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Karbian N, Eshed-Eisenbach Y, Zeibak M, Tabib A, Sukhanov N, Vainshtein A, Morgan BP, Fellig Y, Peles E, Mevorach D. Complement-membrane regulatory proteins are absent from the nodes of Ranvier in the peripheral nervous system. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:245. [PMID: 37875972 PMCID: PMC10594684 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02920-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homozygous CD59-deficient patients manifest with recurrent peripheral neuropathy resembling Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), hemolytic anemia and recurrent strokes. Variable mutations in CD59 leading to loss of function have been described and, overall, 17/18 of patients with any mutation presented with recurrent GBS. Here we determine the localization and possible role of membrane-bound complement regulators, including CD59, in the peripheral nervous systems (PNS) of mice and humans. METHODS We examined the localization of membrane-bound complement regulators in the peripheral nerves of healthy humans and a CD59-deficient patient, as well as in wild-type (WT) and CD59a-deficient mice. Cross sections of teased sciatic nerves and myelinating dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neuron/Schwann cell cultures were examined by confocal and electron microscopy. RESULTS We demonstrate that CD59a-deficient mice display normal peripheral nerve morphology but develop myelin abnormalities in older age. They normally express myelin protein zero (P0), ankyrin G (AnkG), Caspr, dystroglycan, and neurofascin. Immunolabeling of WT nerves using antibodies to CD59 and myelin basic protein (MBP), P0, and AnkG revealed that CD59 was localized along the internode but was absent from the nodes of Ranvier. CD59 was also detected in blood vessels within the nerve. Finally, we show that the nodes of Ranvier lack other complement-membrane regulatory proteins, including CD46, CD55, CD35, and CR1-related gene-y (Crry), rendering this area highly exposed to complement attack. CONCLUSION The Nodes of Ranvier lack CD59 and are hence not protected from complement terminal attack. The myelin unit in human PNS is protected by CD59 and CD55, but not by CD46 or CD35. This renders the nodes and myelin in the PNS vulnerable to complement attack and demyelination in autoinflammatory Guillain-Barré syndrome, as seen in CD59 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netanel Karbian
- Rheumatology and Rare Disease Research Center, The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center and School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Eshed-Eisenbach
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Marian Zeibak
- Rheumatology and Rare Disease Research Center, The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center and School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Tabib
- Rheumatology and Rare Disease Research Center, The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center and School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Natasha Sukhanov
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anya Vainshtein
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - B. Paul Morgan
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales UK
| | - Yakov Fellig
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elior Peles
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dror Mevorach
- Rheumatology and Rare Disease Research Center, The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center and School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Institute of Rheumatology-Immunology-Allergology, The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center and School of Medicine, POB 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
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Mutational analysis of Kaposica reveals that bridging of MG2 and CUB domains of target protein is crucial for the cofactor activity of RCA proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12794-9. [PMID: 26420870 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1506449112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system has evolved to annul pathogens, but its improper regulation is linked with diseases. Efficient regulation of the system is primarily provided by a family of proteins termed regulators of complement activation (RCA). The knowledge of precise structural determinants of RCA proteins critical for imparting the regulatory activities and the molecular events underlying the regulatory processes, nonetheless, is still limited. Here, we have dissected the structural requirements of RCA proteins that are crucial for one of their two regulatory activities, the cofactor activity (CFA), by using the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus RCA homolog Kaposica as a model protein. We have scanned the entire Kaposica molecule by sequential mutagenesis using swapping and site-directed mutagenesis, which identified residues critical for its interaction with C3b and factor I. Mapping of these residues onto the modeled structure of C3b-Kaposica-factor I complex supported the mutagenesis data. Furthermore, the model suggested that the C3b-interacting residues bridge the CUB (complement C1r-C1s, Uegf, Bmp1) and MG2 (macroglobulin-2) domains of C3b. Thus, it seems that stabilization of the CUB domain with respect to the core of the C3b molecule is central for its CFA. Identification of CFA-critical regions in Kaposica guided experiments in which the equivalent regions of membrane cofactor protein were swapped into decay-accelerating factor. This strategy allowed CFA to be introduced into decay-accelerating factor, suggesting that viral and human regulators use a common mechanism for CFA.
