1
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Horwath JP, Lin XM, He H, Zhang Q, Dufresne EM, Chu M, Sankaranarayanan SKRS, Chen W, Narayanan S, Cherukara MJ. AI-NERD: Elucidation of relaxation dynamics beyond equilibrium through AI-informed X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5945. [PMID: 39009571 PMCID: PMC11251071 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49381-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding and interpreting dynamics of functional materials in situ is a grand challenge in physics and materials science due to the difficulty of experimentally probing materials at varied length and time scales. X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) is uniquely well-suited for characterizing materials dynamics over wide-ranging time scales. However, spatial and temporal heterogeneity in material behavior can make interpretation of experimental XPCS data difficult. In this work, we have developed an unsupervised deep learning (DL) framework for automated classification of relaxation dynamics from experimental data without requiring any prior physical knowledge of the system. We demonstrate how this method can be used to accelerate exploration of large datasets to identify samples of interest, and we apply this approach to directly correlate microscopic dynamics with macroscopic properties of a model system. Importantly, this DL framework is material and process agnostic, marking a concrete step towards autonomous materials discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Horwath
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Xiao-Min Lin
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Hongrui He
- Materials Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Qingteng Zhang
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Eric M Dufresne
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Miaoqi Chu
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Subramanian K R S Sankaranarayanan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Materials Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Suresh Narayanan
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
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2
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Ekeberg T. Introduction to the virtual collection of papers on Artificial neural networks: applications in X-ray photon science and crystallography. J Appl Crystallogr 2024; 57:1-2. [PMID: 38322721 PMCID: PMC10840311 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576723010476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Artificial intelligence is more present than ever, both in our society in general and in science. At the center of this development has been the concept of deep learning, the use of artificial neural networks that are many layers deep and can often reproduce human-like behavior much better than other machine-learning techniques. The articles in this collection are some recent examples of its application for X-ray photon science and crystallography that have been published in Journal of Applied Crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Ekeberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Anthuparambil ND, Girelli A, Timmermann S, Kowalski M, Akhundzadeh MS, Retzbach S, Senft MD, Dargasz M, Gutmüller D, Hiremath A, Moron M, Öztürk Ö, Poggemann HF, Ragulskaya A, Begam N, Tosson A, Paulus M, Westermeier F, Zhang F, Sprung M, Schreiber F, Gutt C. Exploring non-equilibrium processes and spatio-temporal scaling laws in heated egg yolk using coherent X-rays. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5580. [PMID: 37696830 PMCID: PMC10495384 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The soft-grainy microstructure of cooked egg yolk is the result of a series of out-of-equilibrium processes of its protein-lipid contents; however, it is unclear how egg yolk constituents contribute to these processes to create the desired microstructure. By employing X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy, we investigate the functional contribution of egg yolk constituents: proteins, low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), and yolk-granules to the development of grainy-gel microstructure and microscopic dynamics during cooking. We find that the viscosity of the heated egg yolk is solely determined by the degree of protein gelation, whereas the grainy-gel microstructure is controlled by the extent of LDL aggregation. Overall, protein denaturation-aggregation-gelation and LDL-aggregation follows Arrhenius-type time-temperature superposition (TTS), indicating an identical mechanism with a temperature-dependent reaction rate. However, above 75 °C TTS breaks down and temperature-independent gelation dynamics is observed, demonstrating that the temperature can no longer accelerate certain non-equilibrium processes above a threshold value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimmi Das Anthuparambil
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department Physik, Universität Siegen, 57072, Siegen, Germany.
| | - Anita Girelli
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Marvin Kowalski
- Department Physik, Universität Siegen, 57072, Siegen, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Retzbach
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian D Senft
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Dennis Gutmüller
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anusha Hiremath
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Moron
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Özgül Öztürk
- Department Physik, Universität Siegen, 57072, Siegen, Germany
| | | | | | - Nafisa Begam
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Amir Tosson
- Department Physik, Universität Siegen, 57072, Siegen, Germany
| | - Michael Paulus
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Fabian Westermeier
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fajun Zhang
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Sprung
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Gutt
- Department Physik, Universität Siegen, 57072, Siegen, Germany.
