1
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Miyasaka Y, Yokoyama K, Kozono T, Kitano Y, Miyazaki T, Sakaguchi M, Nishikawa A, Tonozuka T. Structural basis for the recognition of α-1,6-branched α-glucan by GH13_47 α-amylase from Rhodothermus marinus. Proteins 2024; 92:984-997. [PMID: 38641972 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 13 is among the main families of enzymes acting on starch; recently, subfamily 47 of GH13 (GH13_47) has been established. The crystal structure and function of a GH13_47 enzyme from Bacteroides ovatus has only been reported to date. This enzyme has α-amylase activity, while the GH13_47 enzymes comprise approximately 800-900 amino acid residues which are almost double those of typical α-amylases. It is important to know how different the GH13_47 enzymes are from other α-amylases. Rhodothermus marinus JCM9785, a thermophilic bacterium, possesses a gene for the GH13_47 enzyme, which is designated here as RmGH13_47A. Its structure has been predicted to be composed of seven domains: N1, N2, N3, A, B, C, and D. We constructed a plasmid encoding Gly266-Glu886, which contains the N3, A, B, and C domains and expressed the protein in Escherichia coli. The enzyme hydrolyzed starch and pullulan by a neopullulanase-type action. Additionally, the enzyme acted on maltotetraose, and saccharides with α-1,6-glucosidic linkages were observed in the products. Following the replacement of the catalytic residue Asp563 with Ala, the crystal structure of the variant D563A in complex with the enzymatic products from maltotetraose was determined; as a result, electron density for an α-1,6-branched pentasaccharide was observed in the catalytic pocket, and Ile762 and Asp763 interacted with the branched chain of the pentasaccharide. These findings suggest that RmGH13_47A is an α-amylase that prefers α-1,6-branched parts of starch to produce oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Miyasaka
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Kohei Yokoyama
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Takuma Kozono
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kitano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Miyazaki
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Sakaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishikawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Takashi Tonozuka
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
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2
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Li X, Jin Z, Bai Y, Svensson B. Progress in cyclodextrins as important molecules regulating catalytic processes of glycoside hydrolases. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 72:108326. [PMID: 38382582 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are important starch derivatives and commonly comprise α-, β-, and γ-CDs. Their hydrophilic surface and hydrophobic inner cavity enable regulation of enzyme catalysis through direct or indirect interactions. Clarifying interactions between CDs and enzyme is of great value for enzyme screening, mechanism exploration, regulation of catalysis, and applications. We summarize the interactions between CDs and glycoside hydrolases (GHs) according to two aspects: 1) CD as products, substrates, inhibitors and activators of enzymes, directly affecting the reaction process; 2) CDs indirectly affecting the enzymatic reaction by solubilizing substrates, relieving substrate/product inhibition, increasing recombinant enzyme production and storage stability, isolating and purifying enzymes, and serving as ligands in crystal structure to identify functional amino acid residues. Additionally, CD enzyme mimetics are developed and used as catalysts in traditional artificial enzymes as well as nanozymes, making the application of CDs no longer limited to GHs. This review concerns the regulation of GHs catalysis by CDs, and gives insights into research on interactions between enzymes and ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhengyu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yuxiang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
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3
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Fan W, Li Z, Li C, Gu Z, Hong Y, Cheng L, Ban X. Catalytic activity enhancement of 1,4-α-glucan branching enzyme by N-terminal modification. Food Chem X 2023; 20:100888. [PMID: 38144803 PMCID: PMC10739917 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The 1,4-α-glucan branching enzyme (GBE, EC 2.4.1.18) has garnered considerable attention for its ability to increase the degree of branching of starch and retard starch digestion, which has great industrial applications. Previous studies have reported that the N-terminal domain plays an important role in the expression and stability of GBEs. To further increase the catalytic ability of Gt-GBE, we constructed five mutants in the N-terminal domain: L19R, L19K, L25R, L25K, and L25A. Specific activities of L25R and L25A were increased by 28.46% and 23.46%, respectively, versus the wild-type Gt-GBE. In addition, the α-1,6-glycosidic linkage ratios of maltodextrin samples treated with L25R and L25A increased to 5.71%, which were significantly increased by 19.96% compared with that of the wild-type Gt-GBE. The results of this study suggest that the N-terminal domain selective modification can improve enzyme catalytic activity, thus further increasing the commercial application of enzymes in food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Fan
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Caiming Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Yan Hong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Li Cheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ban
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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4
