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Ehrenberg D, Varma N, Deupi X, Koyanagi M, Terakita A, Schertler GFX, Heberle J, Lesca E. The Two-Photon Reversible Reaction of the Bistable Jumping Spider Rhodopsin-1. Biophys J 2019; 116:1248-1258. [PMID: 30902364 PMCID: PMC6451042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bistable opsins are photopigments expressed in both invertebrates and vertebrates. These light-sensitive G-protein-coupled receptors undergo a reversible reaction upon illumination. A first photon initiates the cis to trans isomerization of the retinal chromophore—attached to the protein through a protonated Schiff base—and a series of transition states that eventually results in the formation of the thermally stable and active Meta state. Excitation by a second photon reverts this process to recover the original ground state. On the other hand, monostable opsins (e.g., bovine rhodopsin) lose their chromophore during the decay of the Meta II state (i.e., they bleach). Spectroscopic studies on the molecular details of the two-photon cycle in bistable opsins are limited. Here, we describe the successful expression and purification of recombinant rhodopsin-1 from the jumping spider Hasarius adansoni (JSR1). In its natural configuration, spectroscopic characterization of JSR1 is hampered by the similar absorption spectra in the visible spectrum of the inactive and active states. We solved this issue by separating their absorption spectra by replacing the endogenous 11-cis retinal chromophore with the blue-shifted 9-cis JSiR1. With this system, we used time-resolved ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy after pulsed laser excitation to obtain kinetic details of the rise and decay of the photocycle intermediates. We also used resonance Raman spectroscopy to elucidate structural changes of the retinal chromophore upon illumination. Our data clearly indicate that the protonated Schiff base is stable throughout the entire photoreaction. We additionally show that the accompanying conformational changes in the protein are different from those of monostable rhodopsin, as recorded by light-induced FTIR difference spectroscopy. Thus, we envisage JSR1 as becoming a model system for future studies on the reaction mechanisms of bistable opsins, e.g., by time-resolved x-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ehrenberg
- Experimental Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niranjan Varma
- Division of Biology and Chemistry-Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Deupi
- Division of Neutrons and Muons-Laboratory for Scientific Computing and Modelling, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Mitsumasa Koyanagi
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihisa Terakita
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gebhard F X Schertler
- Division of Biology and Chemistry-Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Joachim Heberle
- Experimental Molecular Biophysics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Elena Lesca
- Division of Biology and Chemistry-Laboratory for Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Shirzad-Wasei N, DeGrip WJ. Heterologous expression of melanopsin: Present, problems and prospects. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 52:1-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zheng L, Farrell DM, Fulton RM, Bagg EE, Salcedo E, Manino M, Britt SG. Analysis of Conserved Glutamate and Aspartate Residues in Drosophila Rhodopsin 1 and Their Influence on Spectral Tuning. J Biol Chem 2015. [PMID: 26195627 PMCID: PMC4571949 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.677765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that regulate invertebrate visual pigment absorption are poorly understood. Studies of amphioxus Go-opsin have demonstrated that Glu-181 functions as the counterion in this pigment. This finding has led to the proposal that Glu-181 may function as the counterion in other invertebrate visual pigments as well. Here we describe a series of mutagenesis experiments to test this hypothesis and to also test whether other conserved acidic amino acids in Drosophila Rhodopsin 1 (Rh1) may serve as the counterion of this visual pigment. Of the 5 Glu and Asp residues replaced by Gln or Asn in our experiments, none of the mutant pigments shift the absorption of Rh1 by more than 6 nm. In combination with prior studies, these results suggest that the counterion in Drosophila Rh1 may not be located at Glu-181 as in amphioxus, or at Glu-113 as in bovine rhodopsin. Conversely, the extremely low steady state levels of the E194Q mutant pigment (bovine opsin site Glu-181), and the rhabdomere degeneration observed in flies expressing this mutant demonstrate that a negatively charged residue at this position is essential for normal rhodopsin function in vivo. This work also raises the possibility that another residue or physiologic anion may compensate for the missing counterion in the E194Q mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zheng
- From the Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology
| | | | - Ruth M Fulton
- From the Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology
| | - Eve E Bagg
- From the Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology
| | | | | | - Steven G Britt
- From the Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology, Ophthalmology and Rocky Mountain Lions Eye Institute, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
