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Lin L, Zeng H, Wang S, Cheng L, Wang K, Li G. A joint evaluation method of dynamic spectrum extraction methods for non-invasive blood component measurement based on stability coefficient, data point adoption rate, and smoothness of the spectrum. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 244:107971. [PMID: 38128463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Dynamic spectrum (DS) theory is a new non-invasive detection method of human blood components that can theoretically eliminate individual differences in static tissues and the influence of other measurement conditions to achieve blood component analysis with high precision. In order to obtain a high signal-to-noise ratio dynamic spectrum, researchers have proposed various dynamic spectrum extraction methods. METHODS In this article, we propose three indexes: stability coefficient (SC), data point adoption rate (DAR), and smoothness of spectrum (SS). These solve the difficulty in evaluating different dynamic spectrum extraction methods without establishing mathematical models. RESULTS In this study, DS is extracted using different dynamic spectrum extraction methods from the experimental data of 677 volunteers. Then three indexes, SC, DAR, and SS, are calculated. The trends in the scatter plot of the relationship between the three indexes and modeling results of hemoglobin, red blood cell count, and white blood cell count and the related coefficients demonstrate that SC, DAR, and SS are feasible and effective for evaluation. The results show that the root mean square extraction performs best, while the peak-to-peak value and the fast Fourier transform extraction are the worst. CONCLUSIONS This study proposes feasible and effective indexes for evaluating dynamic spectrum extraction methods, providing a possibility for further research on high-precision dynamic spectrum extraction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, China.
| | - Honghui Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, China
| | - Leiyang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, China
| | - Kang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, China
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Zhang R, Pavan E, Ross AB, Deb-Choudhury S, Dixit Y, Mungure TE, Realini CE, Cao M, Farouk MM. Molecular insights into quality and authentication of sheep meat from proteomics and metabolomics. J Proteomics 2023; 276:104836. [PMID: 36764652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.104836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Sheep meat (encompassing lamb, hogget and mutton) is an important source of animal protein in many countries, with a unique flavour and sensory profile compared to other red meats. Flavour, colour and texture are the key quality attributes contributing to consumer liking of sheep meat. Over the last decades, various factors from 'farm to fork', including production system (e.g., age, breed, feeding regimes, sex, pre-slaughter stress, and carcass suspension), post-mortem manipulation and processing (e.g., electrical stimulation, ageing, packaging types, and chilled and frozen storage) have been identified as influencing different aspects of sheep meat quality. However conventional meat-quality assessment tools are not able to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and pathways for quality variations. Advances in broad-based analytical techniques have offered opportunities to obtain deeper insights into the molecular changes of sheep meat which may become biomarkers for specific variations in quality traits and meat authenticity. This review provides an overview on how omics techniques, especially proteomics (including peptidomics) and metabolomics (including lipidomics and volatilomics) are applied to elucidate the variations in sheep meat quality, mainly in loin muscles, focusing on colour, texture and flavour, and as tools for authentication. SIGNIFICANCE: From this review, we observed that attempts have been made to utilise proteomics and metabolomics techniques on sheep meat products for elucidating pathways of quality variations due to various factors. For instance, the improvement of colour stability and tenderness could be associated with the changes to glycolysis, energy metabolism and endogenous antioxidant capacity. Several studies identify proteolysis as being important, but potentially conflicting for quality as the enhanced proteolysis improves tenderness and flavour, while reducing colour stability. The use of multiple analytical methods e.g., lipidomics, metabolomics, and volatilomics, detects a wider range of flavour precursors (including both water and lipid soluble compounds) that underlie the possible pathways for sheep meat flavour evolution. The technological advancement in omics (e.g., direct analysis-mass spectrometry) could make analysis of the proteins, lipids and metabolites in sheep meat routine, as well as enhance the confidence in quality determination and molecular-based assurance of meat authenticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyu Zhang
- Food Technology & Processing, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Enrique Pavan
- Food Technology & Processing, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Unidad Integrada Balcarce (FCA, UNMdP - INTA, EEA Balcarce), Ruta 226 km 73.5, CP7620 Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Alastair B Ross
- Proteins and Metabolites, AgResearch Ltd, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | | | - Yash Dixit
- Food informatics, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Carolina E Realini
- Food Technology & Processing, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Mingshu Cao
- Data Science, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Mustafa M Farouk
- Food Technology & Processing, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Feder I, Duadi H, Fixler D. Single wavelength measurements of absorption coefficients based on iso-pathlength point. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:5760-5771. [PMID: 33149984 PMCID: PMC7587282 DOI: 10.1364/boe.401591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In optical sensing, to reveal the chemical composition of tissues, the main challenge is isolating absorption from scattering. Most techniques use multiple wavelengths, which adds an error due to the optical pathlength differences. We suggest using a unique measurement angle for cylindrical tissues, the iso-pathlength (IPL) point, which depends on tissue geometry only (specifically the effective radius). We present a method for absorption assessment from a single wavelength at multiple measurement angles. The IPL point presented similar optical pathlengths for different tissues, both in simulation and experiments, hence it is optimal. Finally, in vivo measurements validated our proposed method.