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Kammoun AK, Abdelrahman MH, Khayyat AN, Elbaramawi SS, Ibrahim TS, Abdallah NA. Exploitation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes/Cu(ii)-metal organic framework based glassy carbon electrode for the determination of orphenadrine citrate. RSC Adv 2023; 13:31017-31026. [PMID: 37876650 PMCID: PMC10591296 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06710f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs), with structural tunability, high metal content and large surface area have recently attracted the attention of researchers in the field of electrochemistry. In this work, an unprecedented use of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/copper-based metal-organic framework (Cu-BTC MOF) composite as an ion-to-electron transducer in a potentiometric sensor is proposed for the determination of orphenadrine citrate. A comparative study was conducted between three proposed glassy carbon electrodes, Cu-MOF, (MWCNTs) and MWCNTs/Cu-MOF composite based sensors, where Cu-MOF, MWCNTs and their composite were utilized as the ion-to-electron transducers. The sensors were developed for accurate and precise determination of orphenadrine citrate in pharmaceutical dosage form, spiked real human plasma and artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF). The sensors employed β-cyclodextrin as a recognition element with the aid of potassium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate (KTpCIPB) as a lipophilic ion exchanger. The sensors that were assessed based on the guidelines recommended by IUPAC and demonstrated a linear response within the concentration range of 10-7 M to 10-3 M, 10-6 M to 10-2 M and 10-8 M to 10-2 M for Cu-MOF, MWCNTs and MWCNTs/Cu-MOF composite based sensors, respectively. MWCNTs/Cu-MOF composite based sensor showed superior performance over other sensors regarding lower limit of detection (LOD), wider linearity range and faster response. The sensors demonstrated their potential as effective options for the analysis of orphenadrine citrate in quality control laboratories and in different healthcare activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed K Kammoun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona H Abdelrahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University Cairo 11566 Egypt
| | - Ahdab N Khayyat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar S Elbaramawi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University Zagazig 44519 Egypt
| | - Tarek S Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehad A Abdallah
- Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Taibah University Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah 41477 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Experimental and Advanced Pharmaceutical Research Unit (EAPRU), Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University Cairo 11566 Egypt
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Fawaz R, Bingham C, Nayebi H, Chiou J, Gilbert L, Park SH, Geiger JH. The Structure of Maltooctaose-Bound Escherichia coli Branching Enzyme Suggests a Mechanism for Donor Chain Specificity. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114377. [PMID: 37298853 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycogen is the primary storage polysaccharide in bacteria and animals. It is a glucose polymer linked by α-1,4 glucose linkages and branched via α-1,6-linkages, with the latter reaction catalyzed by branching enzymes. Both the length and dispensation of these branches are critical in defining the structure, density, and relative bioavailability of the storage polysaccharide. Key to this is the specificity of branching enzymes because they define branch length. Herein, we report the crystal structure of the maltooctaose-bound branching enzyme from the enterobacteria E. coli. The structure identifies three new malto-oligosaccharide binding sites and confirms oligosaccharide binding in seven others, bringing the total number of oligosaccharide binding sites to twelve. In addition, the structure shows distinctly different binding in previously identified site I, with a substantially longer glucan chain ordered in the binding site. Using the donor oligosaccharide chain-bound Cyanothece branching enzyme structure as a guide, binding site I was identified as the likely binding surface for the extended donor chains that the E. coli branching enzyme is known to transfer. Furthermore, the structure suggests that analogous loops in branching enzymes from a diversity of organisms are responsible for branch chain length specificity. Together, these results suggest a possible mechanism for transfer chain specificity involving some of these surface binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remie Fawaz
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Courtney Bingham
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Hadi Nayebi
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Janice Chiou
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Lindsey Gilbert
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sung Hoon Park
- Department of Food Service Management and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Sangmyung University, Hongjidong, Jongnogu, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - James H Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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6
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Abdelkader H, Fatease AA, Fathalla Z, Shoman ME, Abou-Taleb HA, Abourehab MAS. Design, Preparation and Evaluation of Supramolecular Complexes with Curcumin for Enhanced Cytotoxicity in Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2283. [PMID: 36365104 PMCID: PMC9697316 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is one of the most researched phytochemicals by pharmacologists and formulation scientists to unleash its potential therapeutic benefits and tackle inherent biopharmaceutic problems. In this study, the native β-cyclodextrin (CD) and three derivatives, namely, Captisol (sulfobutyl ether β-CD), hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin, and hydroxyethyl β-cyclodextrin were investigated for inclusion complexes with curcumin using two preparation methods (physical mixing and solvent evaporation). The prepared complexes were studied for docking, solubility, FTIR, DSC, XRD, and dissolution rates. The best-fitting curcumin: cyclodextrins (the latter of the two CDs) were evaluated for cytotoxicity using human breast cell lines (MCF-7). Dose-dependent cytotoxicity was recorded as IC50% for curcumin, curcumin: hydroxyethyl β-cyclodextrin, and curcumin: hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin were 7.33, 7.28, and 19.05 µg/mL, respectively. These research findings indicate a protective role for the curcumin: hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin complex on the direct cell lines of MCF-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdy Abdelkader
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Al Fatease
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeinab Fathalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Mai E. Shoman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Heba A. Abou-Taleb
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Merit University (MUE), Sohag 82755, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A. S. Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Yang W, Su L, Wang L, Wu J, Chen S. Alpha-glucanotransferase from the glycoside hydrolase family synthesizes α(1–6)-linked products from starch: Features and synthesis pathways of the products. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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8
