1
|
Mikhailovich V, Heydarov R, Zimenkov D, Chebotar I. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia virulence: a current view. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1385631. [PMID: 38741741 PMCID: PMC11089167 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1385631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic pathogen intrinsically resistant to multiple and broad-spectrum antibiotics. Although the bacterium is considered a low-virulence pathogen, it can cause various severe diseases and contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of multibacterial infections. During the COVID-19 pandemic, S. maltophilia has been recognized as one of the most common causative agents of respiratory co-infections and bacteremia in critically ill COVID-19 patients. The high ability to adapt to unfavorable environments and new habitat niches, as well as the sophisticated switching of metabolic pathways, are unique mechanisms that attract the attention of clinical researchers and experts studying the fundamental basis of virulence. In this review, we have summarized the current knowledge on the molecular aspects of S. maltophilia virulence and putative virulence factors, partially touched on interspecific bacterial interactions and iron uptake systems in the context of virulence, and have not addressed antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Mikhailovich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rustam Heydarov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Danila Zimenkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Chebotar
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Y, Liu X, Chen L, Shen X, Wang H, Guo R, Li X, Yu Z, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Fu L. Comparative genomics analysis of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains from a community. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1266295. [PMID: 38089814 PMCID: PMC10715271 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1266295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a multidrug-resistant (MDR) opportunistic pathogen with high resistance to most clinically used antimicrobials. The dissemination of MDR S. maltophilia and difficult treatment of its infection in clinical settings are global issues. Methods To provide more genetic information on S. maltophilia and find a better treatment strategy, we isolated five S. maltophilia, SMYN41-SMYN45, from a Chinese community that were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing, biofilm formation assay, and whole-genome sequencing. Whole-genome sequences were compared with other thirty-seven S. maltophilia sequences. Results The five S. maltophilia strains had similar antibiotic resistance profiles and were resistant to β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and macrolides. They showed similar antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, including various efflux pumps, β-lactamase resistance genes (blaL1/2), aminoglycoside resistance genes [aac(6'), aph(3'/6)], and macrolide-resistant gene (MacB). Genome sequencing analysis revealed that SMYN41-SMYN45 belonged to sequence type 925 (ST925), ST926, ST926, ST31, and ST928, respectively, and three new STs were identified (ST925, ST926, and ST928). Conclusion This study provides genetic information by comparing genome sequences of several S. maltophilia isolates from a community of various origins, with the aim of optimizing empirical antibiotic medication and contributing to worldwide efforts to tackle antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yini Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Public Center of Experimental Technology of Pathogen Biology Technology Platform, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lingzhi Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiao Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Public Center of Experimental Technology of Pathogen Biology Technology Platform, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Haihong Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Public Center of Experimental Technology of Pathogen Biology Technology Platform, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ruiyu Guo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Public Center of Experimental Technology of Pathogen Biology Technology Platform, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Public Center of Experimental Technology of Pathogen Biology Technology Platform, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zehui Yu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Allergy, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, China
| | - Yingshun Zhou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Public Center of Experimental Technology of Pathogen Biology Technology Platform, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Li Fu
- Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an opportunistic pathogen of significant concern to susceptible patient populations. This pathogen can cause nosocomial and community-acquired respiratory and bloodstream infections and various other infections in humans. Sources include water, plant rhizospheres, animals, and foods. Studies of the genetic heterogeneity of S. maltophilia strains have identified several new genogroups and suggested adaptation of this pathogen to its habitats. The mechanisms used by S. maltophilia during pathogenesis continue to be uncovered and explored. S. maltophilia virulence factors include use of motility, biofilm formation, iron acquisition mechanisms, outer membrane components, protein secretion systems, extracellular enzymes, and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. S. maltophilia is intrinsically drug resistant to an array of different antibiotics and uses a broad arsenal to protect itself against antimicrobials. Surveillance studies have recorded increases in drug resistance for S. maltophilia, prompting new strategies to be developed against this opportunist. The interactions of this environmental bacterium with other microorganisms are being elucidated. S. maltophilia and its products have applications in biotechnology, including agriculture, biocontrol, and bioremediation.
