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Deng J, Yao Y, Jiang Y, Chen S, Mooney TM, Klug JA, Marin FS, Roehrig C, Yue K, Preissner C, Cai Z, Lai B, Vogt S. High-resolution ptychographic imaging enabled by high-speed multi-pass scanning. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:26027-26042. [PMID: 36236801 DOI: 10.1364/oe.460232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As a coherent diffraction imaging technique, ptychography provides high-spatial resolution beyond Rayleigh's criterion of the focusing optics, but it is also sensitively affected by the decoherence coming from the spatial and temporal variations in the experiment. Here we show that high-speed ptychographic data acquisition with short exposure can effectively reduce the impact from experimental variations. To reach a cumulative dose required for a given resolution, we further demonstrate that a continuous multi-pass scan via high-speed ptychography can achieve high-resolution imaging. This low-dose scan strategy is shown to be more dose-efficient, and has potential for radiation-sensitive sample studies and time-resolved imaging.
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Peddie CJ, Genoud C, Kreshuk A, Meechan K, Micheva KD, Narayan K, Pape C, Parton RG, Schieber NL, Schwab Y, Titze B, Verkade P, Aubrey A, Collinson LM. Volume electron microscopy. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2022; 2:51. [PMID: 37409324 PMCID: PMC7614724 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-022-00131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Life exists in three dimensions, but until the turn of the century most electron microscopy methods provided only 2D image data. Recently, electron microscopy techniques capable of delving deep into the structure of cells and tissues have emerged, collectively called volume electron microscopy (vEM). Developments in vEM have been dubbed a quiet revolution as the field evolved from established transmission and scanning electron microscopy techniques, so early publications largely focused on the bioscience applications rather than the underlying technological breakthroughs. However, with an explosion in the uptake of vEM across the biosciences and fast-paced advances in volume, resolution, throughput and ease of use, it is timely to introduce the field to new audiences. In this Primer, we introduce the different vEM imaging modalities, the specialized sample processing and image analysis pipelines that accompany each modality and the types of information revealed in the data. We showcase key applications in the biosciences where vEM has helped make breakthrough discoveries and consider limitations and future directions. We aim to show new users how vEM can support discovery science in their own research fields and inspire broader uptake of the technology, finally allowing its full adoption into mainstream biological imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Peddie
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Christel Genoud
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Kreshuk
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kimberly Meechan
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
- Present address: Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristina D. Micheva
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kedar Narayan
- Center for Molecular Microscopy, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Constantin Pape
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert G. Parton
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicole L. Schieber
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yannick Schwab
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit/ Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Aubrey Aubrey
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Lucy M. Collinson
- Electron Microscopy Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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3
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Quinn PD, Gomez-Gonzalez M, Cacho-Nerin F, Parker JE. Beam and sample movement compensation for robust spectro-microscopy measurements on a hard X-ray nanoprobe. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:1528-1534. [PMID: 34475300 PMCID: PMC8415335 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521007736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Static and in situ nanoscale spectro-microscopy is now routinely performed on the Hard X-ray Nanoprobe beamline at Diamond and the solutions implemented to provide robust energy scanning and experimental operation are described. A software-based scheme for active feedback stabilization of X-ray beam position and monochromatic beam flux across the operating energy range of the beamline is reported, consisting of two linked feedback loops using extremum seeking and position control. Multimodal registration methods have been implemented for active compensation of drift during an experiment to compensate for sample movement during in situ experiments or from beam-induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Quinn
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel Gomez-Gonzalez
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Cacho-Nerin
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Julia E. Parker
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
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Lawrence Bright E, Giacobbe C, Wright JP. Beam heating from a fourth-generation synchrotron source. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:1377-1385. [PMID: 34475286 PMCID: PMC8415326 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752100669x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The high levels of flux available at a fourth-generation synchrotron are shown to have significant beam heating effects for high-energy X-rays and radiation hard samples, leading to temperature increases of over 400 K with a monochromatic beam. These effects have been investigated at the ID11 beamline at the recently upgraded ESRF Extremely Brilliant Source, using thermal lattice expansion to perform in situ measurements of beam heating. Results showed significant increases in temperature for metal and ceria samples, which are compared with a lumped thermodynamic model, providing a tool for estimating beam heating effects. These temperature increases may have a drastic effect on samples and measurements, such as the rapid recrystallization of a copper wire shown here. These results demonstrate the importance of beam heating and provide information needed to consider, predict and mitigate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlotta Giacobbe