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Expression analyses of soluble starch synthase and starch branching enzyme isoforms in stem and leaf tissues under different photoperiods in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00976-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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9
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Conchou L, Martin J, Gonçalves IR, Galisson F, Violot S, Guillière F, Aghajari N, Ballut L. The Candida glabrata glycogen branching enzyme structure reveals unique features of branching enzymes of the Saccharomycetaceae phylum. Glycobiology 2021; 32:343-355. [PMID: 34939121 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Branching enzymes (BE) are responsible for the formation of branching points at the 1,6 position in glycogen and starch, by catalyzing the cleavage of α-1,4-linkages and the subsequent transfer by introducing α-1,6-linked glucose branched points. BEs are found in the large GH13 family, eukaryotic BEs being mainly classified in the GH13_8 subfamily, GH13_9 grouping almost exclusively prokaryotic enzymes. With the aim of contributing to the understanding of the mode of recognition and action of the enzymes belonging to GH13_8, and to the understanding of features distinguishing these enzymes from those belonging to subfamily 13_9 we solved the crystal structure of the glycogen branching enzyme (GBE) from the yeast Candida glabrata, CgGBE, in ligand free forms and in complex with a maltotriose. The structures revealed the presence of a domain already observed in Homo sapiens and Oryza sativa BEs and that we named α-helical N-terminal domain, in addition to the three conserved domains found in BE. We confirmed by phylogenetic analysis that this α-helical N-terminal domain is always present in the GH13_8 enzymes suggesting that it could actually present a signature for this subfamily. We identified two binding sites (BS) in the α-helical N-terminal domain and in the carbohydrate binding module 48 (CBM48), respectively, which show a unique structural organization only present in the Saccharomycotina phylum. Our structural and phylogenetic investigation provides new insight into the structural characterization of GH13_8 GBE revealing unique structural features only present in the Saccharomycotina phylum thereby conferring original properties to this group of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Conchou
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086, CNRS Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Juliette Martin
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086, CNRS Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle R Gonçalves
- Microbiologie Adaptation et Pathogénie, UMR 5240 CNRS Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Frédéric Galisson
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086, CNRS Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Sébastien Violot
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086, CNRS Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Florence Guillière
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280 CNRS Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nushin Aghajari
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086, CNRS Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Lionel Ballut
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086, CNRS Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
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10
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Gavgani HN, Fawaz R, Ehyaei N, Walls D, Pawlowski K, Fulgos R, Park S, Assar Z, Ghanbarpour A, Geiger JH. A structural explanation for the mechanism and specificity of plant branching enzymes I and IIb. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101395. [PMID: 34762912 PMCID: PMC8695356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Branching enzymes (BEs) are essential in the biosynthesis of starch and glycogen and play critical roles in determining the fine structure of these polymers. The substrates of these BEs are long carbohydrate chains that interact with these enzymes via multiple binding sites on the enzyme’s surface. By controlling the branched-chain length distribution, BEs can mediate the physiological properties of starch and glycogen moieties; however, the mechanism and structural determinants of this specificity remain mysterious. In this study, we identify a large dodecaose binding surface on rice BE I (BEI) that reaches from the outside of the active site to the active site of the enzyme. Mutagenesis activity assays confirm the importance of this binding site in enzyme catalysis, from which we conclude that it is likely the acceptor chain binding site. Comparison of the structures of BE from Cyanothece and BE1 from rice allowed us to model the location of the donor-binding site. We also identified two loops that likely interact with the donor chain and whose sequences diverge between plant BE1, which tends to transfer longer chains, and BEIIb, which transfers exclusively much shorter chains. When the sequences of these loops were swapped with the BEIIb sequence, rice BE1 also became a short-chain transferring enzyme, demonstrating the key role these loops play in specificity. Taken together, these results provide a more complete picture of the structure, selectivity, and activity of BEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nayebi Gavgani
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Remie Fawaz
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Nona Ehyaei
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - David Walls
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Kathryn Pawlowski
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Raoul Fulgos
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Sunghoon Park
- Department of Foodservice Management and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Sangmyung University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Zahra Assar
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Alireza Ghanbarpour
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - James H Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
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11