Collapse
|
4
|
Flores-Treviño S, Bocanegra-Ibarias P, Camacho-Ortiz A, Morfín-Otero R, Salazar-Sesatty HA, Garza-González E. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia biofilm: its role in infectious diseases. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:877-893. [PMID: 31658838 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1685875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Infections caused by the opportunistic Stenotrophomonas maltophilia pathogen in immunocompromised patients are complicated to treat due to antibiotic resistance and the ability of the bacteria to produce biofilm.Areas covered: A MEDLINE/PubMed search was performed of available literature to describe the role of biofilm produced by S. maltophilia in the diseases it causes, including biofilm-influencing factors, the biofilm forming process and composition. The antimicrobial resistance due to S. maltophilia biofilm production and current antibiofilm strategies is also included.Expert opinion: Through the production of biofilm, S. maltophilia strains can easily adhere to the surfaces in hospital settings and aid in its transmission. The biofilm can also cause antibiotic tolerance rendering some of the therapeutic options ineffective, causing setbacks in the selection of an appropriate treatment. Conventional susceptibility tests do not yet offer therapeutic guidelines to treat biofilm-associated infections. Current S. maltophilia biofilm control strategies include natural and synthetic compounds, chelating agents, and commonly prescribed antibiotics. As biofilm age and matrix composition affect the level of antibiotic tolerance, their characterization should be included in biofilm susceptibility testing, in addition to molecular and proteomic analyzes. As for now, several commonly recommended antibiotics can be used to treat biofilm-related S. maltophilia infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Flores-Treviño
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Paola Bocanegra-Ibarias
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Adrián Camacho-Ortiz
- Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Universitario, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Rayo Morfín-Otero
- Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, Fray Antonio Alcalde, Instituto de Patología Infecciosa y Experimental, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Humberto Antonio Salazar-Sesatty
- Unidad de Terapias Experimentales, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| | - Elvira Garza-González
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hospital Universitario y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, México
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
BsmR degrades c-di-GMP to modulate biofilm formation of nosocomial pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4665. [PMID: 28680041 PMCID: PMC5498567 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04763-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
c-di-GMP is a cellular second messenger that regulates diverse bacterial processes, including swimming, biofilm formation and virulence. However, in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, a nosocomial pathogen that frequently infects immunodeficient or immunoincompetent patients, the regulatory function of c-di-GMP remains unclear. Here we show that BsmR is a negative regulator of biofilm development that degrades c-di-GMP through its EAL domain. Increasing BsmR expression resulted in significant increase in bacterial swimming and decrease in cell aggregation. BsmR regulates the expression of at least 349 genes. Among them, 34 involved in flagellar assembly and a flagellar-assembly-related transcription factor (fsnR) are positively regulated. Although BsmR is a response regulator of the two-component signaling system, its role in biofilm formation depends on the expression level of its respective gene (bsmR), not on the protein’s phosphorylation level. A transcription factor, BsmT, whose coding gene is located in the same tetra-cistronic operon as bsmR, was shown to directly bind to the promoter region of the operon and, through a positive regulatory loop, modulate bsmR transcription. Thus, our results revealed that the c-di-GMP signaling pathway controls biofilm formation and swimming in S. maltophilia, suggesting c-di-GMP signaling as a target in the development of novel antibacterial agents to resist this pathogen.
Collapse
|
6
|
Su T, Liu S, Wang K, Chi K, Zhu D, Wei T, Huang Y, Guo L, Hu W, Xu S, Lin Z, Gu L. The REC domain mediated dimerization is critical for FleQ from Pseudomonas aeruginosa to function as a c-di-GMP receptor and flagella gene regulator. J Struct Biol 2015; 192:1-13. [PMID: 26362077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
FleQ is an AAA+ ATPase enhancer-binding protein that regulates both flagella and biofilm formation in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. FleQ belongs to the NtrC subfamily of response regulators, but lacks the corresponding aspartic acid for phosphorylation in the REC domain (FleQ(R), also named FleQ domain). Here, we show that the atypical REC domain of FleQ is essential for the function of FleQ. Crystal structure of FleQ(R) at 2.3Å reveals that the structure of FleQ(R) is significantly different from the REC domain of NtrC1 which regulates gene expression in a phosphorylation dependent manner. FleQ(R) forms a novel active dimer (transverse dimer), and mediates the dimerization of full-length FleQ in an unusual manner. Point mutations that affect the dimerization of FleQ lead to loss of function of the protein. Moreover, a c-di-GMP binding site deviating from the previous reported one is identified through structure analysis and point mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Su
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Shiheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Kang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Kaikai Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Deyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Tiandi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Liming Guo
- Rizhao Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Rizhao Health Bureau, Rizhao 276826, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Sujuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
| | - Zong Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314006, China
| | - Lichuan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|