Average structures of the disordered β-phase of Pigment Red 170: a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study

Analysis of diffuse scattering in electron diffraction data for the crystal structure determination of Pigment Orange 13, C32H24Cl2N8O2

The crystallographic study of two polymorphs of the industrial pyrazolone Pigment Orange 13 (P.O.13) is reported. The crystal structure of the β phase was determined using single-crystal X-ray analysis of a tiny needle. The α phase was investigated using three-dimensional electron diffraction. The electron diffraction data contain sharp Bragg reflections and strong diffuse streaks, associated with severe stacking disorder. The structure was solved by careful analysis of the diffuse scattering, and similarities of the unit-cell parameters with the β phase. The structure solution is described in detail and this provides a didactic example of solving molecular crystal structures in the presence of diffuse scattering. Several structural models were constructed and optimized by lattice-energy minimization with dispersion-corrected DFT. A four-layer model was found, which matches the electron diffraction data, including the diffuse scattering, and agrees with X-ray powder data. Additionally, five further phases of P.O.13 are described.

Local structure and stacking disorder of chloro(phthalocyaninato)aluminium

Chloro(phthalocyaninato)aluminium [(C₃₂H₁₆N₈)AlCl, Pigment Blue 79] is a molecular compound which crystallizes in a layer structure with stacking disorder. Order-disorder theory was applied to analyse and explain the stacking disorder and to determine the symmetry operations, which generate subsequent layers from a given one. Corresponding ordered structural models were constructed and optimized by force field and dispersion-corrected density functional theory methods. The superposition of the four lowest-energy stackings lead to a structure in which every second double layer looks to be ordered; in the other double layers the molecules occupy one of two lateral positions. This calculated superposition structure agrees excellently with an (incomplete) experimental structure determined from single-crystal data. From the optimized ordered models, the stacking probabilities and the preferred local arrangements were derived. Packing effects such as the distortion of the molecules depending on the arrangement of neighbouring molecules could also be determined.

The structure of denisovite, a fibrous nanocrystalline polytypic disordered 'very complex' silicate, studied by a synergistic multi-disciplinary approach employing methods of electron crystallography and X-ray powder diffraction

Denisovite is a rare mineral occurring as aggregates of fibres typically 200-500 nm diameter. It was confirmed as a new mineral in 1984, but important facts about its chemical formula, lattice parameters, symmetry and structure have remained incompletely known since then. Recently obtained results from studies using microprobe analysis, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), electron crystallography, modelling and Rietveld refinement will be reported. The electron crystallography methods include transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), high-angle annular dark-field imaging (HAADF), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), precession electron diffraction (PED) and electron diffraction tomography (EDT). A structural model of denisovite was developed from HAADF images and later completed on the basis of quasi-kinematic EDT data by ab initio structure solution using direct methods and least-squares refinement. The model was confirmed by Rietveld refinement. The lattice parameters are a = 31.024 (1), b = 19.554 (1) and c = 7.1441 (5) Å, β = 95.99 (3)°, V = 4310.1 (5) Å3 and space group P12/a1. The structure consists of three topologically distinct dreier silicate chains, viz. two xonotlite-like dreier double chains, [Si6O17]10-, and a tubular loop-branched dreier triple chain, [Si12O30]12-. The silicate chains occur between three walls of edge-sharing (Ca,Na) octahedra. The chains of silicate tetrahedra and the octahedra walls extend parallel to the z axis and form a layer parallel to (100). Water molecules and K+ cations are located at the centre of the tubular silicate chain. The latter also occupy positions close to the centres of eight-membered rings in the silicate chains. The silicate chains are geometrically constrained by neighbouring octahedra walls and present an ambiguity with respect to their z position along these walls, with displacements between neighbouring layers being either Δz = c/4 or -c/4. Such behaviour is typical for polytypic sequences and leads to disorder along [100]. In fact, the diffraction pattern does not show any sharp reflections with l odd, but continuous diffuse streaks parallel to a* instead. Only reflections with l even are sharp. The diffuse scattering is caused by (100) nano-lamellae separated by stacking faults and twin boundaries. The structure can be described according to the order-disorder (OD) theory as a stacking of layers parallel to (100).

Explanation of the stacking disorder in the β-phase of Pigment Red 170

The β-phase of Pigment Red 170, C26H22N4O4, which is used industrially for the colouration of plastics, crystallizes in a layer structure with stacking disorder. The disorder is characterized by a lateral translational shift between the layers with a component ty of either +0.421 or -0.421. Order-disorder (OD) theory is used to derive the possible stacking sequences. Extensive lattice-energy minimizations were carried out on a large set of structural models with different stacking sequences, containing up to 2688 atoms. These calculations were used to determine the actual local structures and to derive the stacking probabilities. It is shown that local structures and energies depend not only on the arrangement of neighbouring layers, but also next-neighbouring layers. Large models with 100 layers were constructed according to the derived stacking probabilities. The diffraction patterns simulated from those models are in good agreement with the experimental single-crystal and powder diffraction patterns. Electron diffraction investigation on a nanocrystalline industrial sample revealed the same disorder. Hence the lattice-energy minimizations are able to explain the disorder and the diffuse scattering.