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Jiang H, Xie X, Ban X, Gu Z, Cheng L, Hong Y, Li C, Li Z. Flexible Loop in Carbohydrate-Binding Module 48 Allosterically Modulates Substrate Binding of the 1,4-α-Glucan Branching Enzyme. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:5755-5763. [PMID: 33988022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The 1,4-α-glucan branching enzyme (GBE, EC 2.4.1.18) catalyzes the formation of α-1,6 branching points in starch and plays a key role in synthesis. To obtain mechanistic insights into the catalytic action of the enzyme, we first determined the crystal structure of GBE from Rhodothermus obamensis STB05 (RoGBE) to a resolution of 2.39 Å (PDB ID: 6JOY). The structure consists of three domains: domain A, domain C, and the carbohydrate-binding module 48 (CBM48). An engineered truncated mutant lacking the CBM48 domain (ΔCBM48) showed significantly reduced ligand binding affinity and enzyme activity. Comparison of the structures of RoGBE with other GBEs showed that CBM48 of RoGBE had a longer flexible loop. Truncation of the flexible loops resulted in reduced binding affinity and activity, thereby substantiating the importance of the optimum loop structure for catalysis. In essence, our study shows that CBM48, especially the flexible loop, plays an important role in substrate binding and enzymatic activity of RoGBE. Further, based on the structural analysis, kinetics, and activity assays on wild type and mutants, as well as homology modeling, we proposed a mechanistic model (called the "lid model") to illustrate how the flexible loop triggers substrate binding, ultimately leading to catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimin Jiang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofang Xie
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Ban
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Li Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yan Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Caiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
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12
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Paul S, Roy P, Das S, Ghosh S, Sardar PS, Majhi A. Addressing the Exigent Role of a Coumarin Fluorophore toward Finding the Suitable Microenvironment of Biomimicking and Biomolecular Systems: Steering to Project the Drug Designing and Drug Delivery Study. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:11878-11896. [PMID: 34056342 PMCID: PMC8153980 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The photophysics of 4-azidocoumarin (4-AC), a novel fluorescent coumarin derivative, is well established by the investigation of the alteration of the microheterogeneous environment comprising two types of systems: supramolecular systems, cyclodextrins (CDs), and biomolecular systems, serum albumins (SAs). The enhanced emission of the ligand with the organized assemblies like α-CD, β-CD, and γ-CD by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence and fluorescence anisotropy at 298 K is compared with those of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA). The remarkable enhancement of the emission of ligand 4-AC along with the blue shift of the emission for both the systems are visualized as the incorporation of 4-AC into the hydrophobic core of the CDs and proteins mainly due to reduction of nonradiative decay process in the hydrophobic interior of CDs and SAs. The binding constants at 298 K and the single binding site are estimated using enhanced emission and anisotropy of the bound ligand in both the systems. The marked enhancement of the fluorescence anisotropy indicates that the ligand molecule experiences a motionally constrained environment within the CDs and SAs. Rotational correlation time (θc) of the bound ligand 4-AC is calculated in both the categories of the confined environment using time-resolved anisotropy at 298 K. Molecular docking studies for both the variety of complexes of the ligand throw light to assess the location of the ligand and the microenvironment around the ligand in the ligand-CD and ligand-protein complexes. Solvent variation study of the probe 4-AC molecule in different polar protic and aprotic solvents clearly demonstrates the polarity and hydrogen-bonding ability of the solvents, which supports the alteration of the microenvironments around 4-AC due to binding with the biomimicking as well as biomolecular systems. Dynamic light scattering is employed to determine the hydrodynamic diameter of free BSA/HSA and complexes of BSA/HSA with the ligand 4-AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Paul
- Department
of Chemistry, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700 073, India
| | - Pritam Roy
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Sourav Das
- Centre
for Surface Science, Physical Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumen Ghosh
- Centre
for Surface Science, Physical Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Pinki Saha Sardar
- Department
of Chemistry, The Bhawanipur Education Society
College, Kolkata 700020, India
| | - Anjoy Majhi
- Department
of Chemistry, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700 073, India
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Cyanobacterial branching enzymes bind to α-glucan via surface binding sites. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 702:108821. [PMID: 33662318 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Besides their catalysis, specific interactions between starch/glycogen processing enzymes and their substrates have been reported. Multiple branching enzyme (BE) isoforms, BE1, BE2, and BE3, have been found in a limited number of cyanobacterial species that are characterized by amylopectin accumulation. Seven surface binding sites (SBSs) located away from the active site have been identified in crystal structures of cyanobacterial BE1 from Crocosphaera subtropica (Cyanothece sp.) ATCC 51142 (51142BE1). In the present study, binding affinity toward amylopectin, amylose, and glycogen was investigated for wild-type 51142BE1 and its mutants (residues at SBSs important for sugar-binding were replaced by alanine). These enzymes showed retarded mobility during electrophoresis in non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels in the presence of polysaccharides. This was caused by interactions between the enzymes and the polysaccharides, enabling calculation of the dissociation constants (Kd values) of the enzymes toward the polysaccharides. Mutational analysis indicated that particular domains of the protein (domains A and C) were involved in the polysaccharide binding. Kd values toward the polysaccharides were also measured for 10 BE isoforms (five BE1, three BE2, and two BE3) from 5 cyanobacterial strains. All BEs displayed much lower Kd values (higher affinity) toward amylopectin and amylose than toward glycogen, as described for plant BEs. In addition, one BE2 displayed exceptionally high Kd values (low affinity), while two BE3 exhibited multiple Kd values to all polysaccharides. These results could be ascribed to sequence variations in the SBSs, irrespective of the catalytic specificity.
