1
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Zhang D, Irving AT. Antiviral effects of interferon-stimulated genes in bats. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1224532. [PMID: 37661999 PMCID: PMC10472940 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1224532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon pathway is the first line of defense in viral infection in all mammals, and its induction stimulates broad expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). In mice and also humans, the antiviral function of ISGs has been extensively studied. As an important viral reservoir in nature, bats can coexist with a variety of pathogenic viruses without overt signs of disease, yet only limited data are available for the role of ISGs in bats. There are multiple species of bats and work has begun deciphering the differences and similarities between ISG function of human/mouse and different bat species. This review summarizes the current knowledge of conserved and bat-specific-ISGs and their known antiviral effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Haining, China
| | - Aaron T. Irving
- Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Centre for Infection, Immunity & Cancer, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Haining, China
- BIMET - Biomedical and Health Translational Research Centre of Zhejiang Province, China
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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2
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The diverse repertoire of ISG15: more intricate than initially thought. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1779-1792. [PMID: 36319753 PMCID: PMC9722776 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00872-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
ISG15, the product of interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene 15, is the first identified ubiquitin-like protein (UBL), which plays multifaceted roles not only as a free intracellular or extracellular molecule but also as a post-translational modifier in the process of ISG15 conjugation (ISGylation). ISG15 has only been identified in vertebrates, indicating that the functions of ISG15 and its conjugation are restricted to higher eukaryotes and have evolved with IFN signaling. Despite the highlighted complexity of ISG15 and ISGylation, it has been suggested that ISG15 and ISGylation profoundly impact a variety of cellular processes, including protein translation, autophagy, exosome secretion, cytokine secretion, cytoskeleton dynamics, DNA damage response, telomere shortening, and immune modulation, which emphasizes the necessity of reassessing ISG15 and ISGylation. However, the underlying mechanisms and molecular consequences of ISG15 and ISGylation remain poorly defined, largely due to a lack of knowledge on the ISG15 target repertoire. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanistic understanding and molecular consequences of ISG15 and ISGylation. We also highlight new insights into the roles of ISG15 and ISGylation not only in physiology but also in the pathogenesis of various human diseases, especially in cancer, which could contribute to therapeutic intervention in human diseases.
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3
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Freitas BT, Ahiadorme DA, Bagul RS, Durie IA, Ghosh S, Hill J, Kramer NE, Murray J, O’Boyle BM, Onobun E, Pirrone MG, Shepard JD, Enos S, Subedi YP, Upadhyaya K, Tripp RA, Cummings BS, Crich D, Pegan SD. Exploring Noncovalent Protease Inhibitors for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Like Coronaviruses. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:596-611. [PMID: 35199517 PMCID: PMC8887654 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, both severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-1 and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 have transmitted from animal hosts to humans causing zoonotic outbreaks of severe disease. Both viruses originate from a group of betacoronaviruses known as subgroup 2b. The emergence of two dangerous human pathogens from this group along with previous studies illustrating the potential of other subgroup 2b members to transmit to humans has underscored the need for antiviral development against them. Coronaviruses modify the host innate immune response in part through the reversal of ubiquitination and ISGylation with their papain-like protease (PLpro). To identify unique or overarching subgroup 2b structural features or enzymatic biases, the PLpro from a subgroup 2b bat coronavirus, BtSCoV-Rf1.2004, was biochemically and structurally evaluated. This evaluation revealed that PLpros from subgroup 2b coronaviruses have narrow substrate specificity for K48 polyubiquitin and ISG15 originating from certain species. The PLpro of BtSCoV-Rf1.2004 was used as a tool alongside PLpro of CoV-1 and CoV-2 to design 30 novel noncovalent drug-like pan subgroup 2b PLpro inhibitors that included determining the effects of using previously unexplored core linkers within these compounds. Two crystal structures of BtSCoV-Rf1.2004 PLpro bound to these inhibitors aided in compound design as well as shared structural features among subgroup 2b proteases. Screening of these three subgroup 2b PLpros against this novel set of inhibitors along with cytotoxicity studies provide new directions for pan-coronavirus subgroup 2b antiviral development of PLpro inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan T. Freitas
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia 120 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Daniil A. Ahiadorme
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Rahul S. Bagul
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia 120 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Ian A. Durie
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia 120 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Samir Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia 120 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jarvis Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Naomi E. Kramer