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Mirbagheri M, Hakimi N, Ebrahimzadeh E, Pourrezaei K, Setarehdan SK. Enhancement of optical penetration depth of LED-based NIRS systems by comparing different beam profiles. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab42d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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John P, Vasa NJ, Unni SN, Rao SR. Glucose sensing in oral mucosa simulating phantom using differential absorption based frequency domain low-coherence interferometry. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:8257-8265. [PMID: 29047692 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.008257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The superluminescent diode based differential absorption frequency domain low-coherence interferometry (FD-DALCI) technique is proposed and demonstrated for sensing physiological concentrations of glucose (0-250 mg/dl) in oral mucosa simulating phantoms (intralipid of concentrations 0.25-0.50%) with wavelengths at 1589 and 1310 nm. The proposed technique allows simultaneous measurements of refractive index based spectral shift and estimation of physiological concentration of glucose in intralipid with scattering characteristics using the differential absorption approach. The sensitivity of the glucose concentration obtained by spectral shift measurement was ≈0.016 nm/(mg/dl), irrespective of the intralipid concentration. The resolution of the glucose level was estimated to be ≈15 mg/dl in 0.25% intralipid and ≈19 mg/dl in 0.5% intralipid using the FD-DALCI technique.
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Meinke M, Müller G, Albrecht H, Antoniou C, Richter H, Lademann J. Two-wavelength carbon dioxide laser application for in-vitro blood glucose measurements. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2008; 13:014021. [PMID: 18315379 DOI: 10.1117/1.2870093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To develop a fast and easy clinical method for glucose measurements on whole blood samples, changes in glucose spectra are investigated varying temperature, glucose concentration, and solvent using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR- FTIR) measurements. The results show a stability of the spectra at different temperatures and wavelength shifts of the absorption bands when water is replaced by blood. Because the ATR measurements are influenced by sedimentation of the red blood cells, a two-wavelength CO2 laser is used to determine the glucose concentration in whole blood samples. For this purpose, the first laser wavelength lambda(1) is tuned to the maximum of the glucose absorption band in blood at 1080 cm(-1), and the second laser wavelength lambda 2 is tuned to 950 cm(-1) for background measurements. The transmitted laser power through the optical cell containing the whole blood sample at lambda 1 and lambda 2 is used to determine the ratio. This signal correlates well with the glucose concentration in the whole blood samples. The CO2 laser measurement is too fast to be influenced by the red blood cell sedimentation, and will be a suitable method for glucose determination in whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Meinke
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institut für Medizinische Physik und Lasermedizin, Berlin, Germany.
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Kinnunen M, Myllylä R, Jokela T, Vainio S. In vitro studies toward noninvasive glucose monitoring with optical coherence tomography. APPLIED OPTICS 2006; 45:2251-60. [PMID: 16607992 DOI: 10.1364/ao.45.002251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We use optical coherence tomography (OCT) to measure glucose-induced changes in Intralipid and in mouse skin samples in vitro. Mouse skin samples are cultured in a CO2 incubator before measurements are made with different amounts of added glucose concentrations. The results show that the glucose-induced changes in the OCT slope value vary between 20% and 52%/30 mM glucose in different mouse skin samples. This change is much larger than the change in 2% Intralipid (2.1%/30 mM) and in 5% Intralipid (0.86%/30 mM). Hence the results show that OCT has potential to monitor glucose-induced changes in tissues in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Kinnunen
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory and Infotech Oulu, University of Finland.
