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Geindreau D, Girault A, Gallopel-Morvan K. Tobacco-free university campus policies: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38917353 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2024.2367999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Objective: This systematic review aims to provide an update of the scientific evidence regarding tobacco-free/smoke-free campus policies (TFC/SFC), using a complex interventions approach. PARTICIPANTS/METHODS We searched the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases using a combination of 'tobacco-free' or 'smoke-free', 'campus', 'university or college' and 'policy' search terms on all indexed articles published up until June 2023. Studies were included if they presented research on pre-/post-implementation of TFC/SFC or policy components. Two coders extracted and synthesized the data and assessed the risk of bias. RESULTS A total of 113 studies were included, reporting data from 2005 to 2023 across 17 countries. The data was categorized into three of the four phases of the Medical Research Council (MRC) framework, i.e. "feasibility (n=24), "implementation" (n=34), and "evaluation" (n=69). This review finds that a policy draft, communication, enforcement strategies, and cessation services are critical policy components. TCF/SFC are effective for reducing tobacco use and secondhand smoke exposure, but they also increase vaping. Little research has investigated the effect of TFC/SFC on smokeless tobacco use. CONCLUSION This review addresses remaining uncertainties in evidence on the TFC/SFC implementation process. We go on to provide a series of recommendations for university administrators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Geindreau
- EHESP, CNRS, Inserm, Arènes - UMR 6051, RSMS - U 1309, Rennes University, Rennes, France
| | - Anne Girault
- EHESP, CNRS, Inserm, Arènes - UMR 6051, RSMS - U 1309, Rennes University, Rennes, France
| | - Karine Gallopel-Morvan
- EHESP, CNRS, Inserm, Arènes - UMR 6051, RSMS - U 1309, Rennes University, Rennes, France
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Hatfield DP, Sharma S, Bailey CP, Bakun P, Hennessy E, Simon C, Economos CD. Implementation of nutrition and physical activity-related policies and practices on college campuses participating in the Healthier Campus initiative. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024; 72:1192-1199. [PMID: 35549645 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2071617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate implementation of nutrition/physical activity-related policies/practices at colleges participating in a healthy campus initiative and campus health leaders' perceptions of policies/practices' support for student health and ease of/barriers to implementation. Participants: Health leaders at colleges participating in the Healthier Campus Initiative (HCI), with completed or ongoing three-year HCI commitments. Methods: Surveys asked which of 41 guidelines were implemented and perceptions around support for student health and ease of/barriers to implementation. Qualitative interviews explored similar domains. Results: Campuses with completed HCI commitments (n = 17) averaged 27.6 guidelines implemented, versus 21.1 on campuses with commitments ongoing (n = 13; p = 0.003). Perceived support for student health and implementation ease varied by guideline. Common implementation barriers included financial costs and time. Interviews largely reinforced these findings. Conclusions: Completion of a campus environmental change initiative may be associated with more health-supporting practices. Campuses may benefit from implementing coordinated policy/practice changes supporting healthy eating and physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Hatfield
- ChildObesity180 and the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shanti Sharma
- ChildObesity180 and the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caitlin P Bailey
- ChildObesity180 and the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter Bakun
- ChildObesity180 and the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erin Hennessy
- ChildObesity180 and the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caitlin Simon
- The Partnership for a Healthier America, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Christina D Economos
- ChildObesity180 and the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Selove R, Aghili M, Green C, Brown C. Use of implementation science to plan adoption of a tobacco-free policy on a historically black college/university (HBCU) campus. