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Abstract
This study examines how the several major industries, associated with a carbon artifact production, essentially belong to one, closely knit family. The common parents are the geological fossils called petroleum and coal. The study also reviews the major developments in carbon nanotechnology and electrocatalysis over the last 30 years or so. In this context, the development of various carbon materials with size, dopants, shape, and structure designed to achieve high catalytic electroactivity is reported, and among them recent carbon electrodes with many important features are presented together with their relevant applications in chemical technology, neurochemical monitoring, electrode kinetics, direct carbon fuel cells, lithium ion batteries, electrochemical capacitors, and supercapattery.
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Affiliation(s)
- César A C Sequeira
- CeFEMA, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- CeFEMA, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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2
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Deddouche N, Chemouri H. Theoretical elucidation of the energy conversion rate in organic photovoltaic cells of the fullerene nanostructure derivatives. A density functional theory study. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s021963362050025x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A comparative theoretical study of the kinetics of the Diels–Alder (DA) reaction between empty fullerene (C[Formula: see text]) and lithium ion encapsulated fullerene ([Formula: see text]) with 1,3 cyclohexadiene (C[Formula: see text]H[Formula: see text]) was carried out. This reaction takes place in a photovoltaic cell. The effect of the encapsulated [Formula: see text] ion on the conversion rate of solar energy into electricity has been highlighted through calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT). In addition, a static study using the global conceptual DFT indices, as part of the demonstration of the significant electrophilic power of the fullerene nanostructure, was carried out to show the effect of encapsulating the [Formula: see text] ion in this nanoparticle on the electrophilic power of Li[Formula: see text]@C[Formula: see text] and therefore on the acceleration of the reaction. The relationship between the HOMOdonor–LUMOacceptor energy difference and the DA reaction acceleration, and therefore the acceleration of light conversion (a rapid conversion implies a small gap), has been thoroughly examined. Moreover, a mechanistic study of the kinetics of the DA reaction of the fullerene involved in an organic photovoltaic cell has been carried out. In this section, a concerted synchronous mechanism with no effect of [Formula: see text] encapsulation on the synchronicity of the reaction was observed. Finally, it was revealed that Li[Formula: see text]@C[Formula: see text] reacted approximately 2466 times faster than C[Formula: see text]. Moreover, the experimental results were found in good agreement with the computer calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadjet Deddouche
- Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics and Molecular, Modeling N∘ 53, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University A. Belkaïd, B. P. 119, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
| | - Hafida Chemouri
- Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics and Molecular, Modeling N∘ 53, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University A. Belkaïd, B. P. 119, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
- High School of Applied Sciences of Tlemcen, ESSA-Tlemcen BP 165 RP Bel Horizon, Tlemcen 13000, Algeria
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3
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Raju RK, Bengali AA, Brothers EN. A unified set of experimental organometallic data used to evaluate modern theoretical methods. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:13766-78. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt02763f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We applied a test set of ligand dissociation enthalpies derived entirely from a unified experimental approach to evaluate the efficacy of various methods for modeling organometallic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K. Raju
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University at Qatar
- Doha
- Qatar
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4
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Zhang J, Meguid SA. Composition-dependent buckling behaviour of hybrid boron nitride–carbon nanotubes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:12796-803. [PMID: 25907227 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00914f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper studies the buckling of hybrid BN–CNTs and proposes some applications of BN–CNTs based on the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Mechanics and Aerospace Design Laboratory
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - S. A. Meguid
- Mechanics and Aerospace Design Laboratory
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
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5
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Zhang J, Wang C, Bowen C. Piezoelectric effects and electromechanical theories at the nanoscale. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:13314-13327. [PMID: 25315991 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03756a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Considerable effort has been made to study the piezoelectric effect on the nanoscale, which serves as a physical basis for a wide range of smart nanodevices and nanoelectronics. This paper reviews recent progress in the research on the piezoelectric properties and electromechanical effects of piezoelectric nanomaterials (PNs). The review begins with an introduction to existing PNs which exhibit a diverse range of atomic structures and configurations. The nanoscale measurement of their effective piezoelectric coefficients (EPCs) is summarised with an emphasis on the major factors determining the piezoelectric properties of PNs. The paper concludes with a review of the electromechanical theories that are able to capture the small-scale effects on PNs, which include the surface piezoelectricity, flexoelectricity and Eringen's nonlocal theory. In contrast to the classical theories, two types of EPCs are defined, which were found to be size-dependent and loading condition-selective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, UK.