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38040 Grenoble, France
| | - Jonathan P. Wright
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38040 Grenoble, France
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Bras W, Myles DAA, Felici R. When x-rays alter the course of your experiments. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:423002. [PMID: 34298526 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The continuing increase in the brilliance of synchrotron radiation beamlines allows for many new and exciting experiments that were impossible before the present generation of synchrotron radiation sources came on line. However, the exposure to such intense beams also tests the limits of what samples can endure. Whilst the effects of radiation induced damage in a static experiment often can easily be recognized by changes in the diffraction or spectroscopy curves, the influence of radiation on chemical or physical processes, where one expects curves to change, is less often recognized and can be misinterpreted as a 'real' result instead of as a 'radiation influenced result'. This is especially a concern in time-resolved materials science experiments using techniques as powder diffraction, small angle scattering and x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Here, the effects of radiation (5-50 keV) on some time-resolved processes in different types of materials and in different physical states are discussed. We show that such effects are not limited to soft matter and biology but rather can be found across the whole spectrum of materials research, over a large range of radiation doses and is not limited to very high brilliance beamlines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim Bras
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge TN 37831, United States of America
| | - Dean A A Myles
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, One Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge TN 37831, United States of America
| | - Roberto Felici
- CNR-SPIN, Area della ricerca di Tor Vergata, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
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6
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Chattopadhyay B, Madathiparambil AS, Mürer FK, Cerasi P, Chushkin Y, Zontone F, Gibaud A, Breiby DW. Nanoscale imaging of shale fragments with coherent X-ray diffraction. J Appl Crystallogr 2020; 53:1562-1569. [PMID: 33304225 PMCID: PMC7710485 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576720013850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the abundance of shales in the Earth's crust and their industrial and environmental importance, their microscale physical properties are poorly understood, owing to the presence of many structurally related mineral phases and a porous network structure spanning several length scales. Here, the use of coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (CXDI) to study the internal structure of microscopic shale fragments is demonstrated. Simultaneous wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) measurement facilitated the study of the mineralogy of the shale microparticles. It was possible to identify pyrite nanocrystals as inclusions in the quartz-clay matrix and the volume of closed unconnected pores was estimated. The combined CXDI-WAXD analysis enabled the establishment of a correlation between sample morphology and crystallite shape and size. The results highlight the potential of the combined CXDI-WAXD approach as an upcoming imaging modality for 3D nanoscale studies of shales and other geological formations via serial measurements of microscopic fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basab Chattopadhyay
- PoreLab, Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Aldritt S Madathiparambil
- PoreLab, Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Fredrik K Mürer
- PoreLab, Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, Trondheim, 7491, Norway
| | - Pierre Cerasi
- Petroleum Department, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, 7465, Norway
| | - Yuriy Chushkin
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Federico Zontone
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Alain Gibaud
- LUNAM, IMMM, UMR 6283 CNRS, Faculté des Sciences, Le Mans, 72085, France
| | - Dag W Breiby
- PoreLab, Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, Trondheim, 7491, Norway.,Department of Microsystems, University of South-Eastern Norway, Campus Vestfold, Borre, 3182, Norway
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7
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Bonino V, Torsello D, Prestipino C, Mino L, Truccato M. Time and space resolved modelling of the heating induced by synchrotron X-ray nanobeams. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:1662-1673. [PMID: 33147192 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520010553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