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:1341-1346. [PMID: 32877633 PMCID: PMC7952039 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1809429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Implementation science tools were used to identify facilitators and barriers to adopting a tobacco-free policy on a historically Black college/university (HBCU). Participants: Study participants included 13 University staff, two students, and two public health educators/school alumni. Data were collected in 2015-2016. Methods: The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) was used to develop questions for focus groups and individual interviews. The CFIR was also used by two research team members to code transcripts independently, using an iterative deduction process to achieve ≥85% agreement on CFIR domains. Coded quotations were evaluated using the Qualitative Implementation Framework (QIF) to ascertain next adoption planning steps. Results: Qualitative data suggested that building capacity for tobacco control, linking policy to HBCU identity and priorities such as addressing marijuana use might facilitate adoption of a tobacco-free campus policy. Conclusions: Implementation science tools may be useful for planning adoption of comprehensive tobacco-free policies at HBCUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Selove
- Center for Prevention Research,Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mahnaz Aghili
- Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cheryl Green
- Office of the President, Governors State University, University Park, Illinois, USA
| | - Charles Brown
- Health Administration, Health Sciences & Public Health, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Al-Jayyousi GF, Kurdi R, Alsaei S, Al-Kaabi H, Alrushdi AJ, Abdul Rahim HF. Students' perceptions of a university 'No Smoking' policy and barriers to implementation: a cross- sectional study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e043691. [PMID: 34108159 PMCID: PMC8191599 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Effective policies are an important tool for reducing tobacco use. We examine student perceptions of the existing no-smoking policy in the country's largest national university and identify perceived barriers to its implementation. We explore student support for a 100% tobacco-free campus policy. DESIGN We conducted a cross-sectional survey using a self-administered on-line questionnaire. SETTING This study was conducted at Qatar University (QU), the largest national institution of higher education in Qatar. PARTICIPANTS A total of 199 students participated out of a stratified random sample of students aged ≥18 years with active registration in the Spring 2020 semester. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES We assessed students' knowledge of and attitudes towards QU's current no-smoking policy, the perceived barriers to its implementation, and support for a 100% tobacco-free policy. RESULTS Only 26% (95% CI 19.97 to 32.03) and 16.6% (95% CI 11.70 to 22.49) of respondents correctly identified the current policy on traditional and electronic cigarettes, respectively. Less than 30% of respondents held positive attitudes towards policy enforcement, and more male respondents reported positive attitudes towards compliance than women. Support for a 100% tobacco-free policy was at 77.2%, but it was significantly lower among tobacco users compared with non-users (35.9% and 91.8%, respectively; p<0.001). Failure to establish clear penalties, opposition from smoking students, and lack of cessation services were perceived as major barriers to implementation. CONCLUSIONS Clear and comprehensive tobacco-free policies are important tools for creating environments conducive to rejecting smoking and seeking cessation support. The findings underscore the need to increase awareness about the policy, advocate for clear penalties for violations, and promote cessation services on campus. Qualitative research is needed to further understand perceived barriers to successful enforcement of the policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadir Fakhri Al-Jayyousi
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar
| | - Rana Kurdi
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar
| | - Shahd Alsaei
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar
| | - Haya Al-Kaabi
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar
| | - Al Jaziya Alrushdi
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar
| | - Hanan F Abdul Rahim
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Ad Dawhah, Qatar
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Ickes MJ, Wiggins AT, Rayens MK, Hahn EJ. Student Tobacco Use Behaviors on College Campuses by Strength of Tobacco Campus Policies. Am J Health Promot 2020; 34:747-753. [PMID: 32048855 PMCID: PMC8101058 DOI: 10.1177/0890117120904015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the association between strength of policy and self-reported tobacco use behavior, controlling for demographic characteristics, polytobacco use, knowledge of campus tobacco policy, and perceived policy compliance by others. DESIGN Cross-sectional, online survey. SETTING Ten participating State University of New York (SUNY) campuses; 5 with designated smoking/tobacco use areas and 5 with 100% tobacco-free policies. SUBJECTS Convenience sample of students from SUNY campuses: only tobacco users (N = 576 students) included for analysis. MEASURES Items assessing tobacco use behaviors on campus, policy knowledge, and observation of others using tobacco on campus. ANALYSIS T tests and chi-square tests of association used to compare responses between tobacco users across campuses. Generalized estimating equations modeling used to evaluate predictors of tobacco use on campus; model estimated with students nested within campus. RESULTS Those on campuses without a comprehensive policy were more likely to report (in the past week) having seen others smoke on campus (98% vs 69%, P < .001), having personally smoked on campus (65% vs 36%, P < .001), and seeing others use tobacco products on campus (88% vs 67%, P < .001), compared to those on tobacco-free campuses. CONCLUSION Tobacco-free campus policies provide numerous protective factors for tobacco users and nonusers. However, compliance strategies are imperative for intended policy success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda J. Ickes