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Li C, Ban X, Zhang Y, Gu Z, Hong Y, Cheng L, Tang X, Li Z. Rational Design of Disulfide Bonds for Enhancing the Thermostability of the 1,4-α-Glucan Branching Enzyme from Geobacillus thermoglucosidans STB02. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13791-13797. [PMID: 33166453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds play crucial roles in thermostabilization, recognition, or activation of proteins. They are vital in maintaining the respective conformations of globular structures, thereby enhancing thermostability. Bioinformatic approaches provide practical strategies to build disulfide bonds based on structural information. We constructed nine mutants by rational analysis of the 1,4-α-glucan branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.18) from Geobacillus thermoglucosidans STB02, which catalyzes the synthesis of α-1,6-glucosidic bonds by acting on α-(1,4) and/or α-(1,6) glucosidic linkages. Four of the mutations enhanced thermostability, and five of them had adverse or negligible effects on stability. Circular dichroism spectra and intrinsic fluorescence analysis showed that introducing disulfide bonds might only affect secondary structures. The results also demonstrated that the distances of Cα carbons and thiol groups, as well as the sequence between the two cysteines, need to be considered when designing disulfide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiming Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, WRRC, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Ban
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuzhu Zhang
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, WRRC, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, United States
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yan Hong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Li Cheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaoshu Tang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Sandilya A, Natarajan U, Priya MH. Molecular View into the Cyclodextrin Cavity: Structure and Hydration. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:25655-25667. [PMID: 33073091 PMCID: PMC7557249 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We find, through atomistic molecular dynamics simulation of native cyclodextrins (CDs) in water, that although the outer surface of a CD appears like a truncated cone, the inner cavity resembles a conical hourglass because of the inward protrusion of the glycosidic oxygens. Furthermore, the conformations of the constituent α-glucose molecules are found to differ significantly from a free monomeric α-glucose molecule. This is the first computational study that maps the conformational change to the preferential hydrogen bond donating capacity of one of the secondary hydroxyl groups of CD, in consensus with an NMR experiment. We have developed a simple and novel geometry-based technique to identify water molecules occupying the nonspherical CD cavity, and the computed water occupancies are in close agreement with the experimental and density functional theory studies. Our analysis reveals that a water molecule in CD cavity loses out about two hydrogen bonds and remains energetically frustrated but possesses higher orientational degree of freedom compared to bulk water. In the context of CD-drug complexation, these imply a nonclassical, that is, enthalpically driven hydrophobic association of a drug in CD cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avilasha
A. Sandilya
- Department
of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Upendra Natarajan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - M. Hamsa Priya
- Department
of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- . Phone: +91-44-22574132
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Di Costanzo L, Geremia S. Atomic Details of Carbon-Based Nanomolecules Interacting with Proteins. Molecules 2020; 25:E3555. [PMID: 32759758 PMCID: PMC7435792 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of fullerene, carbon-based nanomolecules sparked a wealth of research across biological, medical and material sciences. Understanding the interactions of these materials with biological samples at the atomic level is crucial for improving the applications of nanomolecules and address safety aspects concerning their use in medicine. Protein crystallography provides the interface view between proteins and carbon-based nanomolecules. We review forefront structural studies of nanomolecules interacting with proteins and the mechanism underlying these interactions. We provide a systematic analysis of approaches used to select proteins interacting with carbon-based nanomolecules explored from the worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB) and scientific literature. The analysis of van der Waals interactions from available data provides important aspects of interactions between proteins and nanomolecules with implications on functional consequences. Carbon-based nanomolecules modulate protein surface electrostatic and, by forming ordered clusters, could modify protein quaternary structures. Lessons learned from structural studies are exemplary and will guide new projects for bioimaging tools, tuning of intrinsically disordered proteins, and design assembly of precise hybrid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Di Costanzo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Silvano Geremia
- Centre of Excellence in Biocrystallography, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
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Aly UF, Sarhan HAM, Ali TFS, Sharkawy HAEB. Applying Different Techniques to Improve the Bioavailability of Candesartan Cilexetil Antihypertensive Drug. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:1851-1865. [PMID: 32523332 PMCID: PMC7234962 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s248511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The objective of this study was to compare different techniques to enhance the solubility and dissolution rate, and hence the bioavailability of candesartan cilexetil. Methods To achieve this target, various techniques were employed such as solid dispersions, inclusion complexes, and preparation of candesartan nanoparticles. Following the preparations, all samples were characterized for their physicochemical properties, and the samples of the best results were subjected to further bioavailability studies. Results Results of dissolution studies revealed an increase in the dissolution rate of all samples. The highest dissolution rate was achieved using solid dispersion of the drug with PVP K-90 (1:4). Physicochemical investigations (XR, DSC, and FT-IR) suggested formation of hydrogen bonding and changing in the crystalline structure of the drug. Regarding the inclusion complexes, more stable complex was formed between HP-β-CD and CC compared to β-CD, as indicated by phase solubility diagrams. Antisolvent method resulted in the preparation of stable nanoparticles, as indicated by ζ potential, with average particle size of 238.9 ± 19.25 nm using PVP K-90 as a hydrophilic polymer. The best sample that gave the highest dissolution rate (CC/PVP K-90 1:4) was allowed for further pharmacokinetic studies using UPLC MS/MS assay of rabbit plasma. Results showed a significant increase in the bioavailability of CC from ~15% to ~48%. Conclusion The bioavailability of CC was significantly improved from ~15% to ~48% when formulated as SDs with PVP K-90 with 1:4 drug:polymer ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama Farghaly Aly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | | | - Taha F S Ali
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Huang P, Wu S, Yang S, Yan Q, Jiang Z. Structural basis of carbohydrate binding in domain C of a type I pullulanase fromPaenibacillus barengoltzii. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2020; 76:447-457. [DOI: 10.1107/s205979832000409x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) is a well known starch-debranching enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of α-1,6-glycosidic linkages in α-glucans such as starch and pullulan. Crystal structures of a type I pullulanase fromPaenibacillus barengoltzii(PbPulA) and ofPbPulA in complex with maltopentaose (G5), maltohexaose (G6)/α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) were determined in order to better understand substrate binding to this enzyme.PbPulA belongs to glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 13 subfamily 14 and is composed of three domains (CBM48, A and C). Three carbohydrate-binding sites identified inPbPulA were located in CBM48, near the active site and in domain C, respectively. The binding site in CBM48 was specific for β-CD, while that in domain C has not been reported for other pullulanases. The domain C binding site had higher affinity for α-CD than for G6; a small motif (FGGEH) seemed to be one of the major determinants for carbohydrate binding in this domain. Structure-based mutations of several surface-exposed aromatic residues in CBM48 and domain C had a debilitating effect on the activity of the enzyme. These results suggest that both CBM48 and domain C play a role in binding substrates. The crystal forms described contribute to the understanding of pullulanase domain–carbohydrate interactions.
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Ban X, Dhoble AS, Li C, Gu Z, Hong Y, Cheng L, Holler TP, Kaustubh B, Li Z. Bacterial 1,4-α-glucan branching enzymes: characteristics, preparation and commercial applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:380-396. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1713720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Ban
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Abhishek S. Dhoble
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Caiming Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengbiao Gu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Hong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Cheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tod P. Holler
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bhalerao Kaustubh
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Zhaofeng Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang B, Huang J, Liu K, Zhou Z, Jiang L, Shen Y, Zhao D. Biocompatible Cyclodextrin-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks for Long-Term Sustained Release of Fragrances. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117585, Singapore
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21
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Janeček Š, Mareček F, MacGregor EA, Svensson B. Starch-binding domains as CBM families-history, occurrence, structure, function and evolution. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107451. [PMID: 31536775 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The term "starch-binding domain" (SBD) has been applied to a domain within an amylolytic enzyme that gave the enzyme the ability to bind onto raw, i.e. thermally untreated, granular starch. An SBD is a special case of a carbohydrate-binding domain, which in general, is a structurally and functionally independent protein module exhibiting no enzymatic activity but possessing potential to target the catalytic domain to the carbohydrate substrate to accommodate it and process it at the active site. As so-called families, SBDs together with other carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) have become an integral part of the CAZy database (http://www.cazy.org/). The first two well-described SBDs, i.e. the C-terminal Aspergillus-type and the N-terminal Rhizopus-type have been assigned the families CBM20 and CBM21, respectively. Currently, among the 85 established CBM families in CAZy, fifteen can be considered as families having SBD functional characteristics: CBM20, 21, 25, 26, 34, 41, 45, 48, 53, 58, 68, 69, 74, 82 and 83. All known SBDs, with the exception of the extra long CBM74, were recognized as a module consisting of approximately 100 residues, adopting a β-sandwich fold and possessing at least one carbohydrate-binding site. The present review aims to deliver and describe: (i) the SBD identification in different amylolytic and related enzymes (e.g., CAZy GH families) as well as in other relevant enzymes and proteins (e.g., laforin, the β-subunit of AMPK, and others); (ii) information on the position in the polypeptide chain and the number of SBD copies and their CBM family affiliation (if appropriate); (iii) structure/function studies of SBDs with a special focus on solved tertiary structures, in particular, as complexes with α-glucan ligands; and (iv) the evolutionary relationships of SBDs in a tree common to all SBD CBM families (except for the extra long CBM74). Finally, some special cases and novel potential SBDs are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štefan Janeček
- Laboratory of Protein Evolution, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, SK-84551 Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, Nám. J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia.