X-ray synchrotron sources, possessing high power density, nanometric spot size and short pulse duration, are extending their application frontiers up to the exploration of direct matter modification. In this field, the use of atomistic and continuum models is now becoming fundamental in the simulation of the photoinduced excitation states and eventually in the phase transition triggered by intense X-rays. In this work, the X-ray heating phenomenon is studied by coupling the Monte Carlo method (MC) with the Fourier heat equation, to first calculate the distribution of the energy absorbed by the systems and finally to predict the heating distribution and evolution. The results of the proposed model are also compared with those obtained removing the explicit definition of the energy distribution, as calculated by the MC. A good approximation of experimental thermal measurements produced irradiating a millimetric glass bead is found for both of the proposed models. A further step towards more complex systems is carried out, including in the models the different time patterns of the source, as determined by the filling modes of the synchrotron storage ring. The two models are applied in three prediction cases, in which the heating produced in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ microcrystals by means of nanopatterning experiments with intense hard X-ray nanobeams is calculated. It is demonstrated that the temperature evolution is strictly connected to the filling mode of the storage ring. By coupling the MC with the heat equation, X-ray pulses that are 48 ps long, possessing an instantaneous photon flux of ∼44 × 1013 photons s-1, were found to be able to induce a maximum temperature increase of 42 K, after a time of 350 ps. Inversely, by ignoring the energy redistribution calculated with the MC, peaks temperatures up to hundreds of degrees higher were found. These results highlight the importance of the energy redistribution operated by primary and secondary electrons in the theoretical simulation of the X-ray heating effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bonino
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Daniele Torsello
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino I, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Carmelo Prestipino
- Institut Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR-CNRS 6226, Campus de Beaulieu, Université de Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Lorenzo Mino
- Department of Chemistry and Interdepartmental Centre NIS, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Truccato
- Department of Physics, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Zapf M, Ritzer M, Liborius L, Johannes A, Hafermann M, Schönherr S, Segura-Ruiz J, Martínez-Criado G, Prost W, Ronning C. Hot electrons in a nanowire hard X-ray detector. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4729. [PMID: 32948756 PMCID: PMC7501287 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18384-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanowire chip-based electrical and optical devices such as biochemical sensors, physical detectors, or light emitters combine outstanding functionality with a small footprint, reducing expensive material and energy consumption. The core functionality of many nanowire-based devices is embedded in their p-n junctions. To fully unleash their potential, such nanowire-based devices require - besides a high performance - stability and reliability. Here, we report on an axial p-n junction GaAs nanowire X-ray detector that enables ultra-high spatial resolution (~200 nm) compared to micron scale conventional ones. In-operando X-ray analytical techniques based on a focused synchrotron X-ray nanobeam allow probing the internal electrical field and observing hot electron effects at the nanoscale. Finally, we study device stability and find a selective hot electron induced oxidization in the n-doped segment of the p-n junction. Our findings demonstrate capabilities and limitations of p-n junction nanowires, providing insight for further improvement and eventual integration into on-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Zapf
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Maurizio Ritzer
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Lisa Liborius
- Department Components for High Frequency Electronics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 53, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Johannes
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 30843, France
| | - Martin Hafermann
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Sven Schönherr
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jaime Segura-Ruiz
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, 30843, France
| | - Gema Martínez-Criado
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049, Cantoblanco, Spain
| | - Werner Prost
- Department Components for High Frequency Electronics and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 53, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Ronning
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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Al Hassan A, Lähnemann J, Davtyan A, Al-Humaidi M, Herranz J, Bahrami D, Anjum T, Bertram F, Dey AB, Geelhaar L, Pietsch U. Beam damage of single semiconductor nanowires during X-ray nanobeam diffraction experiments. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:1200-1208. [PMID: 32876594 PMCID: PMC7467348 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520009789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanoprobe X-ray diffraction (nXRD) using focused synchrotron radiation is a powerful technique to study the structural properties of individual semiconductor nanowires. However, when performing the experiment under ambient conditions, the required high X-ray dose and prolonged exposure times can lead to radiation damage. To unveil the origin of radiation damage, a comparison is made of nXRD experiments carried out on individual semiconductor nanowires in their as-grown geometry both under ambient conditions and under He atmosphere at the microfocus station of the P08 beamline at the third-generation source PETRA III. Using an incident X-ray beam energy of 9 keV and photon flux of 1010 s-1, the axial lattice parameter and tilt of individual GaAs/In0.2Ga0.8As/GaAs core-shell nanowires were monitored by continuously recording reciprocal-space maps of the 111 Bragg reflection at a fixed spatial position over several hours. In addition, the emission properties of the (In,Ga)As quantum well, the atomic composition of the exposed nanowires and the nanowire morphology were studied by cathodoluminescence spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively, both prior to and after nXRD exposure. Nanowires exposed under ambient conditions show severe optical and morphological damage, which was reduced for nanowires exposed under He atmosphere. The observed damage can be largely attributed to an oxidation process from X-ray-induced ozone reactions in air. Due to the lower heat-transfer coefficient compared with GaAs, this oxide shell limits the heat transfer through the nanowire side facets, which is considered as the main channel of heat dissipation for nanowires in the as-grown geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al Hassan
- Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät der Universität Siegen, Siegen 57068, Germany
| | - Jonas Lähnemann
- Paul Drude Institut für Festkorperelektronik, Leibniz Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Hausvogteiplatz 5–7, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Arman Davtyan
- Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät der Universität Siegen, Siegen 57068, Germany
| | - Mahmoud Al-Humaidi
- Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät der Universität Siegen, Siegen 57068, Germany
| | - Jesús Herranz
- Paul Drude Institut für Festkorperelektronik, Leibniz Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Hausvogteiplatz 5–7, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Danial Bahrami
- Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät der Universität Siegen, Siegen 57068, Germany
| | - Taseer Anjum
- Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät der Universität Siegen, Siegen 57068, Germany
| | - Florian Bertram
- DESY Photon Science, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Arka Bikash Dey
- DESY Photon Science, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Lutz Geelhaar
- Paul Drude Institut für Festkorperelektronik, Leibniz Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Hausvogteiplatz 5–7, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Ullrich Pietsch
- Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät der Universität Siegen, Siegen 57068, Germany
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Steinmann RG, Martinez-Criado G, Salomon D, Vitoux H, Tucoulou R, Villanova J, Laboure S, Eymery J, Segura-Ruiz J. A helium mini-cryostat for the nanoprobe beamline ID16B at ESRF: characteristics and performance. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:1074-1079. [PMID: 33566018 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520007110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A helium mini-cryostat has been developed for the hard X-ray nanoprobe ID16B of the European Synchrotron to collect X-ray excited optical luminescence and X-ray fluorescence at low temperature (<10 K). The mini-cryostat has been specifically designed to fit within the strong space restrictions and high-demanding mechanical constraints imposed by the beamline to provide vibration-free operation and maximal thermal stability. This paper reports the detailed design, architecture and technical requirements of the mini-cryostat, and presents the first experimental data measured using the cryogenic equipment. The resulting cryo-system features ultimate thermal stability, fast cool-down and ultra-low vibrations. The simultaneous X-ray fluorescence and X-ray excited optical luminescence data acquired from bulk GaN and core/shell InGaN/GaN multi-quantum wells validated the excellent performance of the cryostat with ultimate resolution, stability and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo G Steinmann
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 30843 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Damien Salomon
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 30843 Grenoble, France
| | - Hugo Vitoux
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 30843 Grenoble, France
| | - Remi Tucoulou
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 30843 Grenoble, France
| | - Julie Villanova
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 30843 Grenoble, France
| | - Sylvain Laboure
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 30843 Grenoble, France
| | - Joel Eymery
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, IRIG, MEM, NRS, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jaime Segura-Ruiz
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 30843 Grenoble, France
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11
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Chuang YD, Feng X, Glans-Suzuki PA, Yang W, Padmore H, Guo J. A design of resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) spectrometer for spatial- and time-resolved spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:695-707. [PMID: 32381770 PMCID: PMC7206552 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520004440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The optical design of a Hettrick-Underwood-style soft X-ray spectrometer with Wolter type 1 mirrors is presented. The spectrometer with a nominal length of 3.1 m can achieve a high resolving power (resolving power higher than 10000) in the soft X-ray regime when a small source beam (<3 µm in the grating dispersion direction) and small pixel detector (5 µm effective pixel size) are used. Adding Wolter mirrors to the spectrometer before its dispersive elements can realize the spatial imaging capability, which finds applications in the spectroscopic studies of spatially dependent electronic structures in tandem catalysts, heterostructures, etc. In the pump-probe experiments where the pump beam perturbs the materials followed by the time-delayed probe beam to reveal the transient evolution of electronic structures, the imaging capability of the Wolter mirrors can offer the pixel-equivalent femtosecond time delay between the pump and probe beams when their wavefronts are not collinear. In combination with some special sample handing systems, such as liquid jets and droplets, the imaging capability can also be used to study the time-dependent electronic structure of chemical transformation spanning multiple time domains from microseconds to nanoseconds. The proposed Wolter mirrors can also be adopted to the existing soft X-ray spectrometers that use the Hettrick-Underwood optical scheme, expanding their capabilities in materials research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-De Chuang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 6-2100, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xuefei Feng