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- BREATHE, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Amanda T. Wiggins
- BREATHE, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mary Kay Rayens
- BREATHE, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ellen J. Hahn
- BREATHE, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Do EK, Fallavollita WL, Bonat B, Fugate-Laus K, Rossi BC, Fuemmeler BF. Student Attitudes Toward Tobacco Use and Tobacco Policies on College Campuses. J Community Health 2020; 45:751-760. [PMID: 31925604 PMCID: PMC8058647 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-020-00790-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We utilized a mixed methods approach to assess student attitudes towards tobacco use and campus tobacco policies. Interviews (N = 21), focus groups (N = 2 groups, 4-5 participants each), and an online survey (N = 636) were conducted among a sample of students attending a 4-year, urban, public university in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. In interviews and focus groups, students expressed skepticism about a tobacco-free campus policy due to perceived violations of personal rights and challenges with enforcement. Of the sample surveyed, 9.2% and 20.6% had used cigarettes or e-cigarettes within the past 30 days. The majority of students agreed that colleges have a responsibility to adopt tobacco-free policies that reduce the risk of tobacco addiction (62.4%) and ensure smoke-free air to breathe (81.5%). However, more than half (56.3%) also indicated that a policy allowing for designated smoking areas for cigarettes was best for campus, which runs counter to a comprehensive tobacco-free policy. Academic year, gender, and race/ethnicity were significant factors associated with support for tobacco-free policies. Current smokers and vapers were less likely to support tobacco-free policies that reduce the risk of tobacco addiction (OR = 0.3, 95% CI 0.1, 0.7 for smokers; OR = 0.3, 95% CI 0.1, 0.6 for vapers), but not policies that ensure smoke-free air to breathe. E-cigarettes pose a unique obstacle to tobacco-free policies, as students perceived e-cigarettes to be less harmful than cigarettes. To implement a tobacco-free campus policy, students suggested educational campaigns that focus on the potential health benefits of a tobacco-free campus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Do
- Department of Health Behavior & Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980430, Richmond, VA, 23298-0430, USA.
- Cancer Prevention and Control, VCU Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Westley L Fallavollita
- Department of Health Behavior & Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980430, Richmond, VA, 23298-0430, USA
| | - Brianna Bonat
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family Health and Population Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kendall Fugate-Laus
- Department of Health Behavior & Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980430, Richmond, VA, 23298-0430, USA
| | - Brianna C Rossi
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family Health and Population Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Bernard F Fuemmeler
- Department of Health Behavior & Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980430, Richmond, VA, 23298-0430, USA
- Cancer Prevention and Control, VCU Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, USA
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Hoffmann L, Mlinarić M, Mï Lard N, Leï O T, Grard A, Lindfors P, Kunst AE, Richter M. '[…] the situation in the schools still remains the Achilles heel.' Barriers to the implementation of school tobacco policies-a qualitative study from local stakeholder's perspective in seven European cities. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2020; 35:32-43. [PMID: 31943060 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