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6
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Taherpour AA, Talebi-Haftadori Z. Free energies, kinetics, and photoelectron-transfer properties, and theoretical and quantitative structural relationship studies of [SWCNT(5,5)-armchair-C
n
H20][R] (R = η2-C
m
Pd(dppf), η2-C
m
Pd(dppr), and η2-C
m
Pd(dppcym)2, n = 20 to 300 and m = 60 and 70) nanostructure complexes. INTERNATIONAL NANO LETTERS 2013. [DOI: 10.1186/2228-5326-3-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Horng TL. Analytical Solution of Vibration Analysis on Fixed-Free Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Based Mass Sensor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/jsemat.2012.21009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Taherpour AA. Theoretical and quantitative structural relationships of the electrochemical and electron transfer properties of [Mx@C82]@[SWCNT(5,5)-armchair-CnH20] (x=0, 1; for x=1: M=Ce & Gd and n=20–300) nanostructure complexes. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Quantitative structural relationship and theoretical study of electrochemical properties of C60@[SWCN(5,5)-Armchair-CnH20] complexes. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rakesh L, Howell BA, Chai M, Mueller A, Kujawski M, Fan D, Ravi S, Slominski C. Computer-aided applications of nanoscale smart materials for biomedical applications. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2008; 3:719-39. [DOI: 10.2217/17435889.3.5.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has the potential to impact the treatment of many diseases that currently plague society: cancer, AIDS, dementia of various kinds and so on. Nanoscale smart materials, such as carbon nanotubes, C60, dendrimers and cyclodextrins, hold great promise for use in the development of better diagnostics, drug delivery and the alteration of biological function. Although experimentation is being used to explore the potential offered by these materials, it is by its very nature expensive in terms of time, resources and expertise. Insight with respect to the behavior of these materials in the presence of biological entities can be obtained much more rapidly by molecular dynamics simulation. Furthermore, the results of simulation may be used to guide experimentation so that it is much more productive than it might be in the absence of such information. The interactions of several nanoscale structures with biological macromolecules can already be probed effectively using molecular dynamics simulation. The results obtained should form the basis for significant new developments in the treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rakesh
- Center for Polymer Fluid Dynamics & Applied Mathematics, Science of Advanced Materials, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - B A Howell
- Center for Applications in Polymer Science, Science of Advanced Materials, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - M Chai
- Center for Applications in Polymer Science, Science of Advanced Materials, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - A Mueller
- Center for Applications in Polymer Science, Science of Advanced Materials, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - M Kujawski
- Center for Polymer Fluid Dynamics & Applied Mathematics, Science of Advanced Materials, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - D Fan
- Center for Applications in Polymer Science, Science of Advanced Materials, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - S Ravi
- Center for Applications in Polymer Science, Science of Advanced Materials, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
| | - C Slominski
- Center for Polymer Fluid Dynamics & Applied Mathematics, Science of Advanced Materials, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
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Lee W, Jang S, Kim MJ, Myoung JM. Interfacial interactions and dispersion relations in carbon-aluminium nanocomposite systems. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:285701. [PMID: 21828735 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/28/285701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between a graphene sheet and an aluminium (111) layer in carbon-aluminium nanocomposite systems were investigated for various interfacial configurations using an ab initio simulation based on density functional theory. Dispersion relations and electron density distributions obtained for various interface registries suggest that the bond strength of the graphene/Al nanocomposite interface can be controlled by the introduction of compressive in-plane strain and/or by the removal of some atomic rows along specific crystallographic directions in the Al(111) layer. Such changes in the interfacial strength accompanied the evolution of C-Al interaction from weak secondary type to partially covalent type with successive removal of Al atom rows until the state of an 'effectively isolated' Al atom is reached. The application of the present simulation results to the selection of suitable material processing was also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Lee
- School of Nano and Advanced Materials Engineering, Changwon National University, 9 Sarim-Dong, Changwon, Gyoungnam 641-773, Republic of Korea
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Tunvir K, Kim A, Nahm SH. The effect of two neighboring defects on the mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:065703. [PMID: 21730710 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/6/065703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The tensile behavior of single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) having two defects (vacancy or Stone-Wales) positioned next to each other was simulated in this study to investigate the influence of the spatial arrangement of defects on the mechanical properties. The simulations were performed using classical molecular dynamics (MD) at the atomic scale. Two neighboring vacancy defects reduced the failure strength as much as 46% and the failure strain as much as 80% in comparison with those of pristine SWNTs, while two neighboring Stone-Wales defects reduced them as much as 34% and 70% respectively. SWNTs having two defects in the loading (axial) direction showed higher failure strength than SWNTs with defects perpendicular to the loading direction. For both types of defect, the closer the defects, the weaker the SWNTs. As result, the defect arrangement in the SWNT structure must be one of the key factors in determining its mechanical properties, as well as the population of defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Tunvir
- Division of Metrology for Quality Life, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 1 Doryong Dong, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-340, Republic of Korea
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