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 6-2100, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Per-Anders Glans-Suzuki
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 6-2100, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 6-2100, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Howard Padmore
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 6-2100, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 6-2100, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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12
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Creating zero-field skyrmions in exchange-biased multilayers through X-ray illumination. Nat Commun 2020; 11:949. [PMID: 32075968 PMCID: PMC7031520 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14769-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skyrmions, magnetic textures with topological stability, hold promises for high-density and energy-efficient information storage devices owing to their small size and low driving-current density. Precise creation of a single nanoscale skyrmion is a prerequisite to further understand the skyrmion physics and tailor skyrmion-based applications. Here, we demonstrate the creation of individual skyrmions at zero-field in an exchange-biased magnetic multilayer with exposure to soft X-rays. In particular, a single skyrmion with 100-nm size can be created at the desired position using a focused X-ray spot of sub-50-nm size. This single skyrmion creation is driven by the X-ray-induced modification of the antiferromagnetic order and the corresponding exchange bias. Furthermore, artificial skyrmion lattices with various arrangements can be patterned using X-ray. These results demonstrate the potential of accurate optical control of single skyrmion at sub-100 nm scale. We envision that X-ray could serve as a versatile tool for local manipulation of magnetic orders. Skyrmions are objects with whirled magnetization protected by their topology that can be created by different means, however, without control of their position. Here, the authors present a method exploiting x-rays to create skyrmions at the beam position allowing for creation of artificial skyrmion lattices.
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Chayanun L, Otnes G, Troian A, Hammarberg S, Salomon D, Borgström MT, Wallentin J. Nanoscale mapping of carrier collection in single nanowire solar cells using X-ray beam induced current. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:102-108. [PMID: 30655474 PMCID: PMC6337893 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518015229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Here it is demonstrated how nanofocused X-ray beam induced current (XBIC) can be used to quantitatively map the spatially dependent carrier collection probability within nanostructured solar cells. The photocurrent generated by a 50 nm-diameter X-ray beam was measured as a function of position, bias and flux in single p-i-n doped solar-cell nanowires. The signal gathered mostly from the middle segment decays exponentially toward the p- and n-segments, with a characteristic decay length that varies between 50 nm and 750 nm depending on the flux and the applied bias. The amplitude of the XBIC shows saturation at reverse bias, which indicates that most carriers are collected. At forward bias, the relevant condition for solar cells, the carrier collection is only efficient in a small region. Comparison with finite element modeling suggests that this is due to unintentional p-doping in the middle segment. It is expected that nanofocused XBIC could be used to investigate carrier collection in a wide range of nanostructured solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lert Chayanun
- Synchrotron Radiation Research and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Gaute Otnes
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Andrea Troian
- Synchrotron Radiation Research and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Susanna Hammarberg
- Synchrotron Radiation Research and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Damien Salomon
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38043, France
| | - Magnus T. Borgström
- Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Jesper Wallentin
- Synchrotron Radiation Research and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
- Correspondence e-mail:
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14
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Peña Fernández M, Dall'Ara E, Kao AP, Bodey AJ, Karali A, Blunn GW, Barber AH, Tozzi G. Preservation of Bone Tissue Integrity with Temperature Control for In Situ SR-MicroCT Experiments. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11112155. [PMID: 30388813 PMCID: PMC6266162 DOI: 10.3390/ma11112155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Digital volume correlation (DVC), combined with in situ synchrotron microcomputed tomography (SR-microCT) mechanics, allows for 3D full-field strain measurement in bone at the tissue level. However, long exposures to SR radiation are known to induce bone damage, and reliable experimental protocols able to preserve tissue properties are still lacking. This study aims to propose a proof-of-concept methodology to retain bone tissue integrity, based on residual strain determination using DVC, by decreasing the environmental temperature during in situ SR-microCT testing. Compact and trabecular bone specimens underwent five consecutive full tomographic data collections either at room temperature or 0 °C. Lowering the temperature seemed to reduce microdamage in trabecular bone but had minimal effect on compact bone. A consistent temperature gradient was measured at each exposure period, and its prolonged effect over time may induce localised collagen denaturation and subsequent damage. DVC provided useful information on irradiation-induced microcrack initiation and propagation. Future work is necessary to apply these findings to in situ SR-microCT mechanical tests, and to establish protocols aiming to minimise the SR irradiation-induced damage of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Peña Fernández
- Zeiss Global Centre, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, PO1 3DJ, Portsmouth, UK.