School tobacco policies (STPs) are a crucial strategy to reduce adolescents smoking. Existing studies have investigated STPs predominantly from a school-related 'insider' view. Yet, little is known about barriers that are not identified from the 'schools' perspective', such as perceptions of local stakeholders. Forty-six expert interviews from seven European cities with stakeholders at the local level (e.g. representatives of regional health departments, youth protection and the field of addiction prevention) were included. The analysis of the expert interviews revealed different barriers that should be considered during the implementation of STPs. These barriers can be subsumed under the following: (i) Barriers regarding STP legislature (e.g. inconsistencies, partial bans), (ii) collaboration and cooperation problems between institutions and schools, (iii) low priority of smoking prevention and school smoking bans, (iv) insufficient human resources and (v) resistance among smoking students and students from disadvantaged backgrounds. Our findings on the expert's perspective indicate a need to enhance and implement comprehensive school smoking bans. Furthermore, collaboration and cooperation between schools and external institutions should be fostered and strengthened, and adequate human resources should be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hoffmann
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 8, Halle (Saale) 06112, Germany
| | - Martin Mlinarić
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 8, Halle (Saale) 06112, Germany
| | - Nora Mï Lard
- Institute of Health and Society, Universit� catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, IRSS Clos Chapelle-aux-champs 30/B1.30.15 1200 Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Teresa Leï O
- Centro de Investiga��o em Sa�de P�blica, Escola Nacional de Sa�de P�blica, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Av. Padre Cruz, 1600-560 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Adeline Grard
- Institute of Health and Society, Universit� catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, IRSS Clos Chapelle-aux-champs 30/B1.30.15 1200 Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pirjo Lindfors
- Faculty of Social Sciences (SOC), Health Sciences, 33014 Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anton E Kunst
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Academisch Medisch Centrum, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Richter
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 8, Halle (Saale) 06112, Germany
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Linnansaari A, Schreuders M, Kunst AE, Rimpelä A, Lindfors P. Understanding school staff members' enforcement of school tobacco policies to achieve tobacco-free school: a realist review. Syst Rev 2019; 8:177. [PMID: 31324212 PMCID: PMC6642528 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-019-1086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND School tobacco policies (STPs) that aim to achieve a tobacco-free environment require consistent enforcement by school staff. However, little is known about why staff choose whether or not to enforce STPs. Therefore, we investigated staff members' responses to STPs that determine enforcement. Furthermore, we examined how these responses depend on contextual factors at the individual, interpersonal, school, implementation, and national levels. METHODS We performed a realist review (RR), which synthesizes existing primary evidence into a programme theory demonstrating key causal pathways through Context-Mechanism-Outcome configurations (CMOs). These CMOs link contextual factors to outcomes (i.e. staff enforcement) by explaining the underlying generative mechanisms (i.e. staff members' cognitive, psychosocial, and behavioural responses). A systematic literature search for the period 2000-2016 was performed using Academic Search Premier, PsycInfo, and MEDLINE. Forty English-language articles were identified for the synthesis. RESULTS Our programme theory demonstrated three CMOs: when contextual factors make staff members experience STP enforcement as part of their professional role and duties, it may lead to staff members showing responsibility for STP enforcement (CMO1); when contextual factors make staff members feel their contribution is leading to positive outcomes, it may lead to staff members showing motivation to enforce STPs (CMO2), and when contextual factors make staff members feel that they are able to deal with students' responses, it may lead to staff members showing confidence in STP enforcement (CMO3). Moreover, the programme theory provided more precise insights into what contextual factors contribute to triggering the individual mechanisms and the consequent outcomes. CONCLUSIONS By applying a realist approach, we have been able to detect three CMOs explaining staff members' STP enforcement. The findings provide useful insights explaining how stakeholders can support staff members' STP enforcement and consequently improve the impact of STPs on adolescent smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Linnansaari
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 100, 33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Michael Schreuders
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton E Kunst
- Department of Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arja Rimpelä
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 100, 33014, Tampere, Finland.,PERLA-Tampere Centre for Childhood, Youth and Family Research, Tampere University, 33014, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitkäniemi Hospital, Tampere University Hospital, 33380, Nokia, Finland
| | - Pirjo Lindfors
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 100, 33014, Tampere, Finland.
