1
|
Tierney GF, Alijani S, Panchal M, Decarolis D, Gutierrez MB, Mohammed KMH, Callison J, Gibson EK, Thompson PBJ, Collier P, Dimitratos N, Corbos EC, Pelletier F, Villa A, Wells PP. Controlling the Production of Acid Catalyzed Products of Furfural Hydrogenation by Pd/TiO
2. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George F. Tierney
- School of Chemistry University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
- UK Catalysis Hub Research Complex at Harwell Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell, Didcot OX11 0FA UK
| | - Shahram Alijani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Universitá degli Studi di Milano 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Monik Panchal
- UK Catalysis Hub Research Complex at Harwell Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell, Didcot OX11 0FA UK
- Department of Chemistry University College London London WC1H OAJ UK
| | - Donato Decarolis
- UK Catalysis Hub Research Complex at Harwell Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell, Didcot OX11 0FA UK
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute School of Chemistry Cardiff University Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | | | | | - June Callison
- UK Catalysis Hub Research Complex at Harwell Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell, Didcot OX11 0FA UK
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute School of Chemistry Cardiff University Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Emma K. Gibson
- School of Chemistry University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Paul B. J. Thompson
- BM28/XMaS UK CRG ESRF 38043 Grenoble France
- Oliver Lodge Laboratory Department of Physics University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZE UK
| | - Paul Collier
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre Sonning Common, Reading RG4 9NH UK
| | - Nikolaos Dimitratos
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari” Alma Mater Studiorum Universitá di Bologna 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - E. Crina Corbos
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre Sonning Common, Reading RG4 9NH UK
| | | | - Alberto Villa
- Dipartimento di Chimica Universitá degli Studi di Milano 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Peter P. Wells
- School of Chemistry University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
- UK Catalysis Hub Research Complex at Harwell Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell, Didcot OX11 0FA UK
- Diamond Light Source Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Chilton, Didcot OX11 0DE UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Malta G, Kondrat SA, Freakley SJ, Morgan DJ, Gibson EK, Wells PP, Aramini M, Gianolio D, Thompson PBJ, Johnston P, Hutchings GJ. In situ K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy of the ligand environment of single-site Au/C catalysts during acetylene hydrochlorination. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7040-7052. [PMID: 34122997 PMCID: PMC8159275 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02152k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The replacement of HgCl2/C with Au/C as a catalyst for acetylene hydrochlorination represents a significant reduction in the environmental impact of this industrial process. Under reaction conditions atomically dispersed cationic Au species are the catalytic active site, representing a large-scale application of heterogeneous single-site catalysts. While the metal nuclearity and oxidation state under operating conditions has been investigated in catalysts prepared from aqua regia and thiosulphate, limited studies have focused on the ligand environment surrounding the metal centre. We now report K-edge soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy of the Cl and S ligand species used to stabilise these isolated cationic Au centres in the harsh reaction conditions. We demonstrate the presence of three distinct Cl species in the materials; inorganic Cl-, Au-Cl, and C-Cl and how these species evolve during reaction. Direct evidence of Au-S interactions is confirmed in catalysts prepared using thiosulfate precursors which show high stability towards reduction to inactive metal nanoparticles. This stability was clear during gas switching experiments, where exposure to C2H2 alone did not dramatically alter the Au electronic structure and consequently did not deactivate the thiosulfate catalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Malta
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Simon A Kondrat
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Loughborough Leicestershire LE11 3TU UK
| | | | - David J Morgan
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Emma K Gibson
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow Joseph Black Building Glasgow G12 8QQ UK.,UK Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, RAL Oxford OX11 0FA UK
| | - Peter P Wells
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK.,Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Chilton Didcot OX11 0DE UK
| | - Matteo Aramini
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Chilton Didcot OX11 0DE UK
| | - Diego Gianolio
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Chilton Didcot OX11 0DE UK
| | - Paul B J Thompson
- XMaS, UK CRG, ESRF 71 Avenue des Martyrs 38043 Grenoble France.,Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Oliver Lodge Laboratory Liverpool L69 7ZE UK
| | - Peter Johnston
- Process Technologies, Johnson Matthey PLC Billingham TS23 1LB UK
| | - Graham J Hutchings
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rovezzi M, Harris A, Detlefs B, Bohdan T, Svyazhin A, Santambrogio A, Degler D, Baran R, Reynier B, Noguera Crespo P, Heyman C, Van Der Kleij HP, Van Vaerenbergh P, Marion P, Vitoux H, Lapras C, Verbeni R, Kocsis MM, Manceau A, Glatzel P. TEXS: in-vacuum tender X-ray emission spectrometer with 11 Johansson crystal analyzers. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:813-826. [PMID: 32381786 PMCID: PMC7285681 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752000243x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The design and first results of a large-solid-angle X-ray emission spectrometer that is optimized for energies between 1.5 keV and 5.5 keV are presented. The spectrometer is based on an array of 11 cylindrically bent Johansson crystal analyzers arranged in a non-dispersive Rowland circle geometry. The smallest achievable energy bandwidth is smaller than the core hole lifetime broadening of the absorption edges in this energy range. Energy scanning is achieved using an innovative design, maintaining the Rowland circle conditions for all crystals with only four motor motions. The entire spectrometer is encased in a high-vacuum chamber that allocates a liquid helium cryostat and provides sufficient space for in situ cells and operando catalysis reactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Rovezzi