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Ozgulbas DY, Jensen D, Butler R, Vescovi R, Foster IT, Irvin M, Nakaye Y, Chu M, Dufresne EM, Seifert S, Babnigg G, Ramanathan A, Zhang Q. Robotic pendant drop: containerless liquid for μs-resolved, AI-executable XPCS. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:196. [PMID: 37596264 PMCID: PMC10439219 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics and structure of mixed phases in a complex fluid can significantly impact its material properties, such as viscoelasticity. Small-angle X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (SA-XPCS) can probe the spontaneous spatial fluctuations of the mixed phases under various in situ environments over wide spatiotemporal ranges (10-6-103 s /10-10-10-6 m). Tailored material design, however, requires searching through a massive number of sample compositions and experimental parameters, which is beyond the bandwidth of the current coherent X-ray beamline. Using 3.7-μs-resolved XPCS synchronized with the clock frequency at the Advanced Photon Source, we demonstrated the consistency between the Brownian dynamics of ~100 nm diameter colloidal silica nanoparticles measured from an enclosed pendant drop and a sealed capillary. The electronic pipette can also be mounted on a robotic arm to access different stock solutions and create complex fluids with highly-repeatable and precisely controlled composition profiles. This closed-loop, AI-executable protocol is applicable to light scattering techniques regardless of the light wavelength and optical coherence, and is a first step towards high-throughput, autonomous material discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doga Yamac Ozgulbas
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Don Jensen
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Rory Butler
- Departement of Computer Science, University of Chicago, 5801 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Rafael Vescovi
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Ian T Foster
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Michael Irvin
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Yasukazu Nakaye
- XRD Design and Engineering Department, Rigaku Corporation 3-9-12 Matsubara-cho, Akishima-shi, Tokyo, 196-8666, Japan
| | - Miaoqi Chu
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Eric M Dufresne
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Soenke Seifert
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Gyorgy Babnigg
- Bioscience Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Arvind Ramanathan
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
| | - Qingteng Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
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Kneschaurek E, Hinderhofer A, Hofferberth B, Scheffczyk N, Pithan L, Zimmermann P, Merten L, Bertram F, Schreiber F. Compact sample environment for in situ X-ray scattering during spin-coating. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:063901. [PMID: 37862478 DOI: 10.1063/5.0149613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a compact sample environment for the in situ study of crystallization kinetics of thin films on synchrotron beamlines, featuring atmospheric control, automated deposition, spin-coating, and annealing stages. The setup is suitable for studying thin film growth in real time using grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction techniques. Humidity and oxygen levels are being detected by sensors. The spinning stage exhibits low vertical oscillation amplitude (∼3μm at speeds up to 10 000 rpm) and can optionally be employed for antisolvent application or gas quenching to investigate the impact of these techniques, which are often used to assist thin film growth. Differential reflectance spectroscopy is implemented in the spin-coater environment for inspecting thin film thickness and optical properties. The infrared radiation-based annealing system consists of a halogen lamp and a holder with an adjustable lamp-to-sample distance, while the sample surface temperature is monitored by a pyrometer. All features of the sample environment can be controlled remotely by the control software at synchrotron beamlines. In order to test and demonstrate the performance, the crystallization pathway of the antisolvent-assisted MAPbI3 (MA = methylammonium) perovskite thin film during the spinning and annealing stages is monitored and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bernd Hofferberth
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Niels Scheffczyk
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Linus Pithan
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paul Zimmermann
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lena Merten
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Bertram
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Hinderhofer A, Greco A, Starostin V, Munteanu V, Pithan L, Gerlach A, Schreiber F. Machine learning for scattering data: strategies, perspectives and applications to surface scattering. J Appl Crystallogr 2023; 56:3-11. [PMID: 36777139 PMCID: PMC9901926 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576722011566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) has received enormous attention in science and beyond. Discussed here are the status, opportunities, challenges and limitations of ML as applied to X-ray and neutron scattering techniques, with an emphasis on surface scattering. Typical strategies are outlined, as well as possible pitfalls. Applications to reflectometry and grazing-incidence scattering are critically discussed. Comment is also given on the availability of training and test data for ML applications, such as neural networks, and a large reflectivity data set is provided as reference data for the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hinderhofer
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany,Correspondence e-mail:
| | - Alessandro Greco
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Vladimir Starostin
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Valentin Munteanu
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Linus Pithan
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Gerlach
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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