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Wynne O, Guillaumier A, Twyman L, McCrabb S, Denham AMJ, Paul C, Baker AL, Bonevski B. Signs, Fines and Compliance Officers: A Systematic Review of Strategies for Enforcing Smoke-Free Policy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15071386. [PMID: 30004425 PMCID: PMC6068603 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background. Smoke-free environment policies limit or eliminate the use of smoke-producing tobacco in designated areas thereby reducing second hand smoke. Enforcement is perceived as critical to the successful adoption of a smoke-free policy. However, there is limited guidance available regarding effective enforcement strategies. A systematic review was conducted to examine the effectiveness of enforcement strategies at increasing compliance with and enforcement of smoke-free policies; and to determine circumstances other than enforcement strategies that are associated with compliance with smoke-free policies. Design. Medline, Medline in Process, The Cochrane Library, Embase, PsycInfo and CINAHL databases were searched using MeSH and keywords for relevant studies published between January 1980 and August 2017. A narrative synthesis and methodological quality assessment of included studies was undertaken. Results. Policy promotion and awareness-raising activities, signage, enforcement officers, and penalties for violations were the enforcement strategies most frequently cited as being associated with successful policy enforcement. Additionally, awareness of the laws, non-smoking management and lower staff smoking rates, and membership of a network guiding the policy enforcement contributed to higher compliance with smoke-free policies. Conclusions. There is weak evidence of the effectiveness of strategies associated with compliance with smoke-free policies. Given the evidence base is weak, well-designed trials utilizing appropriate evaluation designs are needed. Overall enforcement strategies associated with total smoke-free bans resulted in higher levels of compliance than strategies for policies that had only partial smoke-free bans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Wynne
- School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, University Drive Callaghan, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Ashleigh Guillaumier
- School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, University Drive Callaghan, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Laura Twyman
- School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, University Drive Callaghan, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
- Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Council NSW, 153 Dowling Street, Woolloomooloo, NSW 2011, Australia.
| | - Sam McCrabb
- School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, University Drive Callaghan, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Alexandra M J Denham
- School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, University Drive Callaghan, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Christine Paul
- School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, University Drive Callaghan, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Amanda L Baker
- School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, University Drive Callaghan, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Billie Bonevski
- School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, University Drive Callaghan, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Pires SF, Block S, Belance R, Marteache N. The spatial distribution of smoking violations on a no-smoking campus: Implications for prevention. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2016; 64:62-68. [PMID: 26495865 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2015.1074239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study extends research on campus smoking bans by examining where smokers are violating the policy at a large university in the southeastern region of the United States. PARTICIPANTS The data collection was conducted by one graduate student from the university in August of 2014. METHODS A global positioning system device was used to collect the geo-coordinates of littered cigarette butts as a proxy measure for smoking violations. RESULTS A hot spot analysis found a number of spatial concentrations on campus, largely around classroom and administrative buildings along with parking lots and garages. CONCLUSIONS The implications of such findings can direct enforcement to target these areas in order to reduce offenses and fulfill the initial goals of policy-makers and university administrators who support smoke-free campuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Pires
- a Department of Criminal Justice , Florida International University , Miami , Florida , USA
| | - Steven Block
- b Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice , Central Connecticut State University , New Britain , Connecticut , USA
| | - Ronald Belance
- a Department of Criminal Justice , Florida International University , Miami , Florida , USA
| | - Nerea Marteache
- c Department of Criminal Justice , California State University, San Bernardino , San Bernardino , California , USA
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11
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Robertson LA, Marsh L. Smoke-free policies in New Zealand public tertiary education institutions. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2015; 30:347-58. [PMID: 25686846 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyv004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control mandates the creation of smoke-free environments to protect non-smokers from second-hand smoke and reduce demand for tobacco. We aimed to examine the extent and nature of smoke-free campus policies at tertiary education institutions throughout New Zealand, and examine the policy development process. Stage one comprised an audit and content analysis of smoke-free policies. In stage two, semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted to investigate the process of developing and implementing policies. Qualitative content analysis was undertaken on interview notes. Policies were identified for most institutions (n = 26/29), though varied widely in nature. Only nine mandated 100% smoke-free campuses without exceptions and few prohibited the sale of tobacco on campus, or connections with the tobacco industry. During interviews (n = 22/29), cited barriers to developing a 100% smoke-free policy included enforcement challenges and anticipated opposition from staff and students. However, participants from institutions with 100% smoke-free policies reported having encountered few challenges. Varying levels of compliance with 100% smoke-free policies were reported yet, overall, these policies were viewed as being effective. Smoke-free campus policies could be strengthened to better reflect a completely tobacco-free organization. Other institutions and workplaces could use these findings to develop 100% smoke-free policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Robertson