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Irstea, Météo France, OSUG, FAME, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Blanka Detlefs
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Timothy Bohdan
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Artem Svyazhin
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
- M. N. Miheev Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620990 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Alessandro Santambrogio
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - David Degler
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Rafal Baran
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Benjamin Reynier
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Pedro Noguera Crespo
- Added Value Solutions (AVS), Pol. Ind. Sigma Xixilion Kalea 2, Bajo Pabellón 10, 20870 Elgoibar, Spain
| | | | - Hans-Peter Van Der Kleij
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Van Vaerenbergh
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Marion
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Hugo Vitoux
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Christophe Lapras
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Roberto Verbeni
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Menhard Menyhert Kocsis
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Alain Manceau
- ISTerre, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble, France
| | - Pieter Glatzel
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Beaumont SK. Soft XAS as an in situ technique for the study of heterogeneous catalysts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:18747-18756. [PMID: 32319477 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00657b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Soft X-ray absorption in situ studies of heterogeneous catalysts have been applied to areas such as copper methanol oxidation catalysts and cobalt Fischer-Tropsch type catalysts over a period of around two decades. The technique has the potential to offer several advantages for studying heterogeneous catalysts against hard X-ray XAS in: the systems that can be studied (includes elements such as C, N, O), the potential for surface sensitivity (crucial for catalysts, where reactions occur at surfaces) and the information content of the resulting spectra. Nevertheless, it is technically challenging and the necessary hardware has only been developed and evolved in a few specific groups worldwide. This perspective will introduce the technique in the context of other competing spectroscopies, summarise the development of hardware and the challenges that have been overcome in experimental terms, along with the outcome and impact on different fields within catalysis. Additionally, anticipated future trends and directions will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon K Beaumont
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Checchia S, Mulligan CJ, Emerich H, Alxneit I, Krumeich F, Di Michiel M, Thompson PBJ, Hii KKM, Ferri D, Newton MA. Pd-LaFeO 3 Catalysts in Aqueous Ethanol: Pd Reduction, Leaching, and Structural Transformations in the Presence of a Base. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Checchia
- ID15A, ESRF—The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue Des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- MAX-IV Laboratory, Lund University, Fotongatan 2, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christopher J. Mulligan
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Hermann Emerich
- Swiss−Norwegian Beamlines (SNBL), ESRF—The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue Des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ivo Alxneit
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Frank Krumeich
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg, 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Di Michiel
- ID15A, ESRF—The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue Des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Paul. B. J. Thompson
- XMaS UK CRG Beamline, ESRF—The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue Des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - King Kuok Mimi Hii
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 80, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Davide Ferri
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Mark A. Newton
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg, 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Thornber SM, Mottram LM, Mason AR, Thompson P, Stennett MC, Hyatt NC. Solubility, speciation and local environment of chlorine in zirconolite glass–ceramics for the immobilisation of plutonium residues. RSC Adv 2020; 10:32497-32510. [PMID: 35516487 PMCID: PMC9056643 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04938g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding chlorine speciation and incorporation in glass ceramic wasteforms underpins future treatment of contaminated plutonium residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Thornber
- Immobilisation Science Laboratory
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering
- The University of Sheffield
- Sheffield S1 3JD
- UK
| | - Lucy M. Mottram
- Immobilisation Science Laboratory
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering
- The University of Sheffield
- Sheffield S1 3JD
- UK
| | - Amber R. Mason
- Immobilisation Science Laboratory
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering
- The University of Sheffield
- Sheffield S1 3JD
- UK
| | | | - Martin C. Stennett
- Immobilisation Science Laboratory
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering
- The University of Sheffield
- Sheffield S1 3JD
- UK
| | - Neil C. Hyatt
- Immobilisation Science Laboratory
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering
- The University of Sheffield