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Sjöholm M, Somesfalean G, Alnis J, Andersson-Engels S, Svanberg S. Analysis of gas dispersed in scattering media. OPTICS LETTERS 2001; 26:16-18. [PMID: 18033492 DOI: 10.1364/ol.26.000016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of free gas embedded in scattering media, such as wood, fruits, and synthetic materials, is demonstrated by use of diode laser spectroscopy combined with sensitive modulation techniques. Gas detection is made possible by the contrast of the narrow absorptive feature of the free-gas molecules with the slow wavelength dependence of the absorption and scattering cross sections in solids and liquids. An absorption sensitivity of 2.5 x 10(-4), corresponding to a 1.25-mm air column, is demonstrated by measurements of dispersed molecular oxygen. These techniques open up new possibilities for characterization and diagnostics, including internal gas pressure and gas-exchange assessment, in organic and synthetic materials.
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MacKenzie HA, Ashton HS, Spiers S, Shen Y, Freeborn SS, Hannigan J, Lindberg J, Rae P. Advances in Photoacoustic Noninvasive Glucose Testing. Clin Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/45.9.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe report here on in vitro and in vivo experiments that are intended to explore the feasibility of photoacoustic spectroscopy as a tool for the noninvasive measurement of blood glucose. The in vivo results from oral glucose tests on eight subjects showed good correlation with clinical measurements but indicated that physiological factors and person-to-person variability are important. In vitro measurements showed that the sensitivity of the glucose measurement is unaffected by the presence of common blood analytes but that there can be substantial shifts in baseline values. The results indicate the need for spectroscopic data to develop algorithms for the detection of glucose in the presence of other analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh A MacKenzie
- Department of Physics, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland
| | - Helen S Ashton
- Department of Physics, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland
| | - Stephen Spiers
- Department of Physics, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland
| | - Yaochun Shen
- Department of Physics, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland
| | - Scott S Freeborn
- Department of Physics, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland
| | - John Hannigan
- Department of Physics, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland
| | - John Lindberg
- Department of Physics, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland
| | - Peter Rae
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Scotland
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Berger AJ, Koo TW, Itzkan I, Horowitz G, Feld MS. Multicomponent blood analysis by near-infrared Raman spectroscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 1999; 38:2916-26. [PMID: 18319874 DOI: 10.1364/ao.38.002916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of Raman spectroscopy to measure the concentration of many important constituents (analytes) in serum and whole blood samples at physiological concentration in vitro across a multipatient data set. A near-infrared (830-nm) diode laser generates Raman spectra that contain superpositions of Raman signals from different analytes. Calibrations for glucose, cholesterol, urea, and other analytes are developed by use of partial least-squares cross validation. We predict six analytes in serum with significant accuracy in a 66-patient data set, using 60-s spectra. The calibrations are shown to be fairly robust against system drift over the span of seven weeks. In whole blood, a preliminary analysis yields accurate predictions of some of the same analytes and also hematocrit. The results hold promise for potential medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Berger
- GR Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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Hazen KH, Arnold MA, Small GW. Measurement of glucose and other analytes in undiluted human serum with near-infrared transmission spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Nilsson AM, Alsholm P, Karlsson A, Andersson-Engels S. T-matrix computations of light scattering by red blood cells. APPLIED OPTICS 1998; 37:2735-48. [PMID: 18273219 DOI: 10.1364/ao.37.002735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The electromagnetic far field, as well as the near field, originating from light interaction with a red blood cell (RBC)volume-equivalent spheroid, was analyzed by utilizing theT-matrix theory. This method is a powerful tool thatmakes it possible to study the influence of cell shape on the angulardistribution of scattered light. General observations were that thethree-dimensional shape, as well as the optical thickness apparent tothe incident field, affects the forward scattering. Thebackscattering was influenced by the shape of the surface facing theincident beam. Furthermore sphering as well as elongation of anoblate RBC into a volume-equivalent sphere or a prolate spheroid, respectively, was theoretically modeled to imitate physiologicalphenomena caused, e.g., by heat or the increased shear stress offlowing blood. Both sphering and elongation were shown to decreasethe intensity of the forward-directed scattering, thus yielding lowerg factors. The sphering made the scattering patternindependent of azimuthal scattering angle phi(s), whereas the elongation induced more apparent phi(s)-dependent patterns. The lightscattering by a RBC volume-equivalent spheroid was thus found to behighly influenced by the shape of the scattering object. Anear-field radius r(nf) was evaluated as thedistance to which the maximum intensity of the total near field haddecreased to 2.5 times that of the incident field. It was estimatedto 2-24.5 times the maximum radius of the scattering spheroid, corresponding to 12-69 mum. Because the near-field radiuswas shown to be larger than a simple estimation of the distance betweenthe RBC's in whole blood, the assumption of independent scattering, frequently employed in optical measurements on whole blood, seemsinappropriate. This also indicates that one cannot extrapolate theresults obtained from diluted blood to whole blood by multiplying witha simple concentration factor.
