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Dupuis JH, Cheung LKY, Newman L, Dee DR, Yada RY. Precision cellular agriculture: The future role of recombinantly expressed protein as food. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:882-912. [PMID: 36546356 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cellular agriculture is a rapidly emerging field, within which cultured meat has attracted the majority of media attention in recent years. An equally promising area of cellular agriculture, and one that has produced far more actual food ingredients that have been incorporated into commercially available products, is the use of cellular hosts to produce soluble proteins, herein referred to as precision cellular agriculture (PCAg). In PCAg, specific animal- or plant-sourced proteins are expressed recombinantly in unicellular hosts-the majority of which are yeast-and harvested for food use. The numerous advantages of PCAg over traditional agriculture, including a smaller carbon footprint and more consistent products, have led to extensive research on its utility. This review is the first to survey proteins currently being expressed using PCAg for food purposes. A growing number of viable expression hosts and recent advances for increased protein yields and process optimization have led to its application for producing milk, egg, and muscle proteins; plant hemoglobin; sweet-tasting plant proteins; and ice-binding proteins. Current knowledge gaps present research opportunities for optimizing expression hosts, tailoring posttranslational modifications, and expanding the scope of proteins produced. Considerations for the expansion of PCAg and its implications on food regulation, society, ethics, and the environment are also discussed. Considering the current trajectory of PCAg, food proteins from any biological source can likely be expressed recombinantly and used as purified food ingredients to create novel and tailored food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Dupuis
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lennie K Y Cheung
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lenore Newman
- Food and Agriculture Institute, University of the Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Derek R Dee
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rickey Y Yada
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Arai T, Yamauchi A, Yang Y, Singh SM, Sasaki YC, Tsuda S. Adsorption of ice-binding proteins onto whole ice crystal surfaces does not necessarily confer a high thermal hysteresis activity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15443. [PMID: 36104389 PMCID: PMC9474881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19803-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many psychrophilic microorganisms synthesize ice-binding proteins (IBPs) to survive the cold. The functions of IBPs are evaluated by the effect of the proteins on the nonequilibrium water freezing-point depression, which is called “thermal hysteresis (TH)”, and the inhibitory effect of the proteins on the growth of larger ice crystals, which is called “ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI)”. To obtain mechanical insight into the two activities, we developed a modified method of ice affinity purification and extracted two new IBP isoforms from Psychromyces glacialis, an Arctic glacier fungus. One isoform was found to be an approximately 25 kDa protein (PsgIBP_S), while the other is a 28 kDa larger protein (PsgIBP_L) that forms an intermolecular dimer. Their TH activities were less than 1 °C at millimolar concentrations, implying that both isoforms are moderately active but not hyperactive IBP species. It further appeared that both isoforms exhibit high IRI activity even at submicromolar concentrations. Furthermore, the isoforms can bind to the whole surface of a hemispherical single ice crystal, although such ice-binding was generally observed for hyperactive IBP species. These results suggest that the binding ability of IBPs to whole ice crystal surfaces is deficient for hyperactivity but is crucial for significant IRI activity.
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Burns JA, Gruber DF, Gaffney JP, Sparks JS, Brugler MR. Transcriptomics of a Greenlandic Snailfish Reveals Exceptionally High Expression of Antifreeze Protein Transcripts. Evol Bioinform Online 2022; 18:11769343221118347. [PMID: 35991949 PMCID: PMC9386813 DOI: 10.1177/11769343221118347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polar fishes have evolved antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that allow them to survive in subzero temperatures. We performed deep transcriptomic sequencing on a postlarval/juvenile variegated snailfish, Liparis gibbus (Actinopterygii: Scorpaeniformes: Cottoidei: Liparidae), living in an iceberg habitat (-2°C) in Eastern Greenland and report detection of highly expressed transcripts that code for putative AFPs from 2 gene families, Type I and LS-12-like proteins (putative Type IV AFPs). The transcripts encoding both proteins have expression levels among the top <1% of expressed genes in the fish. The Type I AFP sequence is different from a reported Type I AFP from the same species, possibly expressed from a different genetic locus. While prior findings from related adult sculpins suggest that LS-12-like/Type IV AFPs may not have a role in antifreeze protection, our finding of very high relative gene expression of the LS-12-like gene suggests that highly active transcription of the gene is important to the fish in the iceberg habitat and raises the possibility that weak or combinatorial antifreeze activity could be beneficial. These findings highlight the physiological importance of antifreeze proteins to the survival of fishes living in polar habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Burns
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA.,Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, USA
| | - David F Gruber
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,The Graduate Center, Program in Biology, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean P Gaffney
- Department of Natural Sciences, Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,The Graduate Center, Program in Biology, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - John S Sparks
- Department of Ichthyology, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mercer R Brugler
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, Beaufort, SC, USA
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Calcium-Binding Generates the Semi-Clathrate Waters on a Type II Antifreeze Protein to Adsorb onto an Ice Crystal Surface. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9050162. [PMID: 31035615 PMCID: PMC6572318 DOI: 10.3390/biom9050162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydration is crucial for a function and a ligand recognition of a protein. The hydration shell constructed on an antifreeze protein (AFP) contains many organized waters, through which AFP is thought to bind to specific ice crystal planes. For a Ca2+-dependent species of AFP, however, it has not been clarified how 1 mol of Ca2+-binding is related with the hydration and the ice-binding ability. Here we determined the X-ray crystal structure of a Ca2+-dependent AFP (jsAFP) from Japanese smelt, Hypomesus nipponensis, in both Ca2+-bound and -free states. Their overall structures were closely similar (Root mean square deviation (RMSD) of Cα = 0.31 Å), while they exhibited a significant difference around their Ca2+-binding site. Firstly, the side-chains of four of the five Ca2+-binding residues (Q92, D94 E99, D113, and D114) were oriented to be suitable for ice binding only in the Ca2+-bound state. Second, a Ca2+-binding loop consisting of a segment D94–E99 becomes less flexible by the Ca2+-binding. Third, the Ca2+-binding induces a generation of ice-like clathrate waters around the Ca2+-binding site, which show a perfect position-match to the waters constructing the first prism plane of a single ice crystal. These results suggest that generation of ice-like clathrate waters induced by Ca2+-binding enables the ice-binding of this protein.