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Mortensen S, Kidmose RT, Petersen SV, Szilágyi Á, Prohászka Z, Andersen GR. Structural Basis for the Function of Complement Component C4 within the Classical and Lectin Pathways of Complement. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5488-96. [PMID: 25911760 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Complement component C4 is a central protein in the classical and lectin pathways within the complement system. During activation of complement, its major fragment C4b becomes covalently attached to the surface of pathogens and altered self-tissue, where it acts as an opsonin marking the surface for removal. Moreover, C4b provides a platform for assembly of the proteolytically active convertases that mediate downstream complement activation by cleavage of C3 and C5. In this article, we present the crystal and solution structures of the 195-kDa C4b. Our results provide the molecular details of the rearrangement accompanying C4 cleavage and suggest intramolecular flexibility of C4b. The conformations of C4b and its paralogue C3b are shown to be remarkably conserved, suggesting that the convertases from the classical and alternative pathways are likely to share their overall architecture and mode of substrate recognition. We propose an overall molecular model for the classical pathway C5 convertase in complex with C5, suggesting that C3b increases the affinity for the substrate by inducing conformational changes in C4b rather than a direct interaction with C5. C4b-specific features revealed by our structural studies are probably involved in the assembly of the classical pathway C3/C5 convertases and C4b binding to regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Mortensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rune T Kidmose
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steen V Petersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; and
| | - Ágnes Szilágyi
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1125, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Prohászka
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest 1125, Hungary
| | - Gregers R Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
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Le Friec G, Sheppard D, Whiteman P, Karsten CM, Shamoun SAT, Laing A, Bugeon L, Dallman MJ, Melchionna T, Chillakuri C, Smith RA, Drouet C, Couzi L, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Köhl J, Waddington SN, McDonnell JM, Baker A, Handford PA, Lea SM, Kemper C. The CD46-Jagged1 interaction is critical for human TH1 immunity. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:1213-21. [PMID: 23086448 PMCID: PMC3505834 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD46 is a complement regulator with important roles related to the immune response. CD46 functions as a pathogen receptor and is a potent costimulator for the induction of interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-secreting effector T helper type 1 (T(H)1) cells and their subsequent switch into interleukin 10 (IL-10)-producing regulatory T cells. Here we identified the Notch family member Jagged1 as a physiological ligand for CD46. Furthermore, we found that CD46 regulated the expression of Notch receptors and ligands during T cell activation and that disturbance of the CD46-Notch crosstalk impeded induction of IFN-γ and switching to IL-10. Notably, CD4(+) T cells from CD46-deficient patients and patients with hypomorphic mutations in the gene encoding Jagged1 (Alagille syndrome) failed to mount appropriate T(H)1 responses in vitro and in vivo, which suggested that CD46-Jagged1 crosstalk is responsible for the recurrent infections in subpopulations of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Le Friec
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Devon Sheppard
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pat Whiteman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian M. Karsten
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Salley Al-Tilib Shamoun
- Child Health Clinical Academic Grouping, King’s Health Partners, Denmark Hill Campus, London, UK
| | - Adam Laing
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Laurence Bugeon
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Margaret J. Dallman
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Teresa Melchionna
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Richard A. Smith
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
| | - Christian Drouet
- Université Joseph Fourier, GREPI/AGIM CNRS FRE3405, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Lionel Couzi
- Nephrology-Transplantation, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Veronique Fremeaux-Bacchi
- Cordeliers Research Center, Inserm Unite Mixte de Recherche en Sante (UMRS) 872, Paris, France
- Hopital Europeen Georges Pompidou, Service d’Immunologie Biologique, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jörg Köhl
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Simon N. Waddington
- Institute for Women’s Health, Gene Transfer Technology Group, University College London, London
| | - James M. McDonnell
- Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, UK
| | - Alastair Baker
- Child Health Clinical Academic Grouping, King’s Health Partners, Denmark Hill Campus, London, UK
| | | | - Susan M. Lea
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claudia Kemper
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
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Miller A, Phillips A, Gor J, Wallis R, Perkins SJ. Near-planar solution structures of mannose-binding lectin oligomers provide insight on activation of lectin pathway of complement. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:3930-45. [PMID: 22167201 PMCID: PMC3281675 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.320341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a fundamental component of innate immunity that orchestrates complex immunological and inflammatory processes. Complement comprises over 30 proteins that eliminate invading microorganisms while maintaining host cell integrity. Protein-carbohydrate interactions play critical roles in both the activation and regulation of complement. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) activates the lectin pathway of complement via the recognition of sugar arrays on pathogenic surfaces. To determine the solution structure of MBL, synchrotron x-ray scattering and analytical ultracentrifugation experiments showed that the carbohydrate-recognition domains in the MBL dimer, trimer, and tetramer are positioned close to each other in near-planar fan-like structures. These data were subjected to constrained modeling fits. A bent structure for the MBL monomer was identified starting from two crystal structures for its carbohydrate-recognition domain and its triple helical region. The MBL monomer structure was used to identify 10-12 near-planar solution structures for each of the MBL dimers, trimers, and tetramers starting from 900 to 6,859 randomized structures for each. These near-planar fan-like solution structures joined at an N-terminal hub clarified how the carbohydrate-recognition domain of MBL binds to pathogenic surfaces. They also provided insight on how MBL presents a structural template for the binding and auto-activation of the MBL-associated serine proteases to initiate the lectin pathway of complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Miller
- From the Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Darwin Building, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT and
| | - Anna Phillips
- the Department of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, Medical Science Building, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Jayesh Gor
- From the Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Darwin Building, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT and
| | - Russell Wallis
- the Department of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, Medical Science Building, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Perkins
- From the Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Darwin Building, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT and
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Structural basis for complement factor I control and its disease-associated sequence polymorphisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:12839-44. [PMID: 21768352 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1102167108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a key component of innate and adaptive immune responses. Complement regulation is critical for prevention and control of disease. We have determined the crystal structure of the complement regulatory enzyme human factor I (fI). FI is in a proteolytically inactive form, demonstrating that it circulates in a zymogen-like state despite being fully processed to the mature sequence. Mapping of functional data from mutants of fI onto the structure suggests that this inactive form is maintained by the noncatalytic heavy-chain allosterically modulating activity of the light chain. Once the ternary complex of fI, a cofactor and a substrate is formed, the allosteric inhibition is released, and fI is oriented for cleavage. In addition to explaining how circulating fI is limited to cleaving only C3b/C4b, our model explains the molecular basis of disease-associated polymorphisms in fI and its cofactors.
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