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Murakami M, Kouyama T. Crystallographic Study of the LUMI Intermediate of Squid Rhodopsin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126970. [PMID: 26024518 PMCID: PMC4449009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon absorption of light, the retinal chromophore in rhodopsin isomerizes from the 11-cis to the trans configuration, initiating a photoreaction cycle. The primary photoreaction state, bathorhodopsin (BATHO), relaxes thermally through lumirhodopsin (LUMI) into a photoactive state, metarhodopsin (META), which stimulates the conjugated G-protein. Previous crystallographic studies of squid and bovine rhodopsins have shown that the structural change in the primary photoreaction of squid rhodopsin is considerably different from that observed in bovine rhodopsin. It would be expected that there is a fundamental difference in the subsequent thermal relaxation process between vertebrate and invertebrate rhodopsins. In this work, we performed crystallographic analyses of the LUMI state of squid rhodopsin using the P62 crystal. When the crystal was illuminated at 100 K with blue light, a half fraction of the protein was converted into BATHO. This reaction state relaxed into LUMI when the illuminated crystal was warmed in the dark to 170 K. It was found that, whereas trans retinal is largely twisted in BATHO, it takes on a more planar configuration in LUMI. This relaxation of retinal is accompanied by reorientation of the Schiff base NH bond, the hydrogen-bonding partner of which is switched to Asn185 in LUMI. Unlike bovine rhodopsin, the BATHO-to-LUMI transition in squid rhodopsin was accompanied by no significant change in the position/orientation of the beta-ionone ring of retinal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Murakami
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kouyama
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- RIKEN Harima Institute/SPring-8, 1-1-1, Kouto, Mikazuki, Sayo, Hyogo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Novikov GV, Sivozhelezov VS, Shebanova AS, Shaitan KV. Classification of rhodopsin structures by modern methods of structural bioinformatics. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:435-43. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912050033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Murakami M, Kouyama T. Crystallographic Analysis of the Primary Photochemical Reaction of Squid Rhodopsin. J Mol Biol 2011; 413:615-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Scheerer P, Park JH, Hildebrand PW, Kim YJ, Krauss N, Choe HW, Hofmann KP, Ernst OP. Crystal structure of opsin in its G-protein-interacting conformation. Nature 2008; 455:497-502. [PMID: 18818650 DOI: 10.1038/nature07330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 857] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Opsin, the ligand-free form of the G-protein-coupled receptor rhodopsin, at low pH adopts a conformationally distinct, active G-protein-binding state known as Ops*. A synthetic peptide derived from the main binding site of the heterotrimeric G protein-the carboxy terminus of the alpha-subunit (GalphaCT)-stabilizes Ops*. Here we present the 3.2 A crystal structure of the bovine Ops*-GalphaCT peptide complex. GalphaCT binds to a site in opsin that is opened by an outward tilt of transmembrane helix (TM) 6, a pairing of TM5 and TM6, and a restructured TM7-helix 8 kink. Contacts along the inner surface of TM5 and TM6 induce an alpha-helical conformation in GalphaCT with a C-terminal reverse turn. Main-chain carbonyl groups in the reverse turn constitute the centre of a hydrogen-bonded network, which links the two receptor regions containing the conserved E(D)RY and NPxxY(x)(5,6)F motifs. On the basis of the Ops*-GalphaCT structure and known conformational changes in Galpha, we discuss signal transfer from the receptor to the G protein nucleotide-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Scheerer
- Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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Barsanti L, Coltelli P, Evangelista V, Passarelli V, Frassanito AM, Vesentini N, Gualtieri P. Low-resolution characterization of the 3D structure of the Euglena gracilis photoreceptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 375:471-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Shimamura T, Hiraki K, Takahashi N, Hori T, Ago H, Masuda K, Takio K, Ishiguro M, Miyano M. Crystal structure of squid rhodopsin with intracellularly extended cytoplasmic region. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:17753-6. [PMID: 18463093 PMCID: PMC2440622 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c800040200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors play a key step in cellular signal transduction cascades by transducing various extracellular signals via G-proteins. Rhodopsin is a prototypical G-protein-coupled receptor involved in the retinal visual signaling cascade. We determined the structure of squid rhodopsin at 3.7A resolution, which transduces signals through the G(q) protein to the phosphoinositol cascade. The structure showed seven transmembrane helices and an amphipathic helix H8 has similar geometry to structures from bovine rhodopsin, coupling to G(t), and human beta(2)-adrenergic receptor, coupling to G(s). Notably, squid rhodopsin contains a well structured cytoplasmic region involved in the interaction with G-proteins, and this region is flexible or disordered in bovine rhodopsin and human beta(2)-adrenergic receptor. The transmembrane helices 5 and 6 are longer and extrude into the cytoplasm. The distal C-terminal tail contains a short hydrophilic alpha-helix CH after the palmitoylated cysteine residues. The residues in the distal C-terminal tail interact with the neighboring residues in the second cytoplasmic loop, the extruded transmembrane helices 5 and 6, and the short helix H8. Additionally, the Tyr-111, Asn-87, and Asn-185 residues are located within hydrogen-bonding distances from the nitrogen atom of the Schiff base.
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Murakami M, Kouyama T. Crystal structure of squid rhodopsin. Nature 2008; 453:363-7. [PMID: 18480818 DOI: 10.1038/nature06925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Terakita A, Tsukamoto H, Koyanagi M, Sugahara M, Yamashita T, Shichida Y. Expression and comparative characterization of Gq-coupled invertebrate visual pigments and melanopsin. J Neurochem 2008; 105:883-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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