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Yamazaki A, Nishimiya Y, Tsuda S, Togashi K, Munehara H. Freeze Tolerance in Sculpins (Pisces; Cottoidea) Inhabiting North Pacific and Arctic Oceans: Antifreeze Activity and Gene Sequences of the Antifreeze Protein. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9040139. [PMID: 30959891 PMCID: PMC6523315 DOI: 10.3390/biom9040139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many marine species inhabiting icy seawater produce antifreeze proteins (AFPs) to prevent their body fluids from freezing. The sculpin species of the superfamily Cottoidea are widely found from the Arctic to southern hemisphere, some of which are known to express AFP. Here we clarified DNA sequence encoding type I AFP for 3 species of 2 families (Cottidae and Agonidae) belonging to Cottoidea. We also examined antifreeze activity for 3 families and 32 species of Cottoidea (Cottidae, Agonidae, and Rhamphocottidae). These fishes were collected in 2013–2015 from the Arctic Ocean, Alaska, Japan. We could identify 8 distinct DNA sequences exhibiting a high similarity to those reported for Myoxocephalus species, suggesting that Cottidae and Agonidae share the same DNA sequence encoding type I AFP. Among the 3 families, Rhamphocottidae that experience a warm current did not show antifreeze activity. The species inhabiting the Arctic Ocean and Northern Japan that often covered with ice floe showed high activity, while those inhabiting Alaska, Southern Japan with a warm current showed low/no activity. These results suggest that Cottoidea acquires type I AFP gene before dividing into Cottidae and Agonidae, and have adapted to each location with optimal antifreeze activity level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yamazaki
- Nanae Fresh-Water Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Nanae Town Kameda-gun 041-1105, Japan.
| | - Yoshiyuki Nishimiya
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan.
| | - Sakae Tsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan.
| | - Koji Togashi
- Graduate School of Environmental Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Munehara
- Usujiri Fisheries Station, Field Science Center of Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Hakodate 041-1613, Japan.
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Nishimiya Y, Kondo H, Takamichi M, Sugimoto H, Suzuki M, Miura A, Tsuda S. Crystal structure and mutational analysis of Ca2+-independent type II antifreeze protein from longsnout poacher, Brachyopsis rostratus. J Mol Biol 2008; 382:734-46. [PMID: 18674542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 07/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We recently found that longsnout poacher (Brachyosis rostratus) produces a Ca(2+)-independent type II antifreeze protein (lpAFP) and succeeded in expressing recombinant lpAFP using Phichia pastoris. Here, we report, for the first time, the X-ray crystal structure of lpAFP at 1.34 A resolution. The lpAFP structure displayed a relatively planar surface, which encompasses two loop regions (Cys86-Lys89 and Asn91-Cys97) and a short beta-strand (Trp109-Leu112) with three unstructured segments (Gly57-Ile58, Ala103-Ala104, and Pro113-His118). Electrostatic calculation of the protein surface showed that the relatively planar surface was divided roughly into a hydrophobic area (composed of the three unstructured segments lacking secondary structure) and a hydrophilic area (composed of the loops and beta-strand). Site-directed mutation of Ile58 with Phe at the center of the hydrophobic area decreased activity significantly, whereas mutation of Leu112 with Phe at an intermediate area between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic areas retained complete activity. In the hydrophilic area, a peptide-swap mutant in the loops retained 60% activity despite simultaneous mutations of eight residues. We conclude that the epicenter of the ice-binding site of lpAFP is the hydrophobic region, which is centered by Ile58, in the relatively planar surface. We built an ice-binding model for lpAFP on the basis of a lattice match of ice and constrained water oxygen atoms surrounding the hydrophobic area in the lpAFP structure. The model in which lpAFP has been docked to a secondary prism (2-1-10) plane, which is different from the one determined for Ca(2+)-independent type II AFP from sea raven (11-21), appears to explain the results of the mutagenesis analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Nishimiya
- Functional Protein Research Group, Research Institute of Genome-based Biofactory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-17-2-1 Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan
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