208-1272. [PMID: 34788012 PMCID: PMC8759070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This is a review of atomic pair distribution function (PDF) analysis as applied to the study of molecular materials. The PDF method is a powerful approach to study short- and intermediate-range order in materials on the nanoscale. It may be obtained from total scattering measurements using X-rays, neutrons, or electrons, and it provides structural details when defects, disorder, or structural ambiguities obscure their elucidation directly in reciprocal space. While its uses in the study of inorganic crystals, glasses, and nanomaterials have been recently highlighted, significant progress has also been made in its application to molecular materials such as carbons, pharmaceuticals, polymers, liquids, coordination compounds, composites, and more. Here, an overview of applications toward a wide variety of molecular compounds (organic and inorganic) and systems with molecular components is presented. We then present pedagogical descriptions and tips for further implementation. Successful utilization of the method requires an interdisciplinary consolidation of material preparation, high quality scattering experimentation, data processing, model formulation, and attentive scrutiny of the results. It is hoped that this article will provide a useful reference to practitioners for PDF applications in a wide realm of molecular sciences, and help new practitioners to get started with this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell W. Terban
- Max
Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Simon J. L. Billinge
- Department
of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Condensed
Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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4
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Sharif Z, Salzmann CG. Comparison of the phase transitions of high-pressure phases of ammonium fluoride and ice at ambient pressure. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:014502. [PMID: 34998346 DOI: 10.1063/5.0077419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The phase diagrams of water and ammonium fluoride (NH4F) display some interesting parallels. Several crystalline NH4F phases have isostructural ice counterparts and one of the famous anomalies of water, the fact that the liquid is denser than ice Ih, is also found for NH4F. Here, we investigate the phase transitions of the pressure-quenched high-pressure phases of NH4F upon heating at ambient pressure with x-ray diffraction and calorimetry, and we compare the results with the corresponding ices. NH4F II transforms to NH4F Isd, which is a stacking-disordered variant of the stable hexagonal NH4F Ih polymorph. Heating NH4F III gives a complex mixture of NH4F II and NH4F Isd, while some NH4F III remains initially. Complete conversion to NH4F Isd is achieved above ∼220 K. The NH4F II obtained from NH4F III persists to much higher temperatures compared to the corresponding pressure-quenched NH4F II. Quantification of the stacking disorder in NH4F Isd reveals a more sluggish conversion to NH4F Ih for NH4F Isd from NH4F III. In general, the presence of stress and strain in the samples appears to have pronounced effects on the phase transition temperatures. NH4F shows a complete lack of amorphous forms at low temperatures either upon low-temperature compression of NH4F Ih or heating NH4F III at ambient pressure. The amorphous forms of ice are often used to explain the anomalies of water. It will, therefore, be interesting to explore if liquid NH4F displays more water-like anomalies despite the apparent lack of amorphous forms at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Sharif
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph G Salzmann
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
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5
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Li H, Karina A, Ladd-Parada M, Späh A, Perakis F, Benmore C, Amann-Winkel K. Long-Range Structures of Amorphous Solid Water. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:13320-13328. [PMID: 34846876 PMCID: PMC8667042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
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High-energy X-ray
diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR) of amorphous solid water (ASW) were studied during
vapor deposition and the heating process. From the diffraction patterns,
the oxygen–oxygen pair distribution functions (PDFs) were calculated
up to the eighth coordination shell and an r = 23 Å. The PDF of ASW obtained both during vapor deposition
at 80 K as well as the subsequent heating are consistent with that
of low-density amorphous ice. The formation and temperature-induced
collapse of micropores were observed in the XRD data and in the FTIR
measurements, more specifically, in the OH stretch and the dangling
mode. Above 140 K, ASW crystallizes into a stacking disordered ice,
Isd. It is observed that the fourth, fifth, and sixth peaks
in the PDF, corresponding to structural arrangements between 8 and
12 Å, are the most sensitive to the onset of crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Li
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Aigerim Karina
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Marjorie Ladd-Parada
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Alexander Späh
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Fivos Perakis
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Chris Benmore
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Katrin Amann-Winkel
- Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
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6
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Simonov A, Goodwin AL. Designing disorder into crystalline materials. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:657-673. [PMID: 37127977 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-00228-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Crystals are a state of matter characterized by periodic order. Yet, crystalline materials can harbour disorder in many guises, such as non-repeating variations in composition, atom displacements, bonding arrangements, molecular orientations, conformations, charge states, orbital occupancies or magnetic structure. Disorder can sometimes be random but, more usually, it is correlated. Frontier research into disordered crystals now seeks to control and exploit the unusual patterns that persist within these correlated disordered states in order to access functional responses inaccessible to conventional crystals. In this Review, we survey the core design principles that guide targeted control over correlated disorder. We show how these principles - often informed by long-studied statistical mechanical models - can be applied across an unexpectedly broad range of materials, including organics, supramolecular assemblies, oxide ceramics and metal-organic frameworks. We conclude with a forward-looking discussion of the exciting link between disorder and function in responsive media, thermoelectrics and topological phases.