| | - Enrico Dall'Ara
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism and INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, S1 3DJ, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Alexander P Kao
- Zeiss Global Centre, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, PO1 3DJ, Portsmouth, UK.
| | | | - Aikaterina Karali
- Zeiss Global Centre, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, PO1 3DJ, Portsmouth, UK.
| | - Gordon W Blunn
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, Portsmouth, UK.
| | - Asa H Barber
- Zeiss Global Centre, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, PO1 3DJ, Portsmouth, UK.
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, SE1 0AA, London, UK.
| | - Gianluca Tozzi
- Zeiss Global Centre, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, PO1 3DJ, Portsmouth, UK.
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15
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Kozachuk MS, Sham TK, Martin RR, Nelson AJ, Coulthard I, McElhone JP. Recovery of Degraded-Beyond-Recognition 19 th Century Daguerreotypes with Rapid High Dynamic Range Elemental X-ray Fluorescence Imaging of Mercury L Emission. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9565. [PMID: 29934565 PMCID: PMC6015064 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27714-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A daguerreotype image, the first commercialized photographic process, is composed of silver-mercury, and often silver-mercury-gold amalgam particles on the surface of a silver-coated copper plate. Specular and diffuse reflectance of light from these image particles produces the range of gray tones that typify these 19th century images. By mapping the mercury distribution with rapid-scanning, synchrotron-based micro-X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) imaging, full portraits, which to the naked eye are obscured entirely by extensive corrosion, can be retrieved in a non-invasive, non-contact, and non-destructive manner. This work furthers the chemical understanding regarding the production of these images and suggests that mercury is retained in the image particles despite surface degradation. Most importantly, μ-XRF imaging provides curators with an image recovery method for degraded daguerreotypes, even if the artifact’s condition is beyond traditional conservation treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalena S Kozachuk
- The University of Western Ontario, The Department of Chemistry, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Tsun-Kong Sham
- The University of Western Ontario, The Department of Chemistry, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Ronald R Martin
- The University of Western Ontario, The Department of Chemistry, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Andrew J Nelson
- The University of Western Ontario, The Department of Chemistry, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.,The University of Western Ontario, The Department of Anthropology, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5C2, Canada
| | - Ian Coulthard
- Canadian Light Source Inc., 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2V3, Canada.
| | - John P McElhone
- National Gallery of Canada, Musée des beaux-arts du Canada, 380 Sussex Drive, P.O. Box 427, Station A, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 9N4, Canada
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16
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Hill MO, Calvo-Almazan I, Allain M, Holt MV, Ulvestad A, Treu J, Koblmüller G, Huang C, Huang X, Yan H, Nazaretski E, Chu YS, Stephenson GB, Chamard V, Lauhon LJ, Hruszkewycz SO. Measuring Three-Dimensional Strain and Structural Defects in a Single InGaAs Nanowire Using Coherent X-ray Multiangle Bragg Projection Ptychography. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:811-819. [PMID: 29345956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
III-As nanowires are candidates for near-infrared light emitters and detectors that can be directly integrated onto silicon. However, nanoscale to microscale variations in structure, composition, and strain within a given nanowire, as well as variations between nanowires, pose challenges to correlating microstructure with device performance. In this work, we utilize coherent nanofocused X-rays to characterize stacking defects and strain in a single InGaAs nanowire supported on Si. By reconstructing diffraction patterns from the 21̅1̅0 Bragg peak, we show that the lattice orientation varies along the length of the wire, while the strain field along the cross-section is largely unaffected, leaving the band structure unperturbed. Diffraction patterns from the 011̅0 Bragg peak are reproducibly reconstructed to create three-dimensional images of stacking defects and associated lattice strains, revealing sharp planar boundaries between different crystal phases of wurtzite (WZ) structure that contribute to charge carrier scattering. Phase retrieval is made possible by developing multiangle Bragg projection ptychography (maBPP) to accommodate coherent nanodiffraction patterns measured at arbitrary overlapping positions at multiple angles about a Bragg peak, eliminating the need for scan registration at different angles. The penetrating nature of X-ray radiation, together with the relaxed constraints of maBPP, will enable the in operando imaging of nanowire devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan O Hill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Irene Calvo-Almazan
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Marc Allain