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Stevens JF, Vadgama P. Infrared analysis in clinical chemistry: its use in the laboratory and in non-invasive near patient testing. Ann Clin Biochem 1997; 34 ( Pt 3):215-21. [PMID: 9158817 DOI: 10.1177/000456329703400301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory based NIR analysers have been available for some time. The recent development of more portable equipment such as the commercially available Futrex-9000 NIR transmittance blood chemistry analyser, which can be used to analyse relatively opaque samples for a mixture of components, shows promise but requires further evaluation for routine clinical use. NIR equipment for general use has only recently become available and is therefore relatively expensive. However, as the development of new applications occurs the instrumentation will become more widely used, which will inevitably result in reduced capital cost. The advantages of NIR systems are speed, portability, lack of consumables, dry chemistry, non-invasive, modest running costs, virtually no moving parts and almost infinite applications in clinical biochemical analysis. It is likely that the first applications of NIR will be where there is a requirement for multiple assays such as glucose, urea and bilirubin and where sample size is a limitation. Thus non-invasive near patient testing may become common in the future in settings such as neonatal units, renal units, diabetic clinics and intensive care units.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Stevens
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Chelsea, and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
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Simhi R, Gotshal Y, Bunimovich D, Sela BA, Katzir A. Fiber-optic evanescent-wave spectroscopy for fast multicomponent analysis of human blood. APPLIED OPTICS 1996; 35:3421-3425. [PMID: 21102730 DOI: 10.1364/ao.35.003421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A spectral analysis of human blood serum was undertaken by fiber-optic evanescent-wave spectroscopy (FEWS) by the use of a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer. A special cell for the FEWS measurements was designed and built that incorporates an IR-transmitting silver halide fiber and a means for introducing the blood-serum sample. Further improvements in analysis were obtained by the adoption of multivariate calibration techniques that are already used in clinical chemistry. The partial least-squares algorithm was used to calculate the concentrations of cholesterol, total protein, urea, and uric acid in human blood serum. The estimated prediction errors obtained (in percent from the average value) were 6% for total protein, 15% for cholesterol, 30% for urea, and 30% for uric acid. These results were compared with another independent prediction method that used a neural-network model. This model yielded estimated prediction errors of 8.8% for total protein, 25% for cholesterol, and 21% for uric acid.
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Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors for glucose, based on the specific glucose oxidizing enzyme glucose oxidase, have generated considerable interest. Several commercial devices based on this principle have been developed and are widely used for in vitro monitoring of glucose e.g. in hospitals, doctors surgeries and for home monitoring by patients themselves. A significant advance in the application of biosensor technology would be the development of portable, implantable sensors which could continuously indicate the blood glucose concentration, enabling swift corrective action to be taken by the patient. This review highlights recent developments in amperometric glucose biosensors for in vivo monitoring and also considers the remaining barrier which need to be overcome to enable successful introduction of an implantable sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Jaffari
- Cranfield Biotechnology Centre, Cranfield University, Bedford, UK
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