- Sheffield S1 3JD
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Newton MA, Ferri D, Mulligan CJ, Alxneit I, Emerich H, Thompson PBJ, Hii KK(M. In situ study of metal leaching from Pd/Al2O3 induced by K2CO3. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy02121c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In situ quick extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (QEXAFS) was employed to study temporally and spatially the leaching of Pd from a heterogeneous catalyst caused by K2CO3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Newton
- ETH Zurich
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Davide Ferri
- Paul Scherrer Institut
- CH-5232 Villigen PSI
- Switzerland
| | - Christopher J. Mulligan
- Department of Chemistry
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub
- Imperial College London
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
| | - Ivo Alxneit
- Paul Scherrer Institut
- CH-5232 Villigen PSI
- Switzerland
| | - Hermann Emerich
- Swiss-Norwegian Beamline (SNBL) European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)
- F-38000 Grenoble
- France
| | | | - King Kuok (Mimi) Hii
- Department of Chemistry
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub
- Imperial College London
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bikondoa O, Bouchenoire L, Brown SD, Thompson PBJ, Wermeille D, Lucas CA, Cooper MJ, Hase TPA. XMaS @ the ESRF. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20180237. [PMID: 31030656 PMCID: PMC6501888 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the motivation for the design and construction of a beamline at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) for the use of UK material scientists. Although originally focused on the study of magnetic materials, the beamline has been running for 20 years and currently supports a very broad range of science as evidenced by the research topics highlighted in this article. We describe how the beamline will adapt to align with the ESRF's upgrade to a diffraction limited storage ring. This article is part of the theme issue 'Fifty years of synchrotron science: achievements and opportunities'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oier Bikondoa
- XMaS Beamline, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38043, France
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Laurence Bouchenoire
- XMaS Beamline, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38043, France
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK
| | - Simon D. Brown
- XMaS Beamline, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38043, France
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK
| | - Paul B. J. Thompson
- XMaS Beamline, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38043, France
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK
| | - Didier Wermeille
- XMaS Beamline, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38043, France
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK
| | - Chris A. Lucas
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Structural selectivity of supported Pd nanoparticles for catalytic NH3 oxidation resolved using combined operando spectroscopy. Nat Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-018-0213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
10
|
Performing EELS at higher energy losses at both 80 and 200 kV. ADVANCES IN IMAGING AND ELECTRON PHYSICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aiep.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
11
|
Blake AV, Wei H, Lee K, Donahue CM, Keith JM, Daly SR. Solution and Solid-State Ligand K-Edge XAS Studies of PdCl2
Diphosphine Complexes with Phenyl and Cyclohexyl Substituents. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V. Blake
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Iowa; E331 Chemistry Building 52242-1294 Iowa City IA USA
| | - Haochuan Wei
- Department of Chemistry; Colgate University; 13 Oak Dr. 13346 Hamilton NY USA
| | - Kyounghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Iowa; E331 Chemistry Building 52242-1294 Iowa City IA USA
| | - Courtney M. Donahue
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Iowa; E331 Chemistry Building 52242-1294 Iowa City IA USA
| | - Jason M. Keith
- Department of Chemistry; Colgate University; 13 Oak Dr. 13346 Hamilton NY USA
| | - Scott R. Daly
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Iowa; E331 Chemistry Building 52242-1294 Iowa City IA USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fogarty R, Rowe R, Matthews RP, Clough MT, Ashworth CR, Brandt A, Corbett PJ, Palgrave RG, Smith EF, Bourne RA, Chamberlain TW, Thompson PBJ, Hunt PA, Lovelock KRJ. Atomic charges of sulfur in ionic liquids: experiments and calculations. Faraday Discuss 2018; 206:183-201. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00155j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of experimental and computational methods are used to probe sulfur atomic charges in ionic liquids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Rowe
- Department of Chemistry
- Imperial College London
- UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard A. Bourne
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- UK
- Institute of Process Research and Development
- School of Chemistry
| | - Thomas W. Chamberlain
- Institute of Process Research and Development
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fogarty RM, Matthews RP, Clough MT, Ashworth CR, Brandt-Talbot A, Corbett PJ, Palgrave RG, Bourne RA, Chamberlain TW, Vander Hoogerstraete T, Thompson PBJ, Hunt PA, Besley NA, Lovelock KRJ. NEXAFS spectroscopy of ionic liquids: experiments versus calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:31156-31167. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07143d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental N 1s and S 1s NEXAFS spectra are compared to TD-DFT calculated spectra for 12 ionic liquids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul J. Corbett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London
- UK
| | | | - Richard A. Bourne
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering
- University of Leeds
- UK
- Institute of Process Research and Development
- School of Chemistry
| | - Thomas W. Chamberlain
- Institute of Process Research and Development
- School of Chemistry
- University of Leeds
- UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|