- Cancer Society Social and Behavioural Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - L Marsh
- Cancer Society Social and Behavioural Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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12
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Ickes MJ, Rayens MK, Wiggins AT, Hahn EJ. A tobacco-free campus ambassador program and policy compliance. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2015; 63:126-33. [PMID: 25612060 PMCID: PMC4334676 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2014.990972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assess impact and feasibility of a Tobacco-Free Ambassador Program on campus policy compliance. PARTICIPANTS Trained Ambassadors made 253 visits to campus sites over 15 months to observe and/or approach violators. METHODS Policy violators were observed at 23 locations during Wave 1 (April-June 2012) and/or Wave 2 (April-June 2013). For locations with at least 5 visits, average violators per visit were compared between the 2 waves using a paired t test. Attributes of violators were summarized. Cigarette butts were collected over 3-day periods in 4 campus hotspots during each wave. Personnel time and cost to implement the program were determined. RESULTS There were declines in observed violators per Ambassador visit and number of cigarette butts over time. Rate of violators per visit declined from 5.47 to 1.93, a 65% decrease. Personnel time was equal to 1.5 full-time equivalents annually. CONCLUSIONS The Ambassador Program was a feasible and potentially effective strategy to increase policy compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda J Ickes
- a Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, College of Education, University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky
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Ickes M, Gokun Y, Rayens MK, Hahn EJ. Comparing Two Observational Measures to Evaluate Compliance With Tobacco-Free Campus Policy. Health Promot Pract 2014; 16:210-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1524839914561060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite potential benefits of tobacco-free campus policies, compliance remains a challenge. Observational measures hold the most promise in determining compliance with these policies. There is need for further study to determine validity of observational measures of compliance with tobacco-free campus policies. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of two observational measures of compliance with a tobacco-free campus policy: direct observation of violators and cigarette butts. Data collection took place over a 1-year time period. Direct observation was operationally defined as the number of observed violators in hot spots. A cigarette butt protocol previously found to be reliable was used to count the number of butts in campus hot spots. Results indicated a positive relationship between number of violators observed per visit and number of cigarette butts collected. Although most of the hot spots exhibited two or fewer violators per visit and 100 butts or fewer per collection, the data points outside this range supported a positive association between observed violators per visit and cigarette butts. The findings support that direct observation of violators is a valid measure of compliance compared to cigarette butts. Given available resources, using one or the other as evaluation measures is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Ickes
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yevgeniya Gokun
- Tobacco Policy Research Program, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mary Kay Rayens
- Tobacco Policy Research Program, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ellen J. Hahn
- Tobacco Policy Research Program, College of Nursing, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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M. Seitz C, W. Strack R. Protest of tobacco-free policies on college campuses: a historical analysis. HEALTH EDUCATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1108/he-09-2013-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
– Although the threat of protest may be a barrier toward implementing a tobacco policy on college campuses in the USA, the prevalence and severity of such opposition has yet to be investigated. The purpose of this paper was to determine how often campus communities protest against smoke-free policies and rate the disruptiveness of the protests.
Design/methodology/approach
– Researchers located and analyzed news reports regarding 21 protests over newly implemented or proposed policies on college campuses in the USA.
Findings
– Protests over college campus smoking policies are typically non-disruptive and consist of a small group of students who publicly smoke tobacco products and attempt to gain support of fellow students.
Practical implications
– Those advocating for campus tobacco policies should be aware that the campus community may protest, but that a heightened concern of a protest's effect on the campus community may be unfounded.
Originality/value
– To authors’ knowledge, research studies regarding opposition to anti-tobacco policies cannot be found in the literature. This paper may be used as a practical resource by advocates to educate campus administrators about the low turnout and lack of severity of any possible protest to a new campus tobacco policy.