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jackelyn Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Brady M. O’Boyle
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia 120 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Emmanuel Onobun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Michael G. Pirrone
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia 120 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Justin D. Shepard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Suzanne Enos
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia 120 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Yagya P. Subedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia 120 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Kapil Upadhyaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia 120 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Brian S. Cummings
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia 120 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia 120 W. Green Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Scott D. Pegan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, 92521, United States
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4
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Shepard JD, Freitas BT, Rodriguez SE, Scholte FEM, Baker K, Hutchison MR, Longo JE, Miller HC, O'Boyle BM, Tandon A, Zhao P, Grimsey NJ, Wells L, Bergeron É, Pegan SD. The Structure and Immune Regulatory Implications of the Ubiquitin-Like Tandem Domain Within an Avian 2'-5' Oligoadenylate Synthetase-Like Protein. Front Immunol 2022; 12:794664. [PMID: 35058932 PMCID: PMC8764230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.794664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification of host and viral proteins by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins plays a key role in a host’s ability to mount an effective immune response. Avian species lack a ubiquitin-like protein found in mammals and other non-avian reptiles; interferon stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15). ISG15 serves as a messenger molecule and can be conjugated to both host and viral proteins leading them to be stabilized, degraded, or sequestered. Structurally, ISG15 is comprised of a tandem ubiquitin-like domain (Ubl), which serves as the motif for post-translational modification. The 2’-5’ oligoadenylate synthetase-like proteins (OASL) also encode two Ubl domains in series near its C-terminus which binds OASL to retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I). This protein-protein interaction increases the sensitivity of RIG-I and results in an enhanced production of type 1 interferons and a robust immune response. Unlike human and other mammalian OASL homologues, avian OASLs terminate their tandem Ubl domains with the same LRLRGG motif found in ubiquitin and ISG15, a motif required for their conjugation to proteins. Chickens, however, lack RIG-I, raising the question of structural and functional characteristics of chicken OASL (chOASL). By investigating chOASL, the evolutionary history of viruses with deubiquitinases can be explored and drivers of species specificity for these viruses may be uncovered. Here we show that the chOASL tandem Ubl domains shares structural characteristics with mammalian ISG15, and that chOASL can oligomerize and conjugate to itself. In addition, the ISG15-like features of avian OASLs and how they impact interactions with viral deubiquitinases and deISGylases are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Shepard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Brendan T Freitas
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sergio E Rodriguez
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Galveston National Laboratory, Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Florine E M Scholte
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kailee Baker
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Madelyn R Hutchison
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jaron E Longo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Holden C Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Brady M O'Boyle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Aarushi Tandon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Peng Zhao
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Neil J Grimsey
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Scott D Pegan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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5
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Leite W, Weiss KL, Phillips G, Zhang Q, Qian S, Tsutakawa SE, Coates L, O’Neill H. Conformational Dynamics in the Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like Protease with Human Interferon-Stimulated Gene 15 Protein. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:5608-5615. [PMID: 34110168 PMCID: PMC8204754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Papain-like protease (PLpro) from SARS-CoV-2 plays essential roles in the replication cycle of the virus. In particular, it preferentially interacts with and cleaves human interferon-stimulated gene 15 (hISG15) to suppress the innate immune response of the host. We used small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering combined with computational techniques to study the mechanism of interaction of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro with hISG15. We showed that hISG15 undergoes a transition from an extended to a compact state after binding to PLpro, a conformation that has not been previously observed in complexes of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro with ISG15 from other species. Furthermore, computational analysis showed significant conformational flexibility in the ISG15 N-terminal domain, suggesting that it is weakly bound to PLpro and supports a binding mechanism that is dominated by the C-terminal ISG15 domain. This study fundamentally improves our understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 deISGylation complex that will help guide development of COVID-19 therapeutics targeting this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington