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7
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Del Rosso L, Celli M, Grazzi F, Catti M, Hansen TC, Fortes AD, Ulivi L. Cubic ice Ic without stacking defects obtained from ice XVII. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:663-668. [PMID: 32015533 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0606-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Amongst the more than 18 different forms of water ice, only the common hexagonal phase and the cubic phase are present in nature on Earth. Nonetheless, it is now widely recognized that all samples of 'cubic ice' discovered so far do not have a fully cubic crystal structure but instead are stacking-disordered forms of ice I (namely, ice Isd), which contain both hexagonal and cubic stacking sequences of hydrogen-bonded water molecules. Here, we describe a method to obtain large quantities of cubic ice Ic with high structural purity. Cubic ice Ic is formed by heating a powder of D2O ice XVII obtained from annealing of pristine C0 hydrate samples under dynamic vacuum. Neutron diffraction experiments performed on two different instruments and Raman spectroscopy measurements confirm the structural purity of the cubic ice, Ic. These findings contribute to a better understanding of ice I polymorphism and the existence of the two natural ice forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Del Rosso
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Nello Carrara', Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Milva Celli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Nello Carrara', Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Francesco Grazzi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Nello Carrara', Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Michele Catti
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | | | - A Dominic Fortes
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, UK
| | - Lorenzo Ulivi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Nello Carrara', Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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8
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Santos Rego J, de Koning M. Density-functional theory prediction of the elastic constants of ice Ih. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:084502. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5142710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Santos Rego
- Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, 13083-859, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurice de Koning
- Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, 13083-859, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Computing in Engineering and Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, 13083-861 São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Tanaka H, Yagasaki T, Matsumoto M. On the role of intermolecular vibrational motions for ice polymorphs. II. Atomic vibrational amplitudes and localization of phonons in ordered and disordered ices. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:074501. [PMID: 32087662 DOI: 10.1063/1.5139697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the vibrational amplitudes and the degree of the phonon localization in 19 ice forms, both crystalline and amorphous, by a quasi-harmonic approximation with a reliable classical intermolecular interaction model for water. The amplitude in the low pressure ices increases with compression, while the opposite trend is observed in the medium and high pressure ices. The amplitude of the oxygen atom does not differ from that of hydrogen in low pressure ices apart from the contribution from the zero-point vibrations. This is accounted for by the coherent but opposite phase motions in the mixed translational and rotational vibrations. A decoupling of translation-dominant and rotation-dominant motions significantly reduces the vibrational amplitudes in any ice form. The amplitudes in ice III are found to be much larger than any other crystalline ice form. In order to investigate the vibrational mode characteristics, the moment ratio of the atomic displacements for individual phonon modes, called the inverse participation ratio, is calculated and the degree of the phonon localization in crystalline and amorphous ices is discussed. It is found that the phonon modes in the hydrogen-ordered ice forms are remarkably spread over the entire crystal having propagative or diffusive characteristic, while many localized modes appear at the edges of the vibrational bands, called dissipative modes, in the hydrogen-disordered counterparts. The degree of localization is little pronounced in low density amorphous and high density amorphous due to disordering of oxygen atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Tanaka
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takuma Yagasaki
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Masakazu Matsumoto
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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10