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Reindl D, Glassman T, Price J, Dake J, Yingling F. Perceptions of college and university presidents regarding tobacco-free campus policies. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2014; 62:193-202. [PMID: 24372397 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2013.877019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify college presidents' support for tobacco-free campus policies (TFCP), perceived barriers and benefits to implementing such policies, and activities that might initiate policy adoption. PARTICIPANTS Participants were 405 presidents (51% of 796 delivered surveys) from a national sample of eligible 4-year institutions in summer 2012. METHODS A 4-page, 24-item cross-sectional questionnaire was mailed to potential participants in 4 waves to maximize the response rate. RESULTS The vast majority of presidents support TFCP (84%) and believed they should play a key role in establishing TFCP (80%). A majority agreed advocacy by campus groups was necessary to establishing TFCP. Presidents with an existing policy were twice as likely to believe advocacy was necessary for policy establishment. Presidents most commonly selected creating policy drafts and designating a committee as important to initiating TFCP. CONCLUSION Advocates would benefit from focusing on presidential involvement and solutions to personnel barriers in establishing TFCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Reindl
- a College of Public Health, The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio
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Niemeier BS, Chapp CB, Henley WB. Improving tobacco-free advocacy on college campuses: a novel strategy to aid in the understanding of student perceptions about policy proposals. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2014; 62:498-505. [PMID: 24871632 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2014.925456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tobacco-control policy proposals are usually met with opposition on college campuses. Research to understand students' viewpoints about health-related policy proposals and messaging strategies, however, does not exist. This study investigated students' perceptions about a smoke-free policy proposal to help understand their positions of support and opposition and to inform the development of effective messaging strategies. PARTICIPANTS In January 2012, 1,266 undergraduate students from a midwestern university completed an online questionnaire about smoke-free campus policies. METHODS Responses were coded and analyzed using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software and chi-square, independent-samples t tests, and binary logistic models. RESULTS Most students who supported a smoke-free policy considered environmental or aesthetic conditions, whereas most opponents used personal freedom frames of thought. Supporters viewed smoking policies in personal terms, and opponents suggested means-ends policy reasoning. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, points of reference and emotions about proposed policies provided insight about participants' perspectives to help inform effective policy advocacy efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi S Niemeier
- a Department of Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Coaching, College of Education and Professional Studies , University of Wisconsin-Whitewater , Whitewater , Wisconsin
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Seitz CM, Strack RW, Rice R, Moore E, Duvall T, Wyrick DL. Using the photovoice method to advocate for change to a campus smoking policy. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2012; 60:537-540. [PMID: 23002802 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2012.688781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors used the photovoice method as a strategy for empowering students to advocate for change of a campus smoking policy. PARTICIPANTS Participants included 49 college students and 160 photo-exhibit attendees during spring 2011. METHODS Students were trained in the use of the photovoice method and a public exhibit was used to educate the campus community and advocate for change. RESULTS The photovoice initiative resulted in an effective platform for students to successfully advocate for the relocation of ashtrays that were in violation of the policy and for the elicitation of future advocacy targets. CONCLUSIONS The photovoice project provided a platform for students to have their views heard by campus community members and policymakers. The project served as a useful tool for grassroots student advocacy. Those interested in addressing campus health policy issues may want to consider conducting a photovoice project similar to the one described in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Seitz
- Department of Public Health Education, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA.
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Glassman TJ, Reindl DM, Whewell AT. Strategies for implementing a tobacco-free campus policy. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2011; 59:764-8. [PMID: 21950260 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2010.529479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This report examines the rationale for creating a tobacco-free campus to utilize in passing antitobacco policies, and recommendations for overcoming barriers. As with any type of advocacy effort, a variety of impediments exist, including lack of administrative and staff support, absence of student involvement, and sparse resources. A variety of potential remedies and advocacy opportunities are explored and delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tavis J Glassman
- Department of Health and Recreation Professions, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA.
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