C. Leite
- Neutron
Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Kevin L. Weiss
- Neutron
Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Gwyndalyn Phillips
- Neutron
Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Qiu Zhang
- Neutron
Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Shuo Qian
- Neutron
Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Susan E. Tsutakawa
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Leighton Coates
- Second
Target Station, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Hugh O’Neill
- Neutron
Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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6
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Sandy Z, da Costa IC, Schmidt CK. More than Meets the ISG15: Emerging Roles in the DNA Damage Response and Beyond. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1557. [PMID: 33203188 PMCID: PMC7698331 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of genome stability is a crucial priority for any organism. To meet this priority, robust signalling networks exist to facilitate error-free DNA replication and repair. These signalling cascades are subject to various regulatory post-translational modifications that range from simple additions of chemical moieties to the conjugation of ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs). Interferon Stimulated Gene 15 (ISG15) is one such UBL. While classically thought of as a component of antiviral immunity, ISG15 has recently emerged as a regulator of genome stability, with key roles in the DNA damage response (DDR) to modulate p53 signalling and error-free DNA replication. Additional proteomic analyses and cancer-focused studies hint at wider-reaching, uncharacterised functions for ISG15 in genome stability. We review these recent discoveries and highlight future perspectives to increase our understanding of this multifaceted UBL in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christine K. Schmidt
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK; (Z.S.); (I.C.d.C.)
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7
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Freitas BT, Durie IA, Murray J, Longo JE, Miller HC, Crich D, Hogan RJ, Tripp RA, Pegan SD. Characterization and Noncovalent Inhibition of the Deubiquitinase and deISGylase Activity of SARS-CoV-2 Papain-Like Protease. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2099-2109. [PMID: 32428392 PMCID: PMC7274171 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent for COVID-19, is a novel human betacoronavirus that is rapidly spreading worldwide. The outbreak currently includes over 3.7 million cases and 260,000 fatalities. As a betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 encodes for a papain-like protease (PLpro) that is likely responsible for cleavage of the coronavirus (CoV) viral polypeptide. The PLpro is also responsible for suppression of host innate immune responses by virtue of its ability to reverse host ubiquitination and ISGylation events. Here, the biochemical activity of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro against ubiquitin (Ub) and interferon-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15) substrates is evaluated, revealing that the protease has a marked reduction in its ability to process K48 linked Ub substrates compared to its counterpart in SARS-CoV. Additionally, its substrate activity more closely mirrors that of the PLpro from the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and prefers ISG15s from certain species including humans. Additionally, naphthalene based PLpro inhibitors are shown to be effective at halting SARS-CoV-2 PLpro activity as well as SARS-CoV-2 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan T. Freitas
- Department of Pharmaceutical and
Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
| | - Ian A. Durie
- Department of Pharmaceutical and
Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
| | - Jackelyn Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases,
College of Veterinary Medicine, University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
| | - Jaron E. Longo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and
Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
| | - Holden C. Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical and
Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and
Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
- Department of Chemistry, Franklin
College, University of Georgia, Athens,
Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Robert Jeff Hogan
- Department of Infectious Diseases,
College of Veterinary Medicine, University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases,
College of Veterinary Medicine, University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
| | - Scott D. Pegan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and
Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United
States
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8
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Freitas BT, Scholte FEM, Bergeron É, Pegan SD. How ISG15 combats viral infection. Virus Res 2020; 286:198036. [PMID: 32492472 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15) is a ubiquitin-like protein critical for the control of microbial infections. ISG15 appears to serve a wide variety of functions, which regulate multiple cellular responses contributing to the development of an antiviral state. ISG15 is a versatile molecule directly modulating both host and virus protein function which regulate many signaling pathways, including its own synthesis. Here we review the various roles ISG15 plays in the antiviral immune response, and examine the mechanisms by which viruses attempt to mitigate or exploit ISG15 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan T Freitas
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Florine E M Scholte