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel , Marseille 13013, France
| | - Martin V Holt
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Andrew Ulvestad
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Julian Treu
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München , Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Gregor Koblmüller
- Walter Schottky Institut and Physik Department, Technische Universität München , Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Chunyi Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Hanfei Yan
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Evgeny Nazaretski
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Yong S Chu
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - G Brian Stephenson
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Virginie Chamard
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel , Marseille 13013, France
| | - Lincoln J Lauhon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stephan O Hruszkewycz
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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17
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Willa K, Diao Z, Campanini D, Welp U, Divan R, Hudl M, Islam Z, Kwok WK, Rydh A. Nanocalorimeter platform for in situ specific heat measurements and x-ray diffraction at low temperature. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:125108. [PMID: 29289216 DOI: 10.1063/1.5016592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in electronics and nanofabrication have enabled membrane-based nanocalorimetry for measurements of the specific heat of microgram-sized samples. We have integrated a nanocalorimeter platform into a 4.5 T split-pair vertical-field magnet to allow for the simultaneous measurement of the specific heat and x-ray scattering in magnetic fields and at temperatures as low as 4 K. This multi-modal approach empowers researchers to directly correlate scattering experiments with insights from thermodynamic properties including structural, electronic, orbital, and magnetic phase transitions. The use of a nanocalorimeter sample platform enables numerous technical advantages: precise measurement and control of the sample temperature, quantification of beam heating effects, fast and precise positioning of the sample in the x-ray beam, and fast acquisition of x-ray scans over a wide temperature range without the need for time-consuming re-centering and re-alignment. Furthermore, on an YBa2Cu3O7-δ crystal and a copper foil, we demonstrate a novel approach to x-ray absorption spectroscopy by monitoring the change in sample temperature as a function of incident photon energy. Finally, we illustrate the new insights that can be gained from in situ structural and thermodynamic measurements by investigating the superheated state occurring at the first-order magneto-elastic phase transition of Fe2P, a material that is of interest for magnetocaloric applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Willa
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Z Diao
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Campanini
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - U Welp
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - R Divan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - M Hudl
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Z Islam
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - W-K Kwok
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - A Rydh
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Hettiarachchi GM, Donner E, Doelsch E. Application of Synchrotron Radiation-based Methods for Environmental Biogeochemistry: Introduction to the Special Section. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2017; 46:1139-1145. [PMID: 29293855 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.09.0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To understand the biogeochemistry of nutrients and contaminants in environmental media, their speciation and behavior under different conditions and at multiple scales must be determined. Synchrotron radiation-based X-ray techniques allow scientists to elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for nutrient and contaminant mobility, bioavailability, and behavior. The continuous improvement of synchrotron light sources and X-ray beamlines around the world has led to a profound transformation in the field of environmental biogeochemistry and, subsequently, to significant scientific breakthroughs. Following this introductory paper, this special collection includes 10 papers that either present targeted reviews of recent advancements in spectroscopic methods that are applicable to environmental biogeochemistry or describe original research studies conducted on complex environmental samples that have been significantly enhanced by incorporating synchrotron radiation-based X-ray technique(s). We believe that the current focus on improving the speciation of ultra-dilute elements in environmental media through the ongoing optimization of synchrotron technologies (e.g., brighter light sources, improved monochromators, more efficient detectors) will help to significantly push back the frontiers of environmental biogeochemistry research. As many of the relevant techniques produce extremely large datasets, we also identify ongoing improvements in data processing and analysis (e.g., software improvements and harmonization of analytical methods) as a significant requirement for environmental biogeochemists to maximize the information that can be gained using these powerful tools.
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