| | - Filip Mareček
- Laboratory of Protein Evolution, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, SK-84551 Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, Nám. J. Herdu 2, SK-91701 Trnava, Slovakia
| | - E Ann MacGregor
- 2 Nicklaus Green, Livingston EH54 8RX, West Lothian, United Kingdom
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 224, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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22
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Structural basis of glycogen metabolism in bacteria. Biochem J 2019; 476:2059-2092. [PMID: 31366571 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of metabolic pathways is a major force behind natural selection. In the spotlight of such process lies the structural evolution of the enzymatic machinery responsible for the central energy metabolism. Specifically, glycogen metabolism has emerged to allow organisms to save available environmental surplus of carbon and energy, using dedicated glucose polymers as a storage compartment that can be mobilized at future demand. The origins of such adaptive advantage rely on the acquisition of an enzymatic system for the biosynthesis and degradation of glycogen, along with mechanisms to balance the assembly and disassembly rate of this polysaccharide, in order to store and recover glucose according to cell energy needs. The first step in the classical bacterial glycogen biosynthetic pathway is carried out by the adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)-glucose pyrophosphorylase. This allosteric enzyme synthesizes ADP-glucose and acts as a point of regulation. The second step is carried out by the glycogen synthase, an enzyme that generates linear α-(1→4)-linked glucose chains, whereas the third step catalyzed by the branching enzyme produces α-(1→6)-linked glucan branches in the polymer. Two enzymes facilitate glycogen degradation: glycogen phosphorylase, which functions as an α-(1→4)-depolymerizing enzyme, and the debranching enzyme that catalyzes the removal of α-(1→6)-linked ramifications. In this work, we rationalize the structural basis of glycogen metabolism in bacteria to the light of the current knowledge. We describe and discuss the remarkable progress made in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of substrate recognition and product release, allosteric regulation and catalysis of all those enzymes.
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Synthesis of highly branched α-glucans with different structures using GH13 and GH57 glycogen branching enzymes. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 216:231-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wilkens C, Svensson B, Møller MS. Functional Roles of Starch Binding Domains and Surface Binding Sites in Enzymes Involved in Starch Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1652. [PMID: 30483298 PMCID: PMC6243121 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of starch is catalyzed by a cascade of enzymes. The activity of a large number of these enzymes depends on interaction with polymeric substrates via carbohydrate binding sites, which are situated outside of the catalytic site and its immediate surroundings including the substrate-binding crevice. Such secondary binding sites can belong to distinct starch binding domains (SBDs), classified as carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs), or be surface binding sites (SBSs) exposed on the surface of catalytic domains. Currently in the Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes (CAZy) database SBDs are found in 13 CBM families. Four of these families; CBM20, CBM45, CBM48, and CBM53 are represented in enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis, namely starch synthases, branching enzymes, isoamylases, glucan, water dikinases, and α-glucan phosphatases. A critical role of the SBD in activity has not been demonstrated for any of these enzymes. Among the well-characterized SBDs important for starch biosynthesis are three CBM53s of Arabidopsis thaliana starch synthase III, which have modest affinity. SBSs, which are overall less widespread than SBDs, have been reported in some branching enzymes, isoamylases, synthases, phosphatases, and phosphorylases active in starch biosynthesis. SBSs appear to exert roles similar to CBMs. SBSs, however, have also been shown to modulate specificity for example by discriminating the length of chains transferred by branching enzymes. Notably, the difference in rate of occurrence between SBDs and SBSs may be due to lack of awareness of SBSs. Thus, SBSs as opposed to CBMs are not recognized at the protein sequence level, which hampers their identification. Moreover, only a few SBSs in enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis have been functionally characterized, typically by structure-guided site-directed mutagenesis. The glucan phosphatase Like SEX4 2 from A. thaliana has two SBSs with weak affinity for β-cyclodextrin, amylose and amylopectin, which were indicated by mutational analysis to be more important than the active site for initial substrate recognition. The present review provides an update on occurrence of functional SBDs and SBSs in enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Wilkens
- Enzyme Technology, Department of Bioengineering and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marie Sofie Møller
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Study of the enantioselectivity and recognition mechanism of chiral dual system based on chondroitin sulfate D in capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:5889-5898. [PMID: 30043111 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Several chiral reagents including cyclodextrins (CDs) and derivatives, crown ethers, proteins, chiral surfactants, and polymers have been involved in dual-selector systems for enantioseparation of a series of compounds by capillary electrophoresis (CE). In this paper, chondroitin sulfate D-based dual-selector system (CSD/CM-β-CD) was firstly established and investigated for the enantioseparation of six basic racemic drugs in capillary electrophoresis. Compared to the single-selector systems, synergistic effect and significantly improved separations for all tested analytes were observed in CSD/CM-β-CD system. The effect of several parameters, such as buffer pH, chiral selector concentration, and applied voltage, was systematically optimized. Meanwhile, to investigate the possible chiral recognition mechanisms in CSD/CM-β-CD synergistic system, we tried to apply the molecular docking method to simulate the host-guest binding procedures of the polysaccharide-based dual system for the first time. The difference in binding free energy was found to correspond to the chiral selectivity factor. The existence of CSD-CM-β-CD complex may give rise to a higher discriminatory ability against the enantiomers, indicating the synergistic effect in CSD/CM-β-CD system. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Cyclodextrin Enhances Corneal Tolerability and Reduces Ocular Toxicity Caused by Diclofenac. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:5260976. [PMID: 29636847 PMCID: PMC5831967 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5260976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With advances in refractive surgery and demand for cataract removal and lens replacement, the ocular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has increased. One of the most commonly used NSAIDs is diclofenac (Diclo). In this study, cyclodextrins (CDs), α-, β-, γ-, and HP-β-CDs, were investigated with in vitro irritation and in vivo ulceration models in rabbits to reduce Diclo toxicity. Diclo-, α-, β-, γ-, and HP-β-CD inclusion complexes were prepared and characterized and Diclo-CD complexes were evaluated for corneal permeation, red blood cell (RBCs) haemolysis, corneal opacity/permeability, and toxicity. Guest- (Diclo-) host (CD) solid inclusion complexes were formed only with β-, γ-, and HP-β-CDs. Amphipathic properties for Diclo were recorded and this surfactant-like functionality might contribute to the unwanted effects of Diclo on the surface of the eye. Contact angle and spreading coefficients were used to assess Diclo-CDs in solution. Reduction of ocular toxicity 3-fold to16-fold and comparable corneal permeability to free Diclo were recorded only with Diclo-γ-CD and Diclo-HP-β-CD complexes. These two complexes showed faster healing rates without scar formation compared with exposure to the Diclo solution and to untreated groups. This study also highlighted that Diclo-γ-CD and Diclo-HP-β-CD demonstrated fast healing without scar formation.
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Hedin N, Barchiesi J, Gomez-Casati DF, Iglesias AA, Ballicora MA, Busi MV. Identification and characterization of a novel starch branching enzyme from the picoalgae Ostreococcus tauri. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 618:52-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Hayashi M, Suzuki R, Colleoni C, Ball SG, Fujita N, Suzuki E. Bound Substrate in the Structure of Cyanobacterial Branching Enzyme Supports a New Mechanistic Model. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5465-5475. [PMID: 28193843 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.755629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Branching enzyme (BE) catalyzes the formation of α-1,6-glucosidic linkages in amylopectin and glycogen. The reaction products are variable, depending on the organism sources, and the mechanistic basis for these different outcomes is unclear. Although most cyanobacteria have only one BE isoform belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 13, Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142 has three isoforms (BE1, BE2, and BE3) with distinct enzymatic properties, suggesting that investigations of these enzymes might provide unique insights into this system. Here, we report the crystal structure of ligand-free wild-type BE1 (residues 5-759 of 1-773) at 1.85 Å resolution. The enzyme consists of four domains, including domain N, carbohydrate-binding module family 48 (CBM48), domain A containing the catalytic site, and domain C. The central domain A displays a (β/α)8-barrel fold, whereas the other domains adopt β-sandwich folds. Domain N was found in a new location at the back of the protein, forming hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with CBM48 and domain A. Site-directed mutational analysis identified a mutant (W610N) that bound maltoheptaose with sufficient affinity to enable structure determination at 2.30 Å resolution. In this structure, maltoheptaose was bound in the active site cleft, allowing us to assign subsites -7 to -1. Moreover, seven oligosaccharide-binding sites were identified on the protein surface, and we postulated that two of these in domain A served as the entrance and exit of the donor/acceptor glucan chains, respectively. Based on these structures, we propose a substrate binding model explaining the mechanism of glycosylation/deglycosylation reactions catalyzed by BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Hayashi
- From the Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjyo-Nakano, Akita 010-0195, Japan and
| | - Ryuichiro Suzuki
- From the Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjyo-Nakano, Akita 010-0195, Japan and
| | - Christophe Colleoni
- the Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576, CNRS-Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Steven G Ball
- the Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8576, CNRS-Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Naoko Fujita
- From the Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjyo-Nakano, Akita 010-0195, Japan and
| | - Eiji Suzuki
- From the Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjyo-Nakano, Akita 010-0195, Japan and
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Suárez D, Díaz N. Conformational and entropy analyses of extended molecular dynamics simulations of α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrins and of the β-cyclodextrin/nabumetone complex. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:1431-1440. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06107a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The conformational entropies of cyclodextrins and of the β-CD/nabumetone complex are assessed by means of extensive MD simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimas Suárez
- Dpto. de Química Física y Analítica
- Universidad de Oviedo
- Oviedo
- Spain
| | - Natalia Díaz
- Dpto. de Química Física y Analítica
- Universidad de Oviedo
- Oviedo
- Spain
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