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Scott D Pegan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
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9
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Qiu X, Taft J, Bogunovic D. Developing Broad-Spectrum Antivirals Using Porcine and Rhesus Macaque Models. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:890-894. [PMID: 31637432 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ISG15-deficient humans exhibit permanent, low-level expression of antiviral effectors that safely protect them from various viruses. Because the murine ISG15 axis functions differently, we identified animal models that recapitulate the human condition for the development of ISG15-targeting broad-spectrum antivirals. Canine, porcine, and rhesus macaque ISG15, such as human ISG15, stabilize USP18, a potent inhibitor of type I interferon (IFN)-I. Type I Interferon-primed ISG15-knockout porcine and rhesus cells demonstrate enhanced ISG expression and protection against vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus infection compared with wild type. Collectively, we unveil the interspecies diversity of the ability of ISG15/USP18 axis to control IFN-I signaling and reveal the therapeutic potential of ISG15-deficient porcine and rhesus models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueer Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Justin Taft
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dusan Bogunovic
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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10
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Dzimianski JV, Scholte FEM, Williams IL, Langley C, Freitas BT, Spengler JR, Bergeron É, Pegan SD. Determining the molecular drivers of species-specific interferon-stimulated gene product 15 interactions with nairovirus ovarian tumor domain proteases. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226415. [PMID: 31869347 PMCID: PMC6927636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne nairoviruses (order Bunyavirales) encode an ovarian tumor domain protease (OTU) that suppresses the innate immune response by reversing the post-translational modification of proteins by ubiquitin (Ub) and interferon-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15). Ub is highly conserved across eukaryotes, whereas ISG15 is only present in vertebrates and shows substantial sequence diversity. Prior attempts to address the effect of ISG15 diversity on viral protein-ISG15 interactions have focused on only a single species' ISG15 or a limited selection of nairovirus OTUs. To gain a more complete perspective of OTU-ISG15 interactions, we biochemically assessed the relative activities of 14 diverse nairovirus OTUs for 12 species' ISG15 and found that ISG15 activity is predominantly restricted to particular nairovirus lineages reflecting, in general, known virus-host associations. To uncover the underlying molecular factors driving OTUs affinity for ISG15, X-ray crystal structures of Kupe virus and Ganjam virus OTUs bound to sheep ISG15 were solved and compared to complexes of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and Erve virus OTUs bound to human and mouse ISG15, respectively. Through mutational and structural analysis seven residues in ISG15 were identified that predominantly influence ISG15 species specificity among nairovirus OTUs. Additionally, OTU residues were identified that influence ISG15 preference, suggesting the potential for viral OTUs to adapt to different host ISG15s. These findings provide a foundation to further develop research methods to trace nairovirus-host relationships and delineate the full impact of ISG15 diversity on nairovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V. Dzimianski
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Florine E. M. Scholte
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Isabelle L. Williams
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Caroline Langley
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Brendan T. Freitas
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jessica R. Spengler
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Scott D. Pegan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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11
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Dzimianski JV, Scholte FE, Bergeron É, Pegan SD. ISG15: It's Complicated. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4203-4216. [PMID: 30890331 PMCID: PMC6746611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15) is a key component of host responses to microbial infection. Despite having been known for four decades, grasping the functions and features of ISG15 has been a slow and elusive process. Substantial work over the past two decades has greatly enhanced this understanding, revealing the complex and variable nature of this protein. This has unveiled multiple mechanisms of action that are only now beginning to be understood. In addition, it has uncovered diversity not only between how ISG15 affects different pathogens but also between the function and structure of ISG15 itself between different host species. Here we review the complexity of ISG15 within the context of viral infection, focusing primarily on its antiviral function and the mechanisms viruses employ to thwart its effects. We highlight what is known regarding the impact of ISG15 sequence and structural diversity on these interactions and discuss the aspects presenting the next frontier toward elucidating a more complete picture of ISG15 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V. Dzimianski
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Florine E.M. Scholte
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Scott D. Pegan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Corresponding author. College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 422 Pharmacy South, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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