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Murri M, Smith RL, McColl K, Hart M, Alvaro M, Jones AP, Németh P, Salzmann CG, Corà F, Domeneghetti MC, Nestola F, Sobolev NV, Vishnevsky SA, Logvinova AM, McMillan PF. Quantifying hexagonal stacking in diamond. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10334. [PMID: 31316094 PMCID: PMC6637244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46556-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Diamond is a material of immense technological importance and an ancient signifier for wealth and societal status. In geology, diamond forms as part of the deep carbon cycle and typically displays a highly ordered cubic crystal structure. Impact diamonds, however, often exhibit structural disorder in the form of complex combinations of cubic and hexagonal stacking motifs. The structural characterization of such diamonds remains a challenge. Here, impact diamonds from the Popigai crater were characterized with a range of techniques. Using the MCDIFFaX approach for analysing X-ray diffraction data, hexagonality indices up to 40% were found. The effects of increasing amounts of hexagonal stacking on the Raman spectra of diamond were investigated computationally and found to be in excellent agreement with trends in the experimental spectra. Electron microscopy revealed nanoscale twinning within the cubic diamond structure. Our analyses lead us to propose a systematic protocol for assigning specific hexagonality attributes to the mineral designated as lonsdaleite among natural and synthetic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Murri
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via A. Ferrata 1, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rachael L Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Kit McColl
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Martin Hart
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Matteo Alvaro
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via A. Ferrata 1, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Adrian P Jones
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, 5 Gower Place, London, WC1E 6BS, UK
| | - Péter Németh
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences-HAS, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Christoph G Salzmann
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Furio Corà
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
| | - Maria C Domeneghetti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via A. Ferrata 1, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Nestola
- Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, Via G. Gradenigo 6, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Nikolay V Sobolev
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Koptyug Ave. 3, Novosibirsk, 90630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, str. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Sergey A Vishnevsky
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Koptyug Ave. 3, Novosibirsk, 90630090, Russia
| | - Alla M Logvinova
- V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Koptyug Ave. 3, Novosibirsk, 90630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, str. Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Paul F McMillan
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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11
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Salzmann CG. Advances in the experimental exploration of water's phase diagram. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:060901. [PMID: 30770019 DOI: 10.1063/1.5085163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Water's phase diagram displays enormous complexity with currently 17 experimentally confirmed polymorphs of ice and several more predicted computationally. For almost 120 years, it has been a stomping ground for scientific discovery, and ice research has often been a trailblazer for investigations into a wide range of materials-related phenomena. Here, the experimental progress of the last couple of years is reviewed, and open questions as well as future challenges are discussed. The specific topics include (i) the polytypism and stacking disorder of ice I, (ii) the mechanism of the pressure amorphization of ice I, (iii) the emptying of gas-filled clathrate hydrates to give new low-density ice polymorphs, (iv) the effects of acid/base doping on hydrogen-ordering phase transitions as well as (v) the formation of solid solutions between salts and the ice polymorphs, and the effect this has on the appearance of the phase diagram. In addition to continuing efforts to push the boundaries in terms of the extremes of pressure and temperature, the exploration of the "chemical" dimensions of ice research appears to now be a newly emerging trend. It is without question that ice research has entered a very exciting era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph G Salzmann
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
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12
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Fortes AD. Structural manifestation of partial proton ordering and defect mobility in ice Ih. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:8264-8274. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01234f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High precision lattice-parameter measurements provide a potential roadmap to producing partially-ordered states of water ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. D. Fortes
- ISIS Neutron & Muon Spallation Source
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Harwell Science and Innovation Campus
